降低耐热钢钢球表面粗糙度值的工艺研究

通过对特殊钢种钢球表面粗糙度研究,达到提高钢球粗糙度的目的。     

强化研磨加工中喷射时间对钢球磨损的影响

通过理论与试验结合研究强化研磨加工过程,喷射时间对强化研磨料中的钢球磨损的影响。通过钢球表面SEM放大图观察其表面形貌,通过分析钢球表面粗糙度的变化间接分析钢球表面的磨损程度。试验研究表明:在设定的试验条件下,强化研磨加工22 min后则需更换强化研磨料中的钢球,否则会造成已磨损的钢球对工件表面刮伤,产生不利的影响。     

钢球表面粗糙度测量方法探讨

钢球表面粗糙度采用轮廓仪、干涉显微镜和激光粗糙度仪三种仪器测量，文章对三种测量方法中存在的问题进行探讨，并对现行钢球表面粗糙度评定方法的贯彻、轮廓仪测量时出现的问题如何处理，提出了看法。附表3个。     

降低中小型深沟球轴承噪声的实践（续）

四、表面粗糙度对 轴承噪声的影响 钢球表面粗糙度对轴承噪声的影响远大于套圈沟道。实践表明,低噪声轴承用10级球的表面粗糙度值不应超过Ra0.012μm、Ry0.16μm。     

基于回归分析方法的铣削表面粗糙度预测模型的建立

依据正交试验结果,利用回归分析方法建立了高速钢球头铣刀铣削铝合金工件时表面粗糙度的预测模型,并对该模型的回归方程和系数进行了显著性检验.该模型对预报表面粗糙度具有高度显著性:切削深度和走刀行距对表面粗糙度的影响显著,而主轴转速和每齿进给量对表面粗糙度影响不显著.     

低噪声钢球加工工艺试验

介绍了用树脂砂轮加工钢球的工艺试验,试验检测结果表明:树脂砂轮加工的钢球表面质量均匀,无烧伤,表面粗糙度好,钢球的振动值低,离散度小。     

钢球挤孔工艺

钢球挤孔就是以钢球作为主要工具,完成对工件内表面的光整加工。此工艺是以一个直径比工件孔径略大的钢球,通过一定的速度穿过工件的内孔,利用钢球的高精度、高硬度和低表面粗糙度值来挤压加工零件的内孔,使材料孔产生永久变形,从而达到提高加工表面质量、表面硬度、尺寸精度和生产效率的目的。     

钢球表面粗糙度的白光干涉非接触测量法

介绍了一种利用垂直位移台来实现钢球表面粗糙度高精度测量的垂直扫描白光干涉仪。该仪器是在6JA型干涉显微镜基础上加以改造,采用白光干涉,通过检测干涉信号的光强峰值,实现高精度的钢球表面三维形貌测量。通过试验验证该系统可对精度等级为3级的钢球进行精确的表面形貌测量。     

钢球挤孔工艺

钢球挤孔工艺是利用钢球的高硬度、高尺寸精度、低表面粗糙度对孔表面进行挤压加工的一种加工方法。它特别适用于小孔径的通孔加工,可取代挤光刀挤孔,滚光头滚光以及研磨等复杂工艺,其工艺性稳定,加工质量好,效率高,简单易行,成本极低,特别是在大批量生产时,其经济核算效果极为显著。钢球挤孔表面粗糙度可达0.2,对底孔表面粗糙度要求一般为3.2左右,尺寸精度可达H7。挤后产生冷作硬化层,厚约0.3～0.5mm,同时还可减小底孔的形状误差。影响挤孔表面质量及尺寸精度的主要因素是钢球与预挤孔之间的过盈量,通过对不同材料挤孔试验,我们绘制了过盈量与塑性变形之间的关系图(如图1)。     

端面滚压和内孔滚压工具

利用金属材料塑性好而对工件表面进行滚压加工,使工件表面产生塑性变形,从而降低表面粗糙度。因这种滚压加工具有加工效率高、能提高工件表面硬度的优点,所以常被采用。这里介绍两种液压工具,可用在车床上对端面、内孔进行滚压加工。端面滚压装置如图1所示,滚压时,将装置装于刀架上,用螺母9调节弹簧5的伸缩来调节滚压压力的大小,旋转盖帽3时要保证钢球1的自由旋转,然后用螺母4锁紧。若钢球1的表面粗糙度Ra达0.0125μm,对铝制工件端面的滚压时,可获得表面粗糙度Ra0.04μm。     

