Model scale railcar fire tests

A series of tests has been performed in a model of a typical passenger train compartment (railcar). The tests were carried out on a scale of 1–10. The main purpose of the tests was to investigate if it is possible to calculate the heat release rate for a flashed over train compartment with simple mathematical expressions derived for ordinary compartment fires. The combustion that takes place outside the windows was considered in the study. The parameters that were varied include: the ventilation, the fuel load and the type of interior surface material. In all tests, one door was open and the number of windows varied from all windows closed, to all windows opened. The ignition took place in the corner of the model compartment opposite the door opening.     

自动喷水灭火系统水力计算探讨

对自动喷水灭火系统水力计算的两种方法进行了比较，提出了不同方法所适用的火灾危险等级场所，通过分析水力计算的实质，进一步提出了简化计算法，并通过实例论证了该方法的安全性与合理性。     

Model scale tunnel fire tests with longitudinal ventilation

Results from a series of tests in a model tunnel (1:23) are presented. Tests were carried out with longitudinal ventilation under different fire conditions. Wood cribs were used to simulate the fire source, which was designed to correspond to a scaled-down HGV (Heavy Goods Vehicle) fire load. The parameters tested were: the number of wood cribs, type of wood cribs, the longitudinal ventilation rate and the ceiling height. The heat release rate, fire growth rate, maximum gas temperature beneath the ceiling, temperature distribution, total heat flux at floor level, flame length, and back-layering length were investigated. Correlations for these parameters were investigated and proposed for longitudinal flow in tunnels.     

自动喷水灭火设计中常见的违规问题

为充分发挥自动喷水灭火系统的作用，从末端试水装置不符合规范要求、水力设计计算、消防水池的设置等方面，就系统设计中常见的违规问题进行了原因分析，并提出了正确的做法。     

Runehamar tunnel fire tests

Five large-scale fire tests, including one pool fire test and four HGV mock-up fire tests, were carried out in the Runehamar tunnel in Norway in year 2003. New data and new analyzes are presented in this paper, together with a short summary of previous work on these tests. Heat release rate (HRR), radiation, fire spread, gas production, backside wall temperature, visibility, backlayering, fire growth rate, gas temperature, flame length, ventilation and pulsation are investigated. Simple theoretical models are developed to estimate and predict these parameters. The correlations developed can be used by engineers working on fire safety in tunnels.     

喷头安装角度对综合管廊细水雾灭火的影响

为研究综合管廊火灾中喷头安装角度对细水雾灭火效果的影响,搭建实体火灾实验平台,利用FDS 模拟分析7 种喷头安装角度下细水雾对烟气温度和烟气层高度的影响。结果表明：侧喷无线槽工况火场温度下降得更快,降温效果更好;喷头安装角度≤50̊ 时,灭火时间少,灭火效果好,当喷头安装角度＞50̊时,灭火时间增加,灭火效果变差;喷头安装角度与平均温度降低值有一定的关系,但不呈线性关系,结合降温效果与烟气层高度,建议细水雾喷头安装角度为50̊ 。     

住宅建筑自动喷水灭火技术发展及应用

概述了住宅建筑中自动喷水灭火系统发展历程、趋势和新技术，介绍了采用住宅喷头的自动喷水灭火系统应用状况，分析了住宅自动喷水灭火系统在保护人员生命财产安全的实际应用中具有的特点，提出在我国建筑防火规范的进一步修订中应加以采用。     

自动喷水灭火系统应用技术发展探析

阐述了自动喷水灭火系统应用技术的发展情况 ,探讨了各种喷头的研制对自动喷水灭火系统性能的促进作用 ,并结合实际 ,提出了自动喷水灭火系统应用中亟待解决的问题     

Determination of smoke layer interface height of medium scale tunnel fire scenarios

Smoke layer interface height is an important parameter in fire safety science. In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted in a 1/6th scale model tunnel for determining the smoke layer interface height in medium scale tunnel fire scenarios. The commonly used approaches, including visual observation, N-percentage rule and integral method are reviewed firstly. Then, considering the subjectivity and empiricism of previous approaches, a buoyancy frequency method is put forward based on the vertical temperature distribution in tunnel, which has definite physical meaning and eliminates the subjectivity of previous methods. The smoke layer thicknesses determined by buoyancy frequency method are compared with the results of visual observation, N-percentage rule (N = 10, 20, 30) and integral ratio method, respectively. The comparison results reveal that the smoke layer thicknesses determined by buoyancy frequency method fit best with the visual values for all the experimental conditions. While the calculated values by integral ratio method are lower than the visual values. In addition, the selection of optimum N values for the N-percentage rule in different cases is also discussed.     

