论本质安全理念在消防管理中的应用

在社会消防治理中,持续性严防死守的做法不能实质性保障消防安全,只治"标"而不治"本",消防形势稳定不能持久.本文将本质安全理念引入消防管理,论述了其可行性与必要性.消防管理本质安全理念立足于所有的火灾事故都是可防可控的,注重优化消防管理模式、管理对象、硬件条件与管理环境4个要素,强调其相互交融、互相协调,达到有机统一,...     

An integrated approach for fire and explosion consequence modelling

Fire and explosion are accidents which potentially can occur in oil and gas processing facilities. While fire and explosion could occur as a consequence of each other, most published work has assessed fire and explosion separately, ignoring interactions between the two phenomena.The current study proposes a novel approach to model the entire sequences involved in a potential accident using liquid and gas release incidents as two test cases. The integrated scenario is modelled using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes FLACS and FDS. An integrated approach is adopted to analyse and represent the effects (injuries/death) of the accident. The proposed approach can be used in designing safety measures to minimize the adverse impacts of such accidents. It can also serve as an important tool to develop safety training to improve emergency preparedness plans.     

大型购物中心空间形态布局的建筑消防设计策略分析——以四个大型综合商业项目设计为例

随着中国城市化发展,大型商业购物中心建设正处在高速发展阶段。本文结合现行建筑防火设计规范,通过案例分析的方法,综合介绍了四个大型商业购物中心消防设计的具体措施和特点。案例分别从常规消防设计手段和消防性能化设计手段的角度,分析其空间形态与消防设计策略的关系,提出了基于不同消防设计策略的大型购物中心空间形态布局的可能模式。     

试析火灾痕迹在火灾事故调查中的应用

在进行火灾事故调查时,火灾痕迹是重要线索,火灾痕迹为调查人员提供了客观事实,帮助调查人员了解火灾事故起因.文章运用调查法、文献法等对火灾痕迹类型进行分析,并就火灾痕迹在火灾事故调查中的应用做具体探究,希望能为相关实践工作提供些许理论参考.     

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors: A position paper on performance-based design for fire code applications

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors (FORUM) periodically takes a position on a technical issue of international significance confronting the fire safety research community. The position of the FORUM on performance-based regulations, codes and design for fire safety applications, and the rationale leading to it, is described in this paper. Aspects addressed include current capabilities and challenges associated with the application of performance-based design, and possible enhancements (obtained through a coordinated and sustained global effort of research) in next generation tools leading to more certain predictions of the effects on performance of changes in building materials, active and passive fire protection systems, compartmentation, and egress systems; the structural response of a building to large fires including those leading to full building burnout; the impact of fire on neighboring buildings and infrastructure; and the uncertainty in deterministic predictions for incorporation into reliable probabilistic calculations of hazard and risk.     

Risk of human fatality in building fires: A decision tool using Bayesian networks

The Netherlands is the most densely populated country of the European Union, which makes space very expensive. This leads to increasing complexity of the cities’ layout and other public spaces, together with a large number of people involved. Authorities would like to know whether new and innovative building designs ensure an appropriate level of safety of people in case of fire, before the accident happens, and to be prepared for the so-called “low probability–high consequences” accidents. Therefore, they need a tool to help them estimate the extent of a fire in a building, given any combination of possible conditions and any unexpected course of events during an emergency. This paper discusses the possibility of using Bayesian belief nets for this task. Using this approach, the people in charge can take decisions at different stages of the design process of a building regarding the location, the structure, the loading of the building, the types of fire protection systems inside the building, as well as the characteristics of the fire brigade that fights the possible fire. In the current study, usefulness of the approach is investigated using a small example. This will show the feasibility of the approach for the Netherlands situation and give authorities involved confidence that building a large comprehensive model would fulfil their needs for a support tool in the planning process. The effort to gather real data therefore was restricted as demonstration of fitness for purpose was the primary objective.     