Wear mechanisms in ball-cratering tests with large abrasive particles

Three-body abrasive wear resistance of mild steel and 27%Cr white cast iron was investigated using a ball-cratering test. Glass beads, silica sand, quartz and alumina abrasive particles with sizes larger than 200 μm were used to make slurries. It was found that the wear rates of mild steel increased with sliding time for all abrasive particles tested, while the wear rates of 27%Cr white cast iron were almost constant with sliding time. This increase in the wear rates of mild steel was mainly due to the gradual increase in ball surface roughness with testing time. Abrasive particles with higher angularity caused higher ball surface roughness. Soft mild steel was more affected by this ball surface roughness changes than the hard white cast iron. Generally, three-body rolling wear dominated. The contribution of two-body grooving wear increased when the ball roughness was significant. The morphological features of the wear scars depended on the shape of the abrasive particles and also on the hardness and microstructure of the wear material. Angular particles generated rough surfaces similar to those usually observed in high angle erosion tests. Rounded particles generated smoother surfaces with the middle area of the wear craters having similar morphology to those observed in low angle erosion.     

Influence of Surface Roughness on the Transfer Film Formation and Frictional Behavior of TiC/a-C Nanocomposite Coatings

Influence of surface roughness on the friction of TiC/a-C nanocomposite coatings while sliding against bearing steel balls in humid air was examined by detailed analyses of the wear surfaces and the wear scar on the ball counterparts by atomic force microscopy, optical, and confocal microscopy. It was observed that the surface roughness of the coatings essentially determines the wear behavior of the ball counterpart, which consequently influences the transfer film formation. A rough coating causes abrasive wear of the steel ball during the running-in period, which impedes the formation of a stable transfer film and leads to higher values of coefficient of friction (CoF). Moreover, the CoF does not show a decreasing trend after the running-in period, although the roughness of the coating was greatly reduced. Replacing the worn ball with a new one after the running-in period yields lower CoF values similar to that observed for a smooth coating. In both of the cases, no wear of the steel ball occurs and a stable transfer film forms and effectively covers the contact area. The influence of the wear debris on the formation of the transfer film is also discussed.     

Ball-cratering abrasion tests with large abrasive particles

The application of a ball-cratering method to test three-body abrasive wear of bulk materials in the presence of large abrasive particles has been investigated. Four types of abrasive particles of different sharpness were used to make slurries: glass beads, silica sand, crushed quartz and alumina. All the particles were sieved to a size of 250–300 μm. Two common industrial materials, mild steel and 27% Cr white cast iron, were used as wear samples. Wear rates of metallic samples were determined and the worn surfaces were examined by optical microscopy, SEM and Talysurf profilometry.It was found that the surface roughness of the ball significantly affects the wear rates and the wear mechanisms of the metallic samples. The surface roughness of the ball steadily increased with testing time and was mainly affected by the angularity of abrasive particles. More angular particles generated higher ball surface roughness. It was found that the gradual increase in the ball surface roughness was responsible for non-linearity of wear rates with sliding time. The increasing depth of the wear craters also contributed to this non-linearity as deeper craters facilitate particle entrainment. Three-body rolling wear dominated when the ball was smooth and the contribution of two-body grooving wear increased with increasing the ball roughness. Softer mild steel samples were more affected by the ball roughness changes than the harder white cast iron samples. Wear surface morphology was also affected by the angularity of particles and by the material properties of wear samples. Particle fracture was found in all four groups of abrasives and the angularity of the particles was slightly altered. Therefore, the ball-cratering test, under the testing conditions used, can be considered as a high-stress abrasion test.     

TD法VC涂层与陶瓷和钢对摩时摩擦磨损性能对比研究

采用TD法在Cr12MoV冷作模具钢表面制备VC涂层,在摩擦磨损试验机上考察VC涂层与钢球、钢柱和陶瓷球配副时的摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电镜、粗糙度测量仪和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层磨损前后表面及界面的形貌、表面粗糙度和物相组成.结果表明,与不同摩擦副配副时,VC涂层摩擦因数随着磨损时间增加先增大后趋于平稳,磨损率随着磨损时间增加而减小,其中与钢柱配副时摩擦因数最小,磨损率最低.与不同摩擦副配副时,VC涂层磨损机制与失效形式不同,与钢球配副时VC涂层磨损机制为磨粒磨损,失效形式为划痕和剥落坑;与钢柱配副时VC涂层磨损机制为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,失效形式为犁沟和片层状剥落;与陶瓷球配副时VC涂层磨损机制为氧化磨损,失效形式为脆性断裂.     