自动喷水灭火系统在地铁隧道工程应用的可行性

分析了地铁隧道火灾的特点和隧道消防设施设置的现状，提出隧道内设置自动喷水灭火系统的设想，运用场模拟FDS程序，通过一假定的隧道火灾算例，分析比较了设置自动喷水灭火系统和不设置时隧道火灾的烟气、温度发展情况，得到了两种情况下隧道内温度和烟气对人构成的威胁和对隧道结构造成的破坏情况。结果表明，在地铁隧道内设置自动喷水灭火系统有利有弊，但综合考虑设置自动喷水灭火系统是可行的。     

高层建筑自动喷水灭火系统设计探讨

介绍了自动喷水灭火系统消防设备在高层建筑中的应用。对自动喷水灭火系统中如何确定设计喷水量，喷水强度及怎样布置喷头才合理等问题进行了论述。还对自动喷水灭火系统民采用的节流方式以有给水系统与灭火系统的分、合问题进行了分析，实践证明，该系统控火灭火成功经高，经济实用。     

An experimental study on the effect of ventilation velocity on burning rate in tunnel fires—heptane pool fire case

The 1/20 reduced-scale experiments using Froude scaling are conducted to investigate the effect of longitudinal ventilation velocity on the burning rate in tunnel fires. The n-heptane pool fires with heat release rate ranging from 3.71 to 15.6 kW are used in this study. A load cell is used to measure the mass loss rate of burning fuel and the temperature distributions are measured by K-type thermocouples in order to investigate smoke movement. The ventilation velocity in the reduced-scale tunnel is controlled by the wind tunnel through an inverter. The increases in ventilation velocity lead to enhance burning rate of n-heptane fuel. The reason is that the oxygen supply effect prevails rather than the cooling effect as the ventilation velocity increases. As a result, the heat release rates in experiment are larger than constant heat release rates by 4.45–11.3 times in the n-heptane pool fires. Also, it is found that non-dimensional critical ventilation velocity is proportional to one-third power of non-dimensional heat release rate.     

自动喷水灭火系统对地铁烟气特性的影响

以岛式地铁站台为研究对象,利用FDS 软件建立火灾数值模型,模拟计算有、无自动喷水灭火系统对地铁站台中部行李火灾烟气特性的影响。结果表明：有自动喷水灭火系统时,地铁站台烟气蔓延速度及烟气温度会得到抑制;自动喷水灭火系统对烟气中CO 质量浓度及烟气能见度影响不大;烟气中CO 质量浓度在火源附近区域变大,远离着火源区域变小;烟气能见度在火源附近区域会降低,远离火源区域会提高。     

广州白云国际机场某转运中心分拣设备自动喷水灭火系统设计

广州白云国际机场某转运中心分拣设备按照FM保险公司要求设置自动喷水灭火系统,介绍其设计、施工及验收等方面的要求,并对比执行FM标准与执行现行国家标准<自动喷水灭火系统设计规范>.通过对系统的介绍,从系统的设计标准、喷头安装及验收要求等方面对国内类似物流工程中的皮带输送机分拣设备设置自动喷水灭火系统提供参照和借鉴.     

锅炉房自动喷水灭火系统设计参数

回顾了我国消防规范关于柴油发电机房和燃油燃气锅炉房消防系统设置的历史沿革，分析了这些场所的火灾危险性和起火原因，提出了火灾预防措施，根据国内外规范关于柴油发电机房和燃油燃气锅炉房自动喷水灭火系统的设计参数，提出了既经济又适合国情的自动喷水灭火系统设计参数。     

