Effects of sustained axial load and cooling phase on post-fire behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular stub columns

This paper experimentally investigated the effects of pre-load and cooling phase on the residual strength and stiffness of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) stub columns which were heated and cooled down to room temperature under sustained axial load. CFT stub columns were axially loaded and heated to specified high temperatures in a specially built electrical furnace. After the specimens cooled down to room temperature while the axial load was kept constant, the stub columns were loaded to failure. The test results showed that the mechanical behaviour of the fire-damaged CFT stub columns with pre-load was obviously different from those without pre-load. The axial load level and the high temperature exposure had more significant effects on the stiffness of CFT stub columns than the residual strength. The sustained pre-load led to significant residual deformations of CFT stub columns during the cooling phase. Based on the test results, it is recommended that the effects of sustained axial loads and fire cooling phase should be taken into consideration in assessing the fire-damaged CFT columns.     

Experimental research on post-fire behaviour of reinforced concrete columns

This paper reports an experimental research into the effect of fire exposure time on the post-fire behaviour of reinforced concrete columns. Nine full-size reinforced concrete columns (45×30×300 cm) with two longitudinal reinforcement ratios (1.4% and 2.3%) were unexposed and exposed to the ISO 834 standard fire for 2 and 4 h with a constant preload. One month after cooling, the specimens were tested in axial load combined with uniaxial or biaxial bending. The test results show that the residual load-bearing capacity decreases with increase in fire exposure time. This deterioration in strength following an increase in fire exposure time can be slowed down by the strength recovery of hot rolled reinforcing bars after cooling. In addition, the reduction in residual stiffness is higher than that in ultimate load; consequently, much attention should be given to the deformation and stress redistribution of the reinforced concrete building subject to earthquakes after a fire.     

Effects of heating and loading histories on post-fire cooling behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular columns

A finite element method (FEM) program is developed and used in this paper to analyse the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns during the entire stage of fire exposure, including: loading at ambient temperature, heating, cooling to the ambient temperature and post-fire loading to failure. The emphasis of this paper is on CFST column behaviours during the cooling and post-fire stages because these behaviours are affected by the loading and heating histories, but they have not previously been studied. This paper will present the mechanical property models for these different loading and heating stages. To validate the FEM program, some experimental data, including fire resistance, axial deformation and ultimate strength of CFST columns are compared and it is found that the FEM program can predict the test results with good accuracy. Using the FEM program, a parametric study is then conducted to investigate the influences of ambient temperature loading and heating history on the cooling and post-fire behaviours of CFST columns. It is concluded that various parameters (such as load ratio and elevating temperature time ratio etc.) affect the residual strength of CFST columns severely. Finally, this paper proposes a set of formulas which can be used to predict the residual strength of CFST columns after going through the whole fire exposure process.     

方钢管约束钢筋混凝土轴压短柱试验研究与分析

进行了20个方钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱的轴压力学性能试验研究,试验的主要参数为钢管宽厚比(50,70和100)和混凝土强度(C50,C80)。试验结果表明：方钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱中被分隔钢管的高度对其轴压承载力和延性无明显影响。随钢管宽厚比增大和混凝土强度的提高,轴压短柱的延性降低。采用弹塑性应力分析方法对钢管进行了全过程应力分析,分析结果表明,方钢管约束钢筋混凝土轴压短柱的峰值荷载点并不对应钢管的屈服点,钢管在轴压短柱达到峰值荷载后屈服。根据试验结果和钢管的应力分析结果,建立了方钢管约束钢筋混凝土短柱的轴压承载力计算式,试验结果与计算结果吻合良好。并提出了设计建议。图8表2参12     

Experimental tests of slender reinforced concrete columns under combined axial load and lateral force

