电站凝汽器污垢费用估算

提出了一种估算电站凝汽器污垢费用的方法,并按按冗余面积、产品损失、运行维护三个方面分析了污垢造成的经济损失。冗余面积分析以长山电厂100MW和200MW几组为例,结果表明:冗余面积大约为16%,增加投资5876元/MW。产品损失、运行维护分析以华能大连电厂4号350MW机组凝汽器为对象,以现场实测数据为分析基础。结果表明2000年污垢费用三项之和给我国造成的经济损失约为28.1亿元。图7表3参12     

基于神经网络的电站锅炉水冷壁积灰结渣监测模型的研究

针对阜新电厂 2 0 0MW机组燃煤锅炉进行了多工况热态测试 ,获得了数据样本 ,运用BP神经网络和LM算法建立了电站锅炉水冷壁积灰结渣的监测模型。所建的神经网络监测模型 ,能够反映锅炉水冷壁积灰结渣的程度 ,为电站锅炉吹灰优化系统的开发打下了良好的基础。     

An advanced model to assess fouling and slagging in coal fired boilers

The assessment of the influence of fouling and slagging on the heat transfer in utility boilers has obtained significant interest both during boiler design and operation. This paper presents a strategy to investigate this influence by introducing heat resistance to represent fouling and slagging on furnace walls. The evaluation of this strategy was performed using the plant heat flux reading data together with a 3‐D computational fluid dynamics code. The model considers the influence of the operating conditions to the incident heat fluxes and these are used to assess the heat transfer resistance from the measured absorbed heat fluxes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solved and Thermal-Hydraulic Problems Systems: Learning from Accidents Unsolved in Boiler

This article begins with a brief review of the similarity law of conventional fossil fuel-fired boilers. The concept is based on the fact that the heat release due to combustion in the furnace is restricted by the furnace volume but the heat absorption is restricted by the heat transfer surface area. This means that a small-capacity boiler has relatively high specific furnace heat release rate, about 10 MW/m 3 , and on the contrary, a large-capacity boiler has a lower value. The surface heat flux limit is dominated mainly by the critical heat flux (CHF) inside the water wall tubes of the boiler furnace. This heat flux limit is almost the same order, independent of the capacity of the boiler. For the safety of water walls, it is essential to retain a good amount of water circulation, i.e., the circulation ratio and velocity of the water must be high enough above the respective critical values. This principle is common knowledge in boiler designer, but the actual situation is not the case. Newly designed boilers often suffer from similar accidents, especially burnout due to water circulation problems. This article demonstrates recent accidents encountered in practical boilers, and raises rather classical but important problems related to two-phase flow and heat transfer.     

Thermal load deviation model for superheater and reheater of a utility boiler

The extreme steam temperature deviation experienced in the superheater and reheater of a utility boiler can seriously affect its economic and safe operation. This temperature deviation is one of the root causes of boiler tube failures (BTF), which causes about 40% of the forced power station outages. The steam temperature deviation is mainly due to the thermal load deviation in the lateral direction of the superheater and reheater. This variation is very difficult to measure in situ using direct experimental techniques. In this paper, we propose a thermal load model that is based on the power plant thermodynamic parameters, thermal deviation theory, and flow rate deviation theory. It is found that the calculated results from our model agree well with the in situ experimental results. The predicted BTF positions are the same as that in the reheater of a 300 MW utility boiler at Wujing Power Plant. The proposed model has been used to improve the design of utility boiler in Boiler Works, predict the possible BTF in the design stage, and assess the existing designs. This model can also be applied to utility boilers of different manufactures, and has been successfully applied to the BTF prediction and prevention in the Power Station.     

能源动力系统除灰新技术的机理及应用

我国能源动力系统尤其是电站锅炉燃用大量高灰煤,致使系统尾部受热面严重积灰,影响锅炉的效率和出力,中国科学院力学研究所采用了可燃气体快速燃烧,产生燃气脉冲清除积灰的原理,研究发展了一种适用于我国大型电站锅炉的新一代除灰技术,目前,燃气脉冲除灰技术已在全国几十台125MW-600MW机组上获得成功应用。图9参4     

电站锅炉对流受热面积灰在线监测的研究

针对在线监测电站锅炉对流受热面积灰的需要,建立了对流受热面的污染监测模型.以HG1021/18.2-YM9型锅炉为监测对象,开发了受热面积灰在线监测系统,成功实现了锅炉对流受热面污染的在线监测.     

