一株低产高级醇酵母菌在苹果酒酿造中的应用

目的 优化一株低产高级醇酵母菌发酵苹果酒的工艺条件。方法 采用一株低产高级醇的果酒酵母, 以红富士苹果为原料, 通过单因素试验和正交试验, 对影响苹果酒发酵的工艺参数进行优化。结果 最佳苹果酒酿造工艺为: 酵母液接种量5%, 果汁糖度18%, 发酵温度22 ℃; 经验证和对比, 该工艺条件有效控制了高级醇的含量, 比果酒酵母产的高级醇低, 为72 mg/100 mL。结论 本文对低醇苹果酒的酿造具有一定的指导意义。     

低醇苹果酒的研制

以国光苹果为原料,采用带渣发酵,通过控制糖的添加量来保证苹果酒的酒精含量为5%vol。利用正交试验确定低醇苹果酒的最佳工艺条件为：酵母接种量为0.3%,初始pH为3.5,发酵温度为18℃。通过单因素试验对半甜型苹果酒中酸度和糖度进行确定,最终得到营养丰富、具有多种保健功能的低醇苹果酒。     

低醇苹果酒的研制

本文以国光苹果为原料,采用带渣发酵,通过控制糖的添加量来保证苹果酒的酒精含量为5％（v／v）。利用正交试验确定低醇苹果酒的最佳工艺条件为：酵母接种量为0．3％,初始pH值为3．5,发酵温度为18℃。通过单因素试验对半甜型苹果酒中酸度和糖度进行确定,最终得到营养丰富、具有多种保健功能的低醇苹果酒。     

苹果酒酿造工艺及高级醇的气相色谱分析

以富士苹果为原料,利用安琪葡萄酒活性干酵母、丹宝利高活性干酵母和Y1酵母(本实验室自选)分别在18、23、28℃3种条件下进行苹果酒发酵试验,主发酵结束后用气相色谱测定高级醇含量并对苹果酒的质量进行感官评定。试验结果表明:利用安琪葡萄酒高活性干酵母,在23℃条件下发酵酿造的苹果酒感官评定分数最高;以安琪葡萄酒高活性干酵母和丹宝利酵母为菌种发酵时,高级醇的含量随着发酵温度的增加逐渐增加,而Y1酵母在低温条件下发酵时高级醇含量较高;苹果酒中异丁醇等高级醇含量(X)和感官评定分数(Y)呈线性相关,其回归方程为y=-6×10-5x+92.4,相关系数r=0.7846(p<0.01);苹果酒中异丁醇等高级醇以在发酵过程中形成为主。     

混菌发酵对苹果酒香气物质及发酵效率的影响

本文研究通过法尔皮有孢汉生酵母(Hanseniasporavalbyensis)和酵母属酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)顺序混菌发酵增加苹果酒的风味酯含量和保证苹果酒发酵的发酵效率。方差分析表明两种酵母接种量及该两种接种量的交互因素对混菌发酵效率有显著性影响;对接种量、苹果汁营养条件进行正交试验确定了一种适宜条件,在该条件下,混和酵母具有法尔皮有孢汉生酵母高产酯能力特性和酵母属酵母高发酵效率特性:在15℃下,发酵时间为31d,发酵完毕时苹果酒中总酯浓度为酵母属酵母发酵苹果酒的1.60倍,残余总糖低于4.0g/L。     

酵母对苹果酒酿造品质影响的研究

苹果经榨汁澄清后,分别接种七种果酒酵母,20℃恒温发酵。发酵结束后,对苹果酒进行理化分析和感官评价,评定七种酵母的酿造特征,并观察外加氮源和不同量SO2对酵母及苹果酒理化指标的影响。实验结果表明:在相同试验条件下,7号酵母起酵最慢,4号发酵最快,6号发酵最旺盛。加硫组,整体起酵慢。各种酵母酿造苹果酒的理化指标有所不同,酒的香气、口味和风格也不同。氮源和SO2对七种酵母发酵苹果酒的理化指标影响不显著。     