The use of high strength concrete (HSC) in columns has become more frequent since a substantial reduction of the cross-section is obtained, meaning that slenderness increases for the same axial load and length, producing higher second order effects. However, the experimental tests in the literature of reinforced concrete columns subjected to axial load and lateral force focus on shear span ratios, according to Eurocode 2 (2004), clause 5.6.3., (M/(V⋅h)) lower than 6.5. This gap in the literature limits technological development for the construction of these structural elements. This paper presents 44 experimental tests on reinforced concrete columns subjected to constant axial load and monotonic lateral force. The aim of this is to gain greater knowledge of the types of elements which will also be of use in calibrating the numerical models and validating the simplified methods. The test parameters are strength of concrete (normal- and high-strength concrete), shear span ratio, axial load level and longitudinal and transversal reinforcement ratios. The strength and deformation of the columns were studied, and an analysis of the simplified methods from Eurocode 2 (2004) and ACI-318 (2008) concluded that both are very conservative.     

Behaviour of reinforced and concrete-encased composite columns subjected to biaxial bending and axial load

An experimental investigation of the behaviour of reinforced concrete columns and a theoretical procedure for analysis of both short and slender reinforced and composite columns of arbitrarily shaped cross section subjected to biaxial bending and axial load are presented. In the proposed procedure, nonlinear stress–strain relations are assumed for concrete, reinforcing steel and structural steel materials. The compression zone of the concrete section and the entire section of the structural steel are divided into adequate number of segments in order to use various stress–strain models for the analysis. The slenderness effect of the member is taken into account by using the Moment Magnification Method. The proposed procedure was compared with test results of 12 square and three L-shaped reinforced concrete columns subjected to short-term axial load and biaxial bending, and also some experimental results available in the literature for composite columns compared with the theoretical results obtained by the proposed procedure and a good degree of accuracy was obtained.     

轴向约束钢筋混凝土柱火灾后剩余轴压性能的试验研究

实际结构中钢筋混凝土柱在遭受火灾作用时会受到相邻构件的约束作用,其内力在升降温过程中是不断变化的。由于火灾后钢筋混凝土结构经修复加固大多仍可继续服役,积极开展约束柱火灾后的剩余性能研究是必要的。本文进行了16根轴向约束钢筋混凝土柱(方形柱、十字形柱、T形柱和L形柱各4根)标准火灾作用后剩余轴压刚度和承载力的试验研究。研究结果表明:(1)钢筋混凝土柱的剩余轴压刚度随着受火时间的增加逐渐减小;(2)受火时间相同时,钢筋混凝土柱的剩余极限承载力随着初始轴压比的增大而减小,同时随着轴向约束刚度比的增大而增大,最大增幅10%左右;(3)受火时间相同时,柱剩余轴压刚度从大到小依次为十字形柱>T形柱>L形柱;(4)受火时间约90min和110min时,不同试件的承载力折减系数大致分别为0.4～0.5和0.33～0.43。     

Effective flexural stiffness of slender reinforced concrete columns under axial forces and biaxial bending

Most of the design codes (ACI-318-2008 and Euro Code-2-2004) propose the moment magnifier method in order to take into account the second order effect to design slender reinforced concrete columns. The accuracy of this method depends on the effective flexural stiffness of the column. This paper proposes a new equation to obtain the effective stiffness EI of slender reinforced concrete columns. The expression is valid for any shape of cross-section, subjected to combined axial loads and biaxial bending, both for short-time and sustained loads, normal and high strength concretes, but it is only suitable for columns with equal effective buckling lengths in the two principal bending planes. The new equation extends the proposed EI equation in the “Biaxial bending moment magnifier method” by Bonet et al. (2004) [6], which is valid only for rectangular sections. The method was compared with 613 experimental tests from the literature and a good degree of accuracy was obtained. It was also compared with the design codes ACI-318 (08) and EC-2 (2004) improving the precision. The method is capable to verify and design with sufficient accuracy slender reinforced concrete columns in practical engineering design applications.     

