Analysis of self-dual excited synchronous machine. I. Developmentof the general mathematical model and steady-state performanceexperimental verification

The use of the dual excitation system for improving the overall performance of a self-excited synchronous machines is considered, along with the replacement of the compound transformer and rectifier bridge by a potential transformer and thyristor bridge for the self-excitation system. The output DC voltage of the bridge is controlled over a wide range by an automatic feedback control circuit to vary the firing angle of the thyristors in such a way that the terminal voltage is sustained at a constant value. The mathematical models for two distinctive alternatives of the excitation system are derived. The mathematical model thus derived is suitable for transient, dynamic as well as steady-state analysis. However it should be modified to investigate the steady-state and dynamic performance. Exact steady-state operating points are achieved by solving the steady-state equations obtained from the general model. Charts describing the performance of the self-dual excited synchronous machine under steady-state operation for the two alternatives of the excitation system have been calculated at different values of the power factor, i.e., the turns ratio of the transformer and the ratio of field currents. The experimental results obtained on a 7.6 kVA induction machine converted to a d-q synchronous machine confirm the validity and accuracy of the analysis and mathematical models developed     

The effect of electrical array reconfiguration on the performanceof a PV-powered volumetric water pump

A technique is presented to improve the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) powered permanent magnet DC motor coupled to a screw-type volumetric water pump. The method uses a solid-state electric array reconfiguration controller (EARC), which senses the radiation as low, medium, or high. The controller chooses one favorable set of I -V characteristics for starting and another favorable set of I-V characteristics for steady-state operation. This is done by switching the solar panels, depending upon the starting current requirements and the irradiance level, from a parallel to series-parallel to series connection. This produces a sufficient starting current, especially at low and medium radiation levels, which considerably improves the pump's performance, particularly in the early morning, in the late evening, and on cloudy days, providing valuable extra pumping hours for the user     

Doubly fed induction machine state variables model and dynamicresponse

A state variables model in terms of d-q component displacements is deduced from linearized complex variable equations describing small-signal dynamic performance of the doubly fed induction machine. A state variables model in terms of magnitude and phase displacements of both stator and rotor voltages is deduced and studied. Transfer functions are also described. Study of the dynamics shows that the regions of instability are influenced by the variations of speed, of RMS value, and of phase angle of rotor applied voltage. This state variables model in polar coordinates eliminates the computations for the intermediate d-q components     

A finite element technique for calculating the magnet sizes andinductances of permanent magnet machines

A method for calculating the magnet size, and the direct and quadrature axis reactances of permanent magnet synchronous machines, using the finite-element method is presented. In this method the machine is modeled by its equivalent d-q representation of armature MMF and the appropriate reactances are calculated from the magnetic energy in the magnetic field. This is in contrast to the conventional approach of using an abc phase current model, solving the model and then converting the resulting quantities to respective d -q-o quantities. The method is applied to a permanent magnet motor design     

Integrated Nonlinear Magnetic Field-Network Simulation of an Electronically Commutated Permanent Magnet Motor System under Normal Operation

An integrated magnetic field-network computer-aided method is presented, and is verified here by applying it in the determination of the performance of an electronically commutated permanent magnet motor system, and comparing the results with test results at rated operating conditions. Test results were found to be in very good agreement with numerical simulation data. At the core of this method are the instantaneous calculation of the magnetic field distribution within the machine, using the finite element method, and the determination of the winding inductances from these field solutions with the aid of an energy perturbation technique. The armature induced emfs are also obtained from these field solutions. These winding parameters, which are load dependent, are used in a nonlinear time domain network model of first order differential equations governing the dynamic performance of the motor to solve for the instantaneous phase currents. These new currents are then used at every time instant to determine the corresponding machine winding parameters, and the above process is repeated at successive time instants until the complete analysis period is covered. Though the validity of this method of analysis is verified in this paper by applying it to a 15 hp (11.2kw), 120 volt electronically commutated brushless dc motor system operating under normal and balanced conditions, the real utility of the method lies in its ability to analyze these motor systems under unbalanced partial or total component failure (fault) in the windings and associated conditioners. This type of application is given in a companion paper.     

An integrated simulation model for PEM fuel cell power systems with a buck DC-DC converter

Fuel cell powered systems generally have a high current and a low voltage. Therefore, the output voltage of the fuel cell must be stepped-down using a DC-DC buck converter. However, since the fuel cell and converter have different dynamics, they must be suitably coordinated in order to satisfy the demanded load. Accordingly, this study commences by constructing a MATLAB/Simulink model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system comprising a PEMFC stack, an air/fuel supply system, and a temperature control system. The validity of the PEMFC model is demonstrated by comparing the simulation results obtained for the polarzation curves of a single fuel cell with the corresponding experimental curves. A model is then constructed of the DC-DC buck converter used to step-down the PEMFC output voltage. In addition, a sliding mode control (SMC) scheme is proposed for the DC-DC buck converter which guarantees a low and stable output voltage given transient variations in the output voltage of the PEMFC. Finally, a model is constructed of a DC-AC inverter with a pulse width modulated (PWM) control scheme which enables the PEMFC stack to supply the grid or power AC applications directly. Overall, the combined PEMFC/DC-DC buck converter/DC-AC inverter model provides a powerful and versatile tool for the design and development of a wide range of PEMFC power systems.     