不同发酵温度对苹果酒理化性质及香气成分的影响

该试验以富士苹果为原料,通过对15℃和25℃条件下发酵苹果酒中的酵母发酵力、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、pH、有机酸、氨基酸和挥发性香气成分进行分析,研究了不同发酵温度对苹果酒理化性质及挥发性香气成分的影响。结果表明,酵母发酵力、可溶性固形物消耗量及可滴定酸与发酵温度呈正相关,而pH与发酵温度呈负相关;15℃发酵的苹果酒具有更高的苹果酸、柠檬酸、丁酸和富马酸以及半胱氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、丝氨酸、异亮氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、蛋氨酸和脯氨酸;另外,15℃发酵的苹果酒也具有更高的总酯含量、脂肪酸含量和更低的高级醇含量,其含量分别为4 576.62μg/L、703.53μg/L和3 297.05μg/L。降低发酵温度对改善苹果酒品质具有潜在的应用前景。     

苹果酒酵母优良固定化载体的筛选

以7#苹果酒酵母为试验材料,系统研究了3种固定化载体海藻酸钙、海藻酸钙-聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钙-壳聚糖固定苹果酒酵母后的物理性能和发酵性能,包括固定化载体的机械强度、通透性、显微结构和固定化酵母的酒精发酵能力、发酵苹果酒理化指标、酒精发酵稳定性,结果表明海藻酸钙-壳聚糖具有良好的机械强度(34.32 g/mm2)和通透性(0.1209),固定化后苹果酒酵母发酵力强,初始发酵的苹果酒酒质好,原酒酒精度达9.8%,残糖和酸度分别仅为2.75 g/L、2.77 g/L,且固定化酵母发酵性能稳定,在连续发酵13批次时,原酒酒精度仍维持在9.1%以上。     

葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对嘎啦苹果酒品质的影响

以嘎啦苹果为实验材料,探究了葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）（云-268）与酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）混合发酵对苹果酒基本理化指标、酚类物质、香气物质及感官特性的影响。结果表明,相比于酿酒酵母单一发酵,混合发酵苹果酒中乙醇和总酸含量显著降低（P<0.05）,降幅分别为8.72%和9.02%,总酚含量显著增加（P<0.05）,增幅为23.01%;其香气物质种类（36种）明显多于单一发酵苹果酒（31种）,其中香气活度值OAV>1的物质有12种;进一步分析发现,混合发酵苹果酒中具果香味的乙酸酯类和花香味的萜烯类等物质含量显著提高（P<0.05）,具酸腐味的脂肪酸类物质含量显著降低（P<0.05）,对具青草味的C6醇类物质含量影响不大;感官品评结果表明混合发酵苹果酒酒液澄清、禾杆黄色、入口酸度中等偏低,甜度适中,口感平衡,具有丰富的果香味。因此,葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵（1:1）能够明显提高苹果酒的品质,增加其发酵香,为低醇果香味的苹果酒酿造奠定了一定的研究基础。     

苹果酒酵母融合子W1的抗逆性及发酵性能的研究

采用原生质体融合技术构建了增香型苹果酒酵母融合子W1,全面研究了其抗逆性、凝聚性和发酵性能等综合性能指标,表明W1是一株优良的苹果酒酵母融合子,为优良酿酒酵母的筛选和高品质苹果酒的研究、开发提供了理论依据。     

基于培养基优化提高过表达MET14基因的重组库德毕赤酵母M48脱镉能力的研究

对一株具有高镉抗性和镉脱除率的过表达MET14基因的重组库德毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii) M48进行培养基优化研究，以其脱镉率和生物量的综合值为评价指标，通过单因素实验、25-1部分析因设计和中心组合设计优化培养基成分，为后期将重组菌株M48做成脱镉制剂提供研究基础。结果表明，最优培养基成分为:葡萄糖23.42 g/L，酵母浸粉27.72 g/L，磷酸二氢钾2.04 g/L。在此条件下得到的M48脱镉率为79.63%，生物量为9.95 g/L，分别是未优化前的2.70倍和1.16倍。本研究通过优化重组菌株M48的培养基成分，有效提高了其脱镉率和生物量。     