珠海发电厂燃煤锅炉印尼煤掺烧运行特性与优化

介绍了珠海发电厂700 MW机组锅炉掺烧印尼煤的试验情况.针对印尼煤高挥发分、高水分、低灰分、热值较低的特性,提出了切实可行的掺烧措施.重点分析了珠海发电厂锅炉在掺烧印尼煤时对制粉系统安全运行、锅炉结渣、主要辅机运行情况等方面的影响,提出了掺烧印尼煤应注意的问题.同时在试验和运行结果分析基础上,采用遗传算法对珠海发电厂印尼煤掺烧进行优化.通过研究为锅炉多煤种掺烧积累了经验,扩大了锅炉燃煤的适用范围.     

燃煤锅炉中过/再热器工质温差与积灰程度关联研究

为实现对燃煤锅炉无烟温测点的对流受热面积灰程度的监测,对锅炉对流受热面的传热特性及工质吸热特性进行热平衡机理分析,在热力学基础上,用相关性分析、回归分析和灰色关联分析方法对实际生产数据进行挖掘、分析,计算了对流受热面的出入口工质温差与清洁因子的灰色关联特性,建立了利用受热面进出口温差表征积灰程度的函数模型。结果表明:负荷稳定时,锅炉燃烧释放的热量也是一定的,对流受热面单位工质吸热量能反映该对流受热面的积灰程度;受热面温差与清洁因子具有极强的关联性,受热面进出口工质温差模型能很好地反映对流受热面的积灰程度。     

燃煤电站锅炉对流受热面积灰在线监测的研究

针对在线监测电站锅炉对流受热面积灰的需要,建立了对流受热面的污染监测模型。以某300 MW机组的1 025 t/h锅炉为监测对象,开发了受热面积灰在线监测系统,成功实现了锅炉对流受热面污染的在线监测。     

Full-scale co-firing trial tests of sawdust and bio-waste in pulverized coal-fired 230 t/h steam boiler

Co-firing trial tests of sawdust and bio-waste coming from cereal production with hard coal were carried out at Skawina Power Plant in Poland (1532 MW in fuel, currently belonging to CEZ Group). Skawina Power Plant is a tangentially-fired pulverized coal unit with nine boilers (4 boilers of 210 t/h and five boilers of 230 t/h live steam respectively) that produces 590 MW electricity and 618 MW of heat (district heating and process steam).The paper presents an analysis of energy and ecological effects of sawdust and bio-waste co-firing in the existing pulverized hard coal boiler. The mixture of coal and biomass was blended in the coal yard, and fed into the boiler through the coal mills. During the tests, combustion of mixtures composed of hard coal and sawdust (with mass share of 9.5%) and hard coal – bio-waste (6.6% mass basis) were examined. The co-firing tests were successful. Based on the analysis of the test results, the influence of biomass co-firing on specific components of energy balance (e.g. stack losses and boiler thermal efficiency) was discussed, in comparison to combustion of coal alone. The emission indices during coal combustion were calculated and compared to the emission indices for biomass co-firing. It was proved that co-firing of both biomass sorts leads to a decrease of CO and SO₂ emissions. Due to the possibility of considering the part of the energy generated during biomass co-firing as renewable energy, the procedure for biomass based renewable energy share determination is presented and illustrated with an example.     

300MW循环流化床锅炉热力特性的研究

为准确把握300 Mw循环流化床(CFB)锅炉的热力特性,针对目前国内3种典型300Mw CFB锅炉炉型,从炉膛、外置床的传热机理和传热计算角度出发,对不同炉型的热力特性进行了分析比较.结果表明:3种炉型CFB锅炉的热力特性均可满足蒸汽参数的要求,且热负荷分配合理.     

∏形锅炉转弯烟道内的烟气流场变化及其对对流管束传热影响的分析与烟道结构改进

∏形布置的水管锅炉,后部转弯烟道内的烟气偏流会带来对流受热面的传热和温度偏差。当偏差较大时,会影响锅炉的整体运行性能。以一台70 MW热水锅炉为例,为减小转弯烟道内受热面的传热和温度偏差,结合流场数值分析调整烟道形状和尺寸,以确定合理的结构改进方案。方案实施后,经运行监测,对流管束前后部的温度偏差由17℃降低到3℃,其他相关的运行参数也都接近于设计值,取得了预期效果。     

减轻锅炉结焦的运行方案的计算与分析

沙角C电厂共有2台锅炉,均为美国ABB-CE公司的汽包锅炉,平行通风方式露天布置,连续蒸发量为2 100 t/h,不投油最低稳燃负荷为230MW,1996年6月投运以来,结焦较为严重.本文利用计算机模拟的方法对锅炉的流动、传热及其燃烧过程进行了计算机数值计算,变工况调节.以计算机数值模拟的方法分析方法找出了锅炉结焦的原...     