水喷淋保护下防火玻璃作为防火分隔物的试验研究

针对我国大空间建筑日益增多，而防火分隔手段相对匮乏，不能满足建筑防火设计需求的现状，通过实验证明了在水喷淋作用下高强度单片铯钾防火玻璃作为防火分隔的安全性，通过实验提出在实际运用中具体的使用参数（包括喷头选型、单位面积上水流量、压力、喷头的具体参数），该实验为高强度单片铯钾防火玻璃作为防火分割物应用于大空间建筑提供了有益的实验支持。     

公路隧道动态火灾规模及人员疏散研究

为了确定城市公路隧道阻塞场景下火灾蔓延时的动态火灾规模和人员疏散方案,基于临界辐射热通量理论计算车辆引燃时间,并运用FDS研究动态火灾规模和同时打开两侧横通道与只打开一侧横通道两种工况下的温度与可视度分布规律,通过Pathfinder计算人员疏散时间。结果表明：初次引燃需要250 s,二次引燃分别需要615、650 s,共计11辆车参与燃烧,最大热释放速率高达39.1 MW;两种工况下的温度与可视度分布规律基本相同,但同时打开两侧横通道的疏散时间仅为390 s,较后者减少了320 s;建议四洞公路隧道发生火灾时,宜同时打开两侧横通道,且应在10 min内及时采取措施防止车辆发生二次引燃。     

Prediction of fire and smoke propagation in an underwater tunnel

Different models and solvers are used to calculate the spread of fire and smoke in a tunnel. The methodology for obtaining the numerical solution of this fire dynamics problem involves commercial software and a research program. Both can handle geometries described in three dimensions. Particular emphasis was placed on road tunnels in which vehicles are present. The specific application of this work is a study of a fire scenario in the Louis-Hippolyte-Lafontaine Tunnel which runs under a river in the Montreal area. Besides standard representation, visualization is also used, with elements which consider the optical properties of the phenomenon for a realistic rendering of smoke and fire.     

Experimental study of the effectiveness of a water system in blocking fire-induced smoke and heat in reduced-scale tunnel tests

A water system, consisting of several water mist nozzles, has been installed in a reduced-scale tunnel. Its effectiveness in blocking fire-induced smoke and heat is tested, with and without longitudinal ventilation. A total of 14 fire tests have been carried out, with 250 ml methanol in an iron tray (25 cm × 20 cm) as fuel. Temperatures have been measured by 30 thermocouples, located upstream and downstream of the fire location. The aim is to assess the effectiveness of the water system in preventing smoke spread and in reducing the temperature in the tunnel. Interaction of the water with the fire is avoided. The impact of water pressure, ventilation velocity and nozzle arrangement on the effectiveness in smoke blocking and temperature reduction is discussed. The result confirms that the water system effectively reduces the temperatures and prevents smoke spreading in the absence of longitudinal ventilation. However, strong longitudinal ventilation (0.8 m/s ventilation velocity in the reduced-scale tunnel, corresponding to critical velocity in full-scale (1:10) tunnel) reduces the effectiveness in blocking the smoke spreading by the water system, although the temperature reduction downstream the water system remains in place. Higher water pressure makes the cooling effect stronger, because more and smaller water droplets are injected into the tunnel. For a given level of water pressure level, the impact of the nozzle row configuration is small in the tests.     

Field test and evaluation of residential sprinkler systems: Part II

A series of National Fire Protection Association full-scale tests involving sprinkler installations was conducted in a two-story residence in Los Angeles, CA, and in a mobile home in Charlotte, NC. Previous laboratory tests, including full-scale room fire tests, had indicated that a prototype “quick-response” sprinkler was effective in controlling residential home fires. More full-scale fire tests under less controlled and more operational conditions were considered necessary to confirm or deny this conclusion. Part I of this three-part series (November 1983) explained the objectives of the tests and the test procedures that were to be followed. This second part describes the criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness of sprinkler systems using the “quick response” sprinkler in the series of seventy-six tests and the results of those tests. Part III will cover that phase of the test program that focused on a comparison of sprinkler and smoke detector activation times in the mobile home test structure. National Fire Protection Association Mr. Cote is Assistant Vice President (Engineering & Technical Services) for the NFPA. He served as project manager for the test series insofar as the NFPA had overall management responsibilities for the program. Reference: Cote Arthur E., “Field Test and Evaluation of Residential Sprinkler Systems: Part II” Fire Technology, Vol. 20, No. 1, February 1984, p. 48.