钢筋混凝土保护钢管混凝土短柱火灾后力学性能研究

研究钢筋混凝土保护钢管混凝土短柱火灾后的力学性能,建立有限元模型分析其火灾后的轴压承载力和轴向刚度,采用试验验证的有限元模型分析了主要影响因素.提出了钢筋混凝土保护钢管混凝土短柱火灾后轴压承载力和轴向刚度的计算方法.研究结果表明:(1)钢筋混凝土保护钢管混凝土短柱火灾后的轴压承载力和轴向刚度明显下降,随着受火时间的增加...     

Cyclic behaviours of concrete-filled steel tubular columns with pre-load after exposure to fire

This paper reports experimental results of cyclic behaviours of eight concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns after exposure to fire under sustained axial load. The specimens were heated by a stackable electrical furnace and blowing liquefied petroleum gas fire into the furnace simultaneously in order to simulate the real fire attack. The furnace heating can be controlled easily and safely in such a hybrid heating method using gas and electricity that the average temperature in the furnace followed as closely as possible the ISO-834 standard fire curve. After the CFT columns had been axially loaded and heated for a specified duration of time, the specimens were cooled down to room temperature according to the ISO-834 fire standard while the axial load was kept constant. Finally, the columns were subjected to lateral cyclic loading under constant axial load. The sustained pre-load led to significant residual deformations of CFT columns during the cooling phase. Two columns were found to have suffered local buckling of steel tube and three columns have suffered steel weld rupture during the fire exposure. Therefore, it is recommended that more than two vent holes or vent holes with larger diameter should be used in a CFT column and engineers should pay much attention to reasonable selection and construction of steel sections. Compared with the fire-damaged columns without pre-load and that at room temperature, the post-fire ductility and energy absorption capacity of CFT with pre-load had no obvious deterioration and the axial load level had no obvious influence on the residual strength of fire-damaged CFT. The experimental results can provide a basis for fire-damage assessment of CFT columns.     

On the effect of time-dependent deformations on the behaviour of patch-repaired reinforced concrete short columns

This paper reports the results of an experimental study of the effect of time-dependent deformations (such as shrinkage and creep) of concrete repair materials on the ability of patch repairs to contribute to the structural function of reinforced concrete short columns. Prior to repair, strain measurements were taken from loaded columns with preformed cavities; cavity depths varied between columns. One polymeric and one polymer-modified concrete repair material were used for repair, all repairs being performed under zero load. After repair, the distribution of strain was measured from columns subjected to axial service load and from similar columns observed under zero load. Test results indicate that in the short term both the repair materials assist the repaired column to carry load, but in the long term the contribution of the polymer-modified material is reduced substantially while that of the polymeric material is sustained. It is observed that shrinkage of the repair material can induce bending in the repaired column and that this bending increases with patch repair cavity depth. Within the repaired zone, bending strain distributions were linear which would suggest that conventional methods of structural analysis are appropriate for such members.     

Study on axial compression performance of high strength H-section steel reinforced concrete composite columns

为研究高强H形钢混凝土组合柱的轴心受压性能以及探究国内外现行规范对此类构件承载力计算方法的适用性，对12根内置Q460、Q690高强H形钢混凝土组合柱及3根内置Q235普通H形钢混凝土组合柱进行轴压试验，研究钢材强度等级、含钢率、长细比和配箍率等参数对构件承载力的影响。试验结果表明：内置Q460、Q690高强H形钢混凝土组合柱与内置Q235普通H形钢混凝土组合柱相比，承载力最大提高幅度分别为19.6%和35.8%；高强H形钢含钢率的提升能显著提高组合柱的承载力；当组合柱长细比在23.0~45.9范围变化时，其对承载力影响不明显；提高配箍率对内置Q690的H形钢混凝土组合柱承载力的提高幅度高于内置Q460的H形钢混凝土组合柱。将试验结果与我国JGJ 138—2016《组合结构设计规范》、美国ANSI/AISC 360-16和欧洲EN1994-1-1:2004中的H形钢混凝土组合柱轴压承载力公式计算值进行对比可得，各国规范的计算值均偏于保守，JGJ 138—2016的计算值与试验结果最为接近。考虑箍筋对混凝土的约束效应，对JGJ 138—2016的组合柱轴压承载力计算公式进行修正，修正公式所得承载力计算结果与试验结果误差降低至10%以内。基于约束效应建立组合柱有限元模型，考虑约束效应的承载力有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好，误差在5%以内。     