热管式空气预热器在张店热电厂110t/h煤粉炉的应用

本文较详细介绍了成功运行于张店热电厂的110t／h煤粉锅炉热管式空气预热器的设计、性能和运行情况；对解决电站煤粉炉尾部受热面的腐蚀、堵灰及节能问题作了有益的探讨。     

抽凝机组耦合热电转换辅助调峰系统参数设计

  目的  为适应新能源电力并网需求,原有抽凝热电联产机组深度调峰供热改造已为重要途径之一。现有包括电热泵和电锅炉在内的热电转换装置为辅助火电机组调峰提供了潜在途径。  方法  以350 MW抽凝机组为例,建立了以热电转换装置辅助调峰参数优化模型,重点分析了热电转换设备参数对深度调峰性能的影响;其次,分别对比了电热泵和蓄热电锅炉两种典型热电转换系统在不同装置容量、不同放热速率下的调峰深度;最后,介绍了300 MW燃煤机组的煤耗率与污染物排放水平,指出本系统的节能效益,并给出热电转换装置的最优参数。  结果  结果显示:当电热泵的热功率为100 MW、放热速率与热功率相匹配也为100 MW时,机组的调峰深度达到最大值,为73 MW左右;当蓄热式电锅炉的电功率为45 MW、放热速率为100 MW时,机组的调峰深度达到最大值,为70.05 MW。蓄热式电锅炉的储热量在24 h中内略有增加,净储热量的数值为967.5 kWh。  结论  功率和放热速率是衡量热电转换装置辅助机组调峰能力的重要参数,且二者之间要有一定程度上的匹配性,针对不同情景灵活匹配热电转换装置的类型与参数可大幅提升机组的调峰深度。     

600MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉低NO_x燃烧器改造

根据国家减排政策要求,北仑第一发电有限公司选择通过炉内脱硝方式对1号锅炉燃烧器进行了低氮改造,达到预期的效果;为将锅炉低NOx燃烧技术改造可能产生的负面影响减至最小程度,采取了磨煤机动态分离器改造、受热面调整等配套措施;改造后锅炉总体性能良好,为四角切圆燃烧锅炉低氮改造提供了借鉴。     

国产350MW超临界直流锅炉不熄火降压法吹管分析

本文介绍了江西华能瑞金电厂一期工程2×350 MW国产超临界直流锅炉起动调试阶段采用不熄火降压法吹管的情况,重点对#2炉吹管进行分析,并通过对#1炉和#2炉的吹管进行比较分析,对吹管中的一些关键点(如:分离器贮水箱的水位控制及分离器出口温度控制等)和出现的若干问题进行了分析和总结.其成功应用的经验可为类似的超临界直流锅...     

四角切圆燃烧锅炉过热器两侧汽温偏差与管道布置的研究

针对大容量四角切圆燃煤锅炉普遍存在的烟气侧速度与温度偏差以及过热器的汽温偏差,对北疆电厂1000MW锅炉实测运行数据进行了分析,并对炉膛流场进行了模拟．结果表明：由于四角切圆锅炉炉膛上部残余旋转导致气流在屏区左右两侧形成流动差异,在折焰角前后两侧汽温偏差的分布规律截然不同．通过对电厂锅炉后屏过热器与末级过热器之间管道布置形式的调整（由交叉改为平行）,使两级受热面的吸热偏差相互抵消,从而提高减温器的调节性能．     

300MW循环流化床锅炉屏式受热面传热系数计算及其变化规律

根据300MW循环流化床（CFB）锅炉现场测试数据并结合以往CFB锅炉传热系数的研究成果,建立了屏式受热面烟气侧的传热模型,包括辐射传热模型和对流传热半经验公式．利用该模型对某300MWCFB锅炉在94％锅炉最大连续蒸发量（BMCR）工况下炉膛内屏式受热面的传热系数进行了计算,分析了屏式受热面管间节距、炉膛温度、工质温度、壁面黑度及烟气速度等因素对传热系数的影响．结果表明：烟气速度、炉膛温度和壁面黑度对传热系数的影响较大,所建立的传热模型能够合理地反映主要因素对CFB锅炉屏式受热面传热的影响．