The fire situation and progress in fire safety science and technology in China

Since the 1950s, the direct property damage due to fire has increased with the development of industrialization and urbanization in China. The number of fire casualties has come down significantly since the 1980s while fire incidents with high casualties has occurred occasionally. Research on fire safety science and technology and its application have advanced, encouraged by Government at all levels, the Fire Service Department of the Ministry of Public Security and all of society. In recent years, the fire situation in China has become relatively stable and an effective strength in fire research has been established, comprising the four Fire Research Institutes of the Ministry of Public Security, the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, fire enterprises and other fire research institutes. Since the 1990s, research has been carried out on fire detection and alarm, fire suppression techniques, structural fire-resistance, fire prevention techniques, fire modeling, performance-based fire protection design, urban fire protection planning, fire-fighting and rescue, fire protection standardization, fire dynamics and the fundamentals of fire protection. In the next 5 years, research will be focused on the theory of fire dynamics; evaluation techniques for fire risk and fire and rescue services of urban areas; new techniques of fire suppression systems and equipment and their engineering application; modernization of fire department apparatus and equipment; techniques for evaluation and design of structural fire resistance; human behavior in fire; development of a fire database; fire protection engineering economics; and performance-based fire protection design.     

简析学生宿舍消防设施完善的必要性

通过对以往学生宿舍火灾事故的分析,提出在合理建立学生宿舍消防安全管理机制、制定切实有效的消防安全管理制度并将日常管理工作落实到位的前提下,设置、完善学生宿舍的消防设施,采取人员管理与火灾技术防范措施相结合的管理模式,以提升学生宿舍的消防安全等级、消除火灾隐患,保障学生的生命安全.     

在建工程消防安全监督管理及强化措施

消防监督部门应该关注在建工程消防设计建设工作,完善安全监督体系,联合多部门开展消防安全监督管理工作,加强建筑行业消防安全管理,建设出符合消防安全设计规范的建筑,保障居民的生命健康与财产安全。文章将从在建工程消防事故特征、在建工程消防安全隐患以及监督管理问题、在建工程消防安全监督管理强化措施三个方面进行相关论述,以供参考。     

网格化在消防防火安全管理中的作用初探

伴随着现阶段社会的不断发展,火灾发生的频率越来越高,消防安全管理工作日益被重视,消防安全管理工作的有序进行对规避火灾安全事故以及保障国家和人民的利益具有十分重要的影响。本文主要阐述在消防防火安全管理过程中网格化管理模式所发挥的重要作用以及网格化在消防防火安全管理过程中有效应用。     

某商厦火灾后结构安全性鉴定

某商厦由于遭受火灾,导致结构出现较大损失。为了消除安全隐患,需要对该商厦进行全面的安全性检测鉴定。通过现场勘察推定火灾的主要作用区域、火场区域温度,根据灾后结构损伤现状评定构件损伤状态等级。依据现场检测鉴定结果,分析验算结构或构件过火后剩余承载能力,为后续的加固处理方案提供依据。     

Fire situation and fire characteristic analysis based on fire statistics of China

This paper describes the fire situation of China in 1998. Fire statistics data have been analyzed with a view to understand the characteristics of fire accidents, including vocation and location distribution, cause analysis, monthly frequency and frequency of fires by time of day etc. It is revealed that specific work on fire protection should be taken so as to meet the demands of the society. In addition, some of the major fire accidents are also recapitulated briefly. Finally, the study highlights the importance to carry out fire statistics and gives some suggestions.     