高强H形钢混凝土组合柱轴压性能研究

为研究高强H形钢混凝土组合柱的轴心受压性能以及探究国内外现行规范对此类构件承载力计算方法的适用性,对12根内置Q460、Q690高强H形钢混凝土组合柱及3根内置Q235普通H形钢混凝土组合柱进行轴压试验,研究钢材强度等级、含钢率、长细比和配箍率等参数对构件承载力的影响。试验结果表明：内置Q460、Q690高强H形钢混凝土组合柱与内置Q235普通H形钢混凝土组合柱相比,承载力最大提高幅度分别为19.6%和35.8%;高强H形钢含钢率的提升能显著提高组合柱的承载力;当组合柱长细比在23.0~45.9范围变化时,其对承载力影响不明显;提高配箍率对内置Q690的H形钢混凝土组合柱承载力的提高幅度高于内置Q460的H形钢混凝土组合柱。将试验结果与我国JGJ 138—2016《组合结构设计规范》、美国ANSI/AISC 360-16和欧洲EN1994-1-1:2004中的H形钢混凝土组合柱轴压承载力公式计算值进行对比可得,各国规范的计算值均偏于保守,JGJ 138—2016的计算值与试验结果最为接近。考虑箍筋对混凝土的约束效应,对JGJ 138—2016的组合柱轴压承载力计算公式进行修正,修正公式所得承载力计算结果与试验结果误差降低至10%以内。基于约束效应建立组合柱有限元模型,考虑约束效应的承载力有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,误差在5%以内。     

Effect of axial load and transverse reinforcements on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns

The aim of this research is to assess the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns under different axial load and transverse reinforcement ratios. These two parameters are very important as for the ductility, strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity for a given reinforced concrete column. Effects of variable axial load ratio and transverse reinforcement ratio on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns are thoroughly analyzed. The finite element computer program Seismo-Structure was used to perform the analysis of series of reinforced concrete columns tested by the second author and other researchers. In order to reflect the reality and grasp the actual behavior of the specimens, special attention was paid to select the models for concrete, confined concrete, and steel components. Good agreements were obtained between the experimental and the analytical results either for the lateral force-drift relationships or for the damage progress prediction at different stages of the loading.     

GFRP管约束混凝土短柱轴压性能和尺寸效应研究

以GFRP管直径和壁厚作为研究参数,进行了9根不同尺寸GFRP管约束混凝土短柱轴压试验。研究了GFRP管直径和壁厚对GFRP管约束混凝土短柱轴压性能的影响,发现所有试件的应力-应变曲线都是单调递增的双直线型,没有下降段。在直径相同时,随GFRP管壁厚度增加,试件极限压应力增加,其极限压应变也增加。在前人理论研究的基础上,结合试验数据,研究了GFRP管约束混凝土短柱尺寸效应的影响,提出了GFRP管约束混凝土短柱极限压应力的尺寸效应计算式。计算结果和试验数据比较,吻合良好。     

Spalling of concrete cover of cyclically loaded columns and fire behaviour of columns with concrete spalling

Fire following an earthquake is a threat to seismically damaged structural members with spalling of concrete cover. To evaluate the fire behaviour of the damaged members, it is important to determine the spalling length and thickness reasonably. In this paper, 16 columns were cyclically loaded to check their concrete cover spalling features. Based on the test results and PEER’s database, formulas are proposed for flexure-critical rectangular columns to approximately evaluate the spalling length and thickness of the columns’ concrete cover. Then, thermal and mechanical performance of the damaged columns in fire is numerically studied. It is found that: (a) the maximum spalling length generally increases with the increasing column’s drift ratio and axial load ratio, but it does not exhibit monotonic trend with the change in the shear span ratio and volumetric transverse reinforcement ratio; (b) the ratio of the equivalent spalling length to the maximum spalling length generally increases with the increasing column’s drift ratio and axial load ratio; and (c) fire endurance of the damaged column calculated using the equivalent model is 7–18% higher than that using the realistic model, and a discounted factor of .8 is recommended for the former.     