船用低速电控柴油机实时仿真模型开发研究

在分析低速机控制系统功能的基础上,确定了船用低速电控柴油机实时仿真模型功能,利用模块化建模方法开发了低速机缸内工作过程、进排气过程、涡轮增压器、中冷器等各个子模型,并针对电控系统的控制需求,建立了燃油喷射、排气门、辅助风机等独立的仿真子模型作为电控系统的受控对象,可使仿真得到的性能参数随控制参数的改变而实时变化,最后将实时仿真模型与硬件在环硬件进行了集成,对开发的低速机实时仿真模型进行了精度及实时性的验证。通过仿真数据与试车报告中的试验数据进行对比,实时仿真模型模拟的稳态工况下数据与试验数据最大误差在5%以内,运行在实时仿真机中的实时因子小于1。开发的低速机实时仿真模型精度和实时性满足硬件在环仿真测试要求,可将其用在低速机硬件在环仿真系统,开展低速机电控系统的功能测试。     

基于MATLAB/SIMULINK的管网系统稳态性能仿真研究

本文在借鉴国内外管网系统性能仿真平台已有的相关研究和开发成果的基础上,以通用性、智能化和能适应各种用户群体为目标,提出了以MATLAB/SIMULINK工具为平台,通过模块化建模的思路来实现管网系统稳态性能仿真研究的构想。作为这种思路的初步探索,本文首先设计了一种单管路模型,并介绍了简单管路模型的搭建方法,然后选取了一个具体的实例,采用该方法对其进行建模与求解。结果证明了该思路的可行性与正确性,同时也为管网系统稳态性能研究提出了一种新的解决思路。     

An investigation on the dynamic performance of molten carbonate fuel-cell power-generation systems

The dynamic characteristics of molten carbonate fuel-cell power-generation systems under load-following modes have been investigated using dynamic simulation. The system model is comprised of connected network of 12 types of component models, which emulates the process flow diagram. The system model has been run throughout the entire load range under steady-state conditions, and the overall system efficiency is shown. The system load-following capability and the dynamic interactions between the components have been illustrated under various transient conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytical Model of a Combined Adsorption Cooling and Mechanical Vapor Compression Refrigeration System

ABSTRACT

A combined adsorption and mechanical vapor compression system is a reasonable option to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels for air conditioning by utilizing waste heat. Performance predictions of combined adsorption and mechanical vapor compression systems require detailed dynamic modeling because the transitional characteristics explain the nature of the adsorption system. It is, however, desirable to simplify the model for practical use at engineering stages. Since the mechanical vapor compression system is based on the steady-state thermodynamic cycle, a semi-steady-state modeling of adsorption cycles would be functional for analysis of combined systems. In our study, the analytical solution of transient simulation for adsorption cycles was combined with a steady-state mathematical model of the mechanical vapor compression system. The performance of the combined system was analyzed based on the model developed, taking into account the cycle time of the adsorption cycle. The results show the performance characteristics as well as the energy-saving potential of the combined system.     

高压直流输电系统运行特性及故障影响的仿真研究

直流输电系统的暂稳态仿真对于电力系统研究规划和设计运行等起着重要的作用．为了能较好地反映扰动下交直流系统间的相互作用,在MATLAB／Simulink软件环境下,针对高压直流输电（HVDC）系统及其变换器建立了详细的模型,进行了系统的稳态、电流参考值突变和直流联络线上的故障仿真,给出了相应的仿真波形,分析了直流输电系统中交直流系统间和直流系统间的复杂动态特性,为进一步研究HVDC系统运行稳定性提供了依据和基础．     

Application of magnetic energy storage unit as continuous VArcontroller

It is shown that magnetic energy storage units can simultaneously operate as continuous VAr (volt-ampere reactive) controllers while performing the role of load-frequency stabilizers in electrical power systems. This is achieved by operating the converter in the buck-boost mode with a switched capacitor bank placed across its terminals. The P versus Q modulation ranges of the 12-pulse converter depend on the source inductance, secondary voltage of the input transformers, and output current. Once the input transformer is chosen, the Q modulation range depends on the active power transfer and the current through the inductor at any instant of time. The actual reactive power consumption of the converter is varied continuously, depending on the requirements of the power system, while keeping within the Q-modulation range. Switching of the capacitor bank keeps the required Q consumption of the converter within the available range. It is shown that this mode of control improves the overall performance of the power system in P-f and Q-V loops and obviates the use of any additional VAr compensator in the power area where the SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage) unit is located     