Risk analysis of fire and evacuation events in the European railway transport network

According to international and national guidance (ISO 23932 [1] and the Fire Engineering Design Brief (FEDB)), the selection of the design fire scenario (DFS) is one of the major steps of fire safety engineering methodology. Once the DFS is chosen, its fire performance is evaluated through a fire analysis method in order to meet the fire safety objectives. Two DFS have been previously pre-selected by railway fire safety experts, during the Transfeu project, on the basis of their relevance and feedback. The relative fire risk analysis aims to test how valid and representative are the pre-selected DFS. Its method consists in finding a large number of possible fire sequences, from fire start to fire spread, in railway transportation. To identify these events succession, risk analysis tools such as events trees are used. The fire risk analysis result is a matrix of relative occurrence probabilities versus relative severities. The positions of the pre-selected DFS in the matrix are compared with the large number of fire scenarios. The method and results of the fire risk analysis are discussed in this paper. The main result is that the pre-selected DFS have a serious risk. These DFS are then used in a detailed quantitative assessment to predict the impact of fire on people in a train vehicle.     

基于计算机仿真模拟系统的奥运场馆火灾安全分析

本文以奥运场馆改造项目为背景,利用计算机技术,基于性能化防火分析的思想,采用自行开发的火灾安全模拟系统SFSAS,对体育场馆的火灾安全性能进行了综合分析。该系统采用数值模拟方法,将火灾场景模拟分析与结构分析综合为一体,模拟了北京奥运会将要使用的北航体育练习馆在设定火灾下的火灾场景和结构温度场的分布,分析了其屋面钢结构体系在火灾作用下的结构反应和力学性能。通过分析发现,在火灾影响下,原有结构体系的平衡被打破,火灾下的结构破坏表现为整体性的破坏,因而需要进行全面的整体分析,而不能仅仅考虑局部的影响。实例分析证明,本文介绍的火灾安全模拟系统功能强大,运行方便,充分体现了计算机仿真技术在建筑防火分析中的优越性。     

商业建筑工程消防设计与消防安全管理的探讨

根据多年的消防监督管理经验,探讨了商业建筑工程消防设计难题,总结了商业建筑功能布局不合理、消防设施设置不合理、安全疏散设计不合理等消防设计问题,并提出了商业建筑消防安全管理措施,以消除火灾隐患,提升建筑的安全性。     

Estimating effectiveness of state-of-the-art detectors and automatic sprinklers on life safety in residential occupancies

The report provides a qualitative assessment of the life safety impact of early warning fire detection and automatic sprinkler technology in residential occupancies. This assessment is based on the results of full-scale studies and statistics on residential fire fatalities from the NFIRS data base. Estimates of the impact of three alternatives, smoke detectors, standard automatic sprinklers, and residential sprinklers, are provided for major fire hazard scenarios in residential occupancies. The results of this study indicate that significant life safety benefits can be derived from broad application of detectors and sprinklers in all residential buildings. National Bureau of Standards Note: This is a condensed version of the more detailed document NBSIR 84-2819 bearing the same title as above. The document is available in limited quantities from the National Bureau of Standards or it may be purchased through National Technical Information Services (NTIS). Reference: Edward K. Budnick, “Estimating Effectiveness of State-of-the-Art Detectors and Automatic Sprinklers on Life Safety in Residential Occupancies.” Fire Technology, Vol. 20, No. 3, August 1984, p. 5.     

Eruptive Behaviour of Forest Fires

A critical review of the mechanisms that are described in the literature to explain the onset and development of eruption or blow up in forest fires is presented, given their great relevance for fire safety, particularly in canyons. The various processes described in the literature that are considered as potential causes of fire eruption are discussed. Some of them seem more likely to cause the phenomenon and the others seem to have a complementary role in some conditions. The current review highlights that more research is required to create a classification of Fire Eruption types and to allow the development of specific Fire Safety procedures for fire fighters to minimize accidents.     

大型再生资源回收站性能化消防设计探讨

大型再生资源回收站具有建筑物面积大、空间高、功能复杂等特点,导致其消防设计在防火分区划分、人员安全疏散、自动化报警及灭火设施选型等环节难点凸显。目前,大型再生资源回收站建设节奏日益加快,规模不断扩大。论文针对大型再生资源回收站消防设计中存在的普遍性难题,根据其特点,研讨相应的对策,提出强化大型再生资源回收站消防设计审核等源头管理,切实杜绝先天性火灾隐患。