Simulation of the motion and destruction of bolides in the Earth’s atmosphere

Issues of high-temperature interaction of bolides with the Earth’s atmosphere are considered. As an example, the motion and destruction of the Chelyabinsk (Chebarkul) meteorite are studied. The calculation results are compared with data of observations.     

Smart systems for determination of drug’s solubility

The solubility of drugs is a crucial physicochemical property in the drug discovery or development process and for improving the bioavailability of drugs. There are various methods for evaluating the solubility of drugs including manual measurement methods, mathematical methods, and smart methods. Manual measurement and mathematical methods have some defects which make the smart systems more reliable and important in this field. In this review, various instruments used for the solubility determination, along with the smart systems, have been discussed. Mechanism and applications of each method have been elaborated in detail. Moreover, unique characteristics as well as some limitations of discussed methods are also described.     

Strain–life curves of steels and methods for determining the curve parameters. Part 1. Conventional methods

The available publications give much consideration to strain–life curves which are usually described by the Basquin–Manson–Coffin equation. The parameters of this equation are related to those of the Ramberg–Osgood equation that represents the cyclic stress–strain diagram. Many different methods have been put forward for the assessment of parameters of these equations on the basis of static strength and plasticity characteristics. Most of the methods rely on a fairly small body of experimental evidence. Using the experimental data on static and cyclic strength and plasticity characteristics of about 200 various steels from the well-known publications, a statistical analysis of parameters of Basquin–Manson–Coffin and Ramberg–Osgood equations has been performed by each of the assessment methods, revealing their advantages and disadvantages.     

Experience in polyharmonic analysis of the parameters of the earth’s rotation

A method for approximating time series by an nth degree trigonometric polynomial for a series of parameters of the Earths rotation, calculated from GPS and GLONASS measurements, is tested. Satisfactory agreement is obtained between the model and experimental data. The results can be used for complex modeling and forecasting of the parameters of the Earths rotation.Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 40–42, December, 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Study of the Development Road Map of China’s Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy (RE) has been attached high attention around the world due to its carbon-free and indigenous production in a sustainable way. China enjoys plenty of renewable energy resources, particularly the wind, solar ,hydro and biomass energy, which could be a sound basis for a large-scale exploitation. This report examines the current status of RE technology and industry, analyzes the challenges of promoting RE in China. In order to pave the way for a long-term development of RE, this paper outlines the basic principles and priorities for individual RE technology. In line with these, the paper puts forward the RE targets and further describes the RE Roadmap by 2020, 2030 and extende to 2050, taking consideration of China’s RE resources, industrial basis and energy demand etc. At last, this paper provides some recommendations to ensure the achievements of the RE targets.     

Optimal way for choosing parameters of spacecraft’s screen-vacuum heat insulation

The heat transfer in multiple plate sandwiches of spacecraft’s screen-vacuum heat insulation is simulated for determining the characteristics of heat shielding against long-term solar heat flux. To choose optimal characteristics of heat shielding, it is necessary to determine precisely the number of plates and their peculiarities. The new, absolutely stable method for solving numerically heat transfer problems is presented. We obtain results showing that the screen-vacuum insulation is characterized by low heating-up inertance that is unacceptable. To remove this effect, the inertial heat shielding is used on the internal surface of the heat shielding and its state is examined.     

Framework of service standard system for the seismological sector and object of the standardization

C hina is one of the countries suffering from them ost severe earthquake disasters.The death toll fromearthquakes in C hina is estim ated to be600,000,ac-counting for1/3of the global num ber.Tw enty-threeprovincial capitals in C hina and tw o thirds of its bigcities,each w ith a population over one m illion,are lo-cated at high risk areas w ith seism ic intensity overⅦdegrees.The tw o violent earthquakes in the w orld dur-ing the20th century,w hich both caused a death toll ofover200,000and o…     

Compressible flow in a plate/plate rheometer: application to the experimental determination of reactive expansion’s models parameters for polyurethane foam

The quality of polyurethane foam’s structure mainly depends on the manufacturing process, during what two concomitant principal exothermic chemical reactions take place: the first one creates CO₂ dissolved into the fluid matrix (initiating micro-bubbles, expansion and coarsening of the foam) and the second one leads to the polymerization. In order to follow the rheological evolution of the PU foam during the process, the evolutions of the rheological properties of the foam during the process have been measured in a plate/plate rheometer with imposed deformation (RMS 800) and imposed stress (Stresstech). An analytical solution of the mechanical balance equation for viscoelastic compressible fluid has been proposed to describe the flow in this plate/plate rheometer with radial expansion. The trace of the elastic modulus G′ and the loss modulus G′′ as a function of time highlights the different steps of the foaming and polymerization process. The temperature dependence of both reactions follows Arrhenius’ laws. The recording of G′ and G′′ allows to identify kinetic parameters of numerical models for describing the expansion of a polymer foam and taking into account both chemical reactions.     