Dynamic model of an integral-cycle controlled single-phaseinduction machine

A dynamic machine model of an integral-cycle-controlled single-phase induction motor is derived by properly choosing a stationary d-q reference frame. The approach highlights the mode transition which occurs in the integral-cycle operation. By utilizing the model it is revealed that two types of capacitor connection to the machine windings are equivalent, and that the integral-cycle controlled single-phase induction machine switches its operation between two distinct modes. A comparison of simulated to test results indicates that with the integral-cycle control, a complicated motor behavior may occur due to the irregular current waveform in its operation     

Dynamic model of wind energy conversion systems with variable speed synchronous generator and full-size power converter for large-scale power system stability studies

This paper presents a dynamic model for variable speed wind energy conversion systems, equipped with a variable pitch wind turbine, a synchronous electrical generator, and a full power converter, specially developed for its use in power system stability studies involving large networks, with a high number of buses and a high level of wind generation penetration. The validity of the necessary simplifications has been contrasted against a detailed model that allows a thorough insight into the mechanical and electrical behavior of the system, and its interaction with the grid. The developed dynamic model has been implemented in a widely used power system dynamics simulation software, PSS/E, and its performance has been tested in a well-documented test power network.     

Transient Analysis of Partial Armature Short Circuit in an Electronically Commutated Permanent Magnet Motor System using an Integrated Nonlinear Magnetic Field-Network Model

The simulation of the dynamic performance characteristics of an electronically commutated brushless dc machine system with radially oriented permanent magnets, which is experiencing a partial short in one of its phases, is reported in this paper. The newly introduced integrated field network (IFN) method was used throughout this work. The IFN method, which is detailed in a companion paper, is based on simultaneously solving the dynamic equations of the machine system network, using machine winding parameters (inductances and emfs) which are determined from numerical solutions of the nonlinear magnetic field prevailing in the machine cores for the corresponding winding currents. These field solutions and corresponding machine parameters are updated at every time step of the solution of the dynamic equations. The results presented here document effects of the shorting of a portion of an armature phase winding on the dynamic performance of a 15 hp (11.2 kw), 120 volts samarium-cobalt permanent magnet brushless dc motor. A comparison of the current, inductance, enf, torque and power time profiles of the motor system with and without partial armature winding failure (short) is given here. These studies are of importance in motor system security and redundancy considerations. The dramatic change of the values of machine parameters upon occurrence of the partial short circuits demonstrate that conventional solution methods would have left much to be desired.     

锅炉过热器系统的动态仿真模型

鉴于机理模型很难再现锅炉过热器系统的复杂动态特性,本文利用机理模型为主导,动态神经网络在线修正,从而显著地提高了仿真模型的精度。仿真结果表明,此建模方法为复杂大系统的动态仿真提供了一个理想的建模途径。     

Performance analysis of photovoltaic-thermal collector by explicit dynamic model

Although the performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) collector had been studied both experimentally and numerically for some years, the thermal models developed in previous studies were mostly steady-state models for predicting the annual yields. The operation of a PV/T collector is inherently dynamic. A steady-state model is not suitable for predicting working temperatures of the PV module and the heat-removal fluid during periods of fluctuating irradiance or intermittent fluid flow. Based on the control-volume finite-difference approach, an explicit dynamic model was developed for a single-glazed flat-plate water-heating PV/T collector. A transport delay fluid flow model was incorporated. The proposed model is suitable for dynamic system simulation applications. It allows detailed analysis of the transient energy flow across various collector components and captures the instantaneous energy outputs.     

A simplified model for simulating solar thermal systems

This paper presents a simplified simulation model for predicting the thermal performance of solar systems. The model is intended to fill the gap between the highly sophisticated simulation models and the greatly simplified design methods available for solar system analysis and design. The basic simplifications are related to the input parameters of the system components, the input meteorological data and the method of solution. Samples of performance results are presented for a domestic hot water system in Benghazi, Libya. The results show the capability of the model to provide system dynamic behaviour and to study the effects of several system parameters on the system performance.     

Dynamic simulation of brushless doubly-fed machines

Dynamic and steady-state models for the simulation of the performance of experimental brushless doubly-fed machines (BDFM) are presented. The dynamic simulation results are obtained using a two-axis representation which has been developed from a detailed machine design model. In turn, it is shown that several forms of steady-state equivalent circuit can be developed from the two-axis model for different specific modes of operation. Test data in dynamic conditions are compared with the predictions given by the two-axis model. It is concluded that these simplified models will provide adequate representation of full performance for control, stability, and scoping studies     

基于不同压气机特性曲线预测方法的单轴燃气轮机动态性能仿真研究

部件精细化建模方法研究一直为燃气轮机动态性能仿真领域的研究热点.以某经典单轴燃机核心部件压气机为对象,基于模块化建模思想利用Matlab/Simulink平台搭建了系统仿真计算平台,并将最小二乘法、三次样条插值法以及BP神经网络法嵌入平台进行了预测应用研究.结果表明:在压气机性能预测中,三种方法均可有效预测部件性能,但...