鲁氏酵母脱除水溶液中Cd~(2+)的研究

研究了鲁氏酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)CICC1379作为吸附剂对水溶液中镉的脱除作用。结果表明:温度和振荡频率对Cd2+脱除率影响不大,初始pH和菌体浓度则影响很大。初始pH3-5,脱除率均随pH增大而增大。pH5-7是鲁氏酵母对低、高2组溶液的脱除Cd2+的最适pH。Cd2+脱除率随时间变化的曲线表明,酵母在10.22mg/L和53.39mg/LCd2+溶液中,在5min内完成大部分吸附并在30min内达到吸附平衡。     

Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) biomass and a yeast protein concentrate

Brewer's yeast was prepared by alkaline treatment for debittering, cell wall rupture and dehydration by spray drying. Yeast protein concentrate was prepared by centrifugation of the ruptured cell suspension, treatment of the supernatant with sodium perchlorate, precipitation of the protein at isoelectric pH (4.2) and neutralisation of the isoelectric protein to pH 6.5 with sodium hydroxide, prior to lyophylisation. Chemical characterisation was performed on the biomass and protein concentrate. Amino acid scores were 98.1 and 87.2% for the whole biomass and protein concentrate respectively, based on available lysine and compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU reference standard. The growth‐promoting property of the yeast biomass protein was roughly 85% of casein and was significantly better than for the yeast protein concentrate. No difference in growth was found between 15 and 30% dietary protein for all three sources, ie casein, whole yeast biomass and yeast protein concentrate. When tested for subchronical toxicity at 15 and 30% protein concentration, no evidence of toxicity was found for the whole yeast biomass, compared with casein, after 45 and 90 days of feeding. Retarded growth and discrete liver steatosis were observed in rats fed the yeast protein concentrate at both dietary levels. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘蔗糖蜜发酵培养高铁营养酵母的菌种诱变选育

经过抗性筛选和摇瓶发酵培养，从25株酵母菌中筛选到一株能以甘蔗糖蜜为碳源的生物量较高及富铁能力较强的菌株R4—5。利用^60Co辐射诱变，选育出一株正突变菌株R4—5—27，在同等发酵条件下，生物量达到10．25mg／L，铁含量7．43mg/g，总铁含量为76．16mg/L，比出发菌株提高了1．59。连续10次传代，其产量性状无大变化，表明该菌株遗传性状稳定，极有潜力改良为工业化生产菌种。     

啤酒酵母油脂的超高压提取

采用单因素实验和正交实验方法研究溶剂、液固比、压力和处理时间对酵母油脂提取率的影响,探讨超高压处理对啤酒酵母油脂提取的工艺条件,并对确定的最佳提取条件进行验证,以GC-MS法分析酵母油脂的主要成分。结果表明,以20倍(v:m)95%的乙醇为溶剂,在400MPa的压力下提取7min时,酵母油脂的提取率最高,为3.7469%,为索氏提取法测得的酵母油脂含量的72.11%。所得油脂中,总脂肪酸占45.87%,其中不饱和脂肪酸占34.90%,中性脂占46.84%,磷脂占总油脂含量的7.25%。不饱和脂肪酸以油酸、棕榈油酸和亚油酸为主占大多数。由此说明,超高压提取技术可应用于酵母油脂的提取加工,其提取时间明显缩短,但提取率略低于索氏提取法。酵母油脂的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,可用于医药保健品的开发。     

以啤酒废酵母为原料生产优质酵母提取物

研究了以啤酒生产中废弃酵母为原料的优质酵母提取物制备工艺。啤酒废酵母经除杂、洗涤脱苦、细胞破碎、蛋白水解、浓缩干燥等加工程序,获得一种水溶性良好、淡黄色、粉末状酵母提取物产品。该产品的原料利用率为71.00%,粗蛋白利用率为85.55%。100 g绝干酵母提取物含有粗蛋白52.90 g、膳食纤维9.34 g、灰分11.08 g、脂肪0.20 g、碳水化合物26.48 g,其中粗蛋白主要以游离氨基酸和低聚肽形式存在。     

Debittering of spent brewer's yeast for food purposes

The analysis of spent brewer's yeast slurry exhibited a five-day biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) of 158 400 mg/l at 20% yeast concentration. A treatment process for debittering was tried. The steps include removal of extraneous materials, reduction of the viscosity of slurry, debittering the yeast cells and centrifuging, washing and drying the debittered yeast-cell biomass in a drum dryer. Debittering was carried out successfully by adjusting the pH and temperature of the slurry. pH 10 at 50 °C of the slurry resulted in the complete debittering of the yeast-cells in a single treatment without affecting the chemical and essential amino acid compositions.     