Identification of functional parameters for the classification of older female fallers and prediction of ‘first-time’ fallers

Falls remain a challenge for ageing societies. Strong evidence indicates that a previous fall is the strongest single screening indicator for a subsequent fall and the need for assessing fall risk without accounting for fall history is therefore imperative. Testing in three functional domains (using a total 92 measures) were completed in 84 older women (60–85 years of age), including muscular control, standing balance, and mean and variability of gait. Participants were retrospectively classified as fallers (n = 38) or non-fallers (n = 42) and additionally in a prospective manner to identify first-time fallers (FTFs) (n = 6) within a 12-month follow-up period. Principal component analysis revealed that seven components derived from the 92 functional measures are sufficient to depict the spectrum of functional performance. Inclusion of only three components, related to mean and temporal variability of walking, allowed classification of fallers and non-fallers with a sensitivity and specificity of 74% and 76%, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that FTFs show a tendency towards the performance of fallers, even before their first fall occurs. This study suggests that temporal variability and mean spatial parameters of gait are the only functional components among the 92 measures tested that differentiate fallers from non-fallers, and could therefore show efficacy in clinical screening programmes for assessing risk of first-time falling.     

Increase in the Determination Accuracy of the Earth’s Rotation Parameters by Combining the Results of Various Types of Measurements in the Main Metrological Center of the State Service of Time,Frequency, and Earth’s Rotation Parameters Evaluation

Measurement Techniques - The results of the work on the improvement of programs and methods for the joint processing (combining) of measurement results of various types (radio-interferometry with...     

Pressure Dependence of Melting Temperature of Iron at the Earth’s Core Conditions

A semi-empirical relation to compute the pressure dependence of the melting temperature, $T_\mathrm{m}(P)$ T m ( P ) , is derived in terms of the bulk modulus, Grüneisen parameter, and their first derivative with pressure. It is used to compute $T_\mathrm{m}(P)$ T m ( P ) for iron for pressures ranging up to 350 GPa at conditions relevant to the Earth’s core. The computed results are in excellent agreement with the values obtained from first principle calculations.     

Perspectives of China’s Wind Energy Development

Wind energy is a kind of clean renewable energy, which is also relatively mature in technology, with large-scale development conditions and prospect for the commercialization. Wind energy’s development and utilization is an important measure to increase energy supply, adjust energy structure, ensure energy security, protect the ecological environment, reduce greenhouse gas emission and build a harmonious society. Wind energy is a kind of clean renewable energy, which is also relatively mature in technology, with large-scale development conditions and prospect for the commercialization. The development of wind energy is a systematic project, involving policy, law, technology, economy, society, environment, education and other aspects. The relationship among all the aspects should be well treated and coordinated. This paper has discussed the following relationships which should be well coordinated: relationship between wind resources and wind energy development, relationship between the wind turbine generator system and the components, relationship between wind energy technology and wind energy industry, relationship between off-grid wind power and grid-connected wind power, relationship between wind farm and the power grid, relationship between onshore wind power and offshore wind power, relationship between wind energy and other energies, relationship between technology introduction and self-innovation, relationship among foreign-funded, joint ventured and domestic-funded enterprises and relationship between the government guidance and the market regulation, as well as giving out some suggestions.     

‘Cyclo-Photographers’, Visual Modernity,and the Development of Camera Technologies, 1880s–1890s

The intertwined development of popular photography and cycling in Britain was felt so close that, in the 1880s, contemporary commentators could write of ‘cyclo-photographers’. The camera apparatus available at this time, bulky and fragile, was largely impractical to carry on a ride, and thus cyclo-photographers joined outdoor photographers in asking manufacturers for simpler and easier to operate cameras. However, a close reading of primary sources reveals that such demands were also the result of a new engagement with the possibility of seeing enabled by cycling itself. What was the cyclo-photographers’ experience of visual modernity? This article explores whether, and in what ways, the parallel emergence of a desire for compact cameras was linked to the new, and interconnected, ways of moving and seeing that the engagement with these two modern cultural technologies had made possible.