角钢约束混凝土轴压短柱力学性能研究

对10个高宽比为3的角钢约束混凝土短柱进行轴心受压试验,观察试件的破坏过程,得到了试件的荷载 轴向位移关系曲线,根据试验结果,分析了构件截面尺寸、缀板间距以及混凝土强度对角钢约束混凝土柱承载力的影响;利用有限元软件ANSYS对试验过程进行数值仿真分析。结果表明：试件最终破坏时在试件中部附近位置角钢和缀板出现凸鼓变形;随着缀板间距的增大,试件的承载力逐渐减小,荷载 位移曲线下降越明显,可见在相同条件下,缀板间距是影响角钢约束混凝土短柱承载力的主要因素。在试验和仿真分析的基础上提出角钢约束混凝土轴压短柱承载力的简化计算式。     

核心型钢混凝土柱轴压性能试验研究

为研究核心型钢混凝土(CSRC)柱轴压性能及轴力分配规律,进行了5根CSRC柱和2根钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的足尺轴压静力试验。试验结果表明：CSRC柱的承载力和变形能力随配钢率的增加而明显增加;设置配钢率为2.5%和3.2%的核心型钢,试件轴向承载力可分别提高12.7%和23.4%,试件变形能力分别提高36.0%和33.1%。试件各组成部分所承担的轴力占总轴力的比例随轴向变形的发展呈非线性变化。在弹性阶段,试件各部分承担轴力基本按材料弹模与相应截面积的乘积线性分配;在塑性阶段,混凝土承担轴力占总轴力比例逐渐降低,核心型钢承担轴力占总轴力比例逐渐增大,最大可达40.1%。CSRC柱轴压承载力可采用考虑箍筋约束作用的简单叠加法进行计算。     

Reliability analysis of reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire

A reliability analysis is conducted on reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire load. From an evaluation of load frequency of occurrence, load random variables are taken to be dead load, sustained live load, and fire temperature. Resistance is developed for axial capacity, with random variables taken as steel yield strength, concrete compressive strength, placement of reinforcement, and section width and height. A rational interaction model based on the Rankine approach is used to estimate column capacity as a function of fire exposure time. Various factors were considered in the analysis such as fire type, load ratio, reinforcement ratio, cover, concrete strength, load eccentricity, and other parameters. Reliability was computed from 0 to 4 h of fire exposure using Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that reliability decreased nonlinearly as a function of time, while the most significant parameters were fire type, load ratio, eccentricity, and reinforcement ratio.     

圆CFRP-钢复合管约束高强混凝土短柱轴压试验研究

为研究圆CFRP-钢复合管约束高强混凝土短柱轴压受力性能,进行了6个CFRP-钢复合管约束高强混凝土（CFRP-steel composite tubed high-strength concrete,C-STC）柱和2个CFRP约束高强混凝土（CFRP-confined high-strength concrete,CC）柱、1个钢管约束高强混凝土（steel tubed high-strength concrete,STC）柱对比试件的轴压试验研究,得到了试件轴向荷载-位移曲线和CFRP及钢管的应变。结果表明：C-STC柱在轴压荷载作用下发生剪切破坏;约束模式对其前期刚度影响较小,相同CFRP层数的C-STC柱和CC柱的荷载-位移曲线第二线性段斜率近似相等;随着CFRP层数增多,短柱承载力和变形能力均能得到提高;钢管应力分析表明,STC柱钢管在峰值荷载附近屈服,C-STC柱钢管约在荷载-位移曲线第二线性段起点处屈服,钢材强度得到充分发挥。结合试验结果对已有文献中约束混凝土强度计算模型进行验证,并给出了建议的C-STC柱承载力计算式。