基于面包酵母中海藻糖提取工艺优化及菌株筛选的高密度培养工艺

确定使用酶-3,5-二硝基水杨酸（3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS）法作为酵母胞内海藻糖定量测定方法,通过微波-浸提法对活性干酵母胞内海藻糖进行提取,采用单因素试验以酵母中海藻糖含量为参考指标优化该工艺中的微波功率、微波时间、三氯乙酸浓度、三氯乙酸体积、浸提温度、浸提时间,在此基础上对微波功率、微波时间、三氯乙酸浓度、三氯乙酸体积、浸提温度5?个因素进行正交试验,优化后工艺条件为：针对1.5?g活性干酵母,微波功率231?W、微波时间40?s、三氯乙酸浓度0.7?mol/L、三氯乙酸体积40?mL、浸提温度55?℃、浸提时间150?min。使用该工艺得到的活性干酵母中的海藻糖含量为280.15?mg/g,相对于优化前提高了15.2%。同时,利用该优化后工艺在现有面包酵母菌种中筛选出了一株高产海藻糖的菌株。在50?L自吸式发酵罐中将该菌株进行流加发酵,采用糖蜜进行溶氧反馈流加时最大酵母湿质量浓度为198.34?g/L,将流加工艺进行改进,提出称质量补料的流加方法将糖蜜、尿素、磷酸二氢铵作为流加营养源,实验发现发酵后最大酵母湿质量浓度可提高到264.82?g/L,相对于原工艺提高了33.52%,达到了面包酵母高密度培养的要求。发酵过程中将乙醇体积分数控制在0.7%～1.0%之间,将有效提高酵母湿质量浓度且保证其发酵力在650?mL/h以上,且工艺稳定性良好。     

Carrier‐free,continuous primary beer fermentation

Developing a sustainable continuous fermentation reactor is one of the most ambitious tasks in brewing science, but it could bring great benefits regarding volumetric productivity to modern breweries. Immobilized cell technology is often applied to reach the large densities of yeast needed in a continuous fermentation process. However, the financial cost associated with the use of carriers for yeast immobilization is one of the major drawbacks in the technology. This work suggests that yeast flocculation could address biomass immobilization in a gas‐lift reactor for the continuous primary fermentation of beer. Nearly 25 g dry wt L^?1 of yeast was flocculated in the reactor before interruption of the fermentation. Stable sugar consumption and ethanol production (4.5% alcohol by volume) from an 11°P wort was evidenced. The key esters and higher alcohols measured in the young beer met the standards of a finished primary beer fermentation. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Start-up, microbial community analysis and formation of aerobic granules in a tert-butyl alcohol degrading sequencing batch reactor

We demonstrate that compact well-settling aerobic granules can be developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the biological removal of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) using a strategy involving step increases in TBA loading rate achieved through increasing TBA concentrations in the influent. A moderate selection pressure that included a cycle time of 24 h and a start-of-cycle TBA concentration of 100 mg/L was initially introduced to encourage the growth and retention of biomass and avoid biomass loss from hydraulic washout. Start-of-cycle TBA concentrations were increased to 150, 300, 450, and 600 mg/L on days 90, 100, 121, and 199, respectively. These increases were only introduced after complete TBA removal was accompanied by visible improvements in biomass concentration and biomass settling ability. This acclimation strategy produced incrementally higher biomass concentrations and better settling biomass with higher specific TBA biodegradation rates. Effluent TBA concentrations were consistently below the detection limit of 25 microg/L. Aerobic granules were first observed about 180 days after reactor start-up. The granules had a clearly defined shape and appearance, settled significantly faster than the suspended sludge in the reactor, and eventually became the dominant form of biomass in the reactor. The adapted granules were capable of complete TBA removal and contained a stable microbial population with a low diversity of sequences of community 16S rRNA gene fragments. This study indicates that it is possible to use aerobic granules for TBA remediation and will contribute to a better understanding of how microbial acclimation can be exploited in the SBR to biologically remove recalcitrant xenobiotics.