球头铣刀高速铣削淬硬Cr12模具钢的研究

通过球头铣刀高速铣削Cr12淬硬模具钢的实验,研究了切削用量对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响变化规律,并分析了产生这些变化的原因。研究结果表明：在球头铣刀高速铣削Cr12淬硬模具钢时,轴向力远远大于径向力,为主切削力;随着切削速度的增加,切削力和表面粗糙度值虽然呈现下降的趋势,但下降趋势不如普通切削时明显;切削力和表面粗糙度值随进给速度的增加而增加;当轴向切深在较小的范围内,切削力和表面粗糙度值随轴向切深增加而变化很小,只有当轴向切深超过一定值以后,切削力和表面粗糙度值才随轴向切深增加而迅速增加。     

On the machining characteristics of H13 tool steel in different hardness states in ball end milling

This paper investigates and compares the machining characteristics of AISI H13 tool steel in hardness states of 41 and 20 HRC in the ball end milling process. The machining characteristics are illustrated through three types of process outputs from the milling experiments: the milling force, the chip form, and the surface roughness. Characteristic differences in these process outputs are shown to reflect the hardness effect of the tool steel on the ball end milling process. The mechanistic phenomena of the milling process are revealed by the six shearing and ploughing cutting constants extracted from the milling forces. The experimental results show that all the cutting constants of the softer tool steel are greater than those of the hard steel, indicating that higher cutting and frictional energies are required in the chip shearing as well as in the nose ploughing processes of the softer tool steel. The higher cutting energy is also attested by the more severely deformed, shorter, and thicker chips of the softer steel. Surface roughness of the hard steel is shown to be considerably better than that of the soft steel at all cutting speeds and feed rates and is independent of cutting speed, whereas the surface roughness of the softer steel is significantly improved with increasing cutting speed.     

Effects of Normal Load,Sliding Speed,and Surface Roughness on Tribological Properties of Niobium under Dry and Wet Conditions

The effects of normal load, sliding speed, and surface roughness on the friction and wear of high-purity niobium (Nb) during sliding without and with an introduction of water were systematically investigated. Increasing the normal load or sliding speed decreased the friction of the Nb under the both dry and wet conditions because the increased wear of the Nb decreased the interfacial shear strength between the steel ball and Nb by promoting the surface roughening and the production of wear debris. However, the Nb tested at the lowest sliding speed under the lowest normal load with water exhibited the lowest friction and wear due to the formation of oxide layer on the wear track. The friction and wear of the Nb tested under the dry condition decreased with increased surface roughness because the higher interfacial shear strength between the steel ball and smoother Nb resulted in the earlier breakdown of the native oxide layer and direct contact between the steel ball and Nb. However, increasing the surface roughness of the Nb increased its friction and wear under wet conditions, probably due to the easier breakdown of the oxide layer that formed on the rougher surface during sliding. The tribological results clearly showed that the introduction of water during sliding had a significant influence on the tribological properties of the Nb.     

Automated surface finishing of plastic injection mold steel with spherical grinding and ball burnishing processes

This study investigates the possibilities of automated spherical grinding and ball burnishing surface finishing processes in a freeform surface plastic injection mold steel PDS5 on a CNC machining center. The design and manufacture of a grinding tool holder has been accomplished in this study. The optimal surface grinding parameters were determined using Taguchi’s orthogonal array method for plastic injection molding steel PDS5 on a machining center. The optimal surface grinding parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were the combination of an abrasive material of PA Al₂O₃, a grinding speed of 18000 rpm, a grinding depth of 20 μm, and a feed of 50 mm/min. The surface roughness R_a of the specimen can be improved from about 1.60 μm to 0.35 μm by using the optimal parameters for surface grinding. Surface roughness R_a can be further improved from about 0.343 μm to 0.06 μm by using the ball burnishing process with the optimal burnishing parameters. Applying the optimal surface grinding and burnishing parameters sequentially to a fine-milled freeform surface mold insert, the surface roughness R_a of freeform surface region on the tested part can be improved from about 2.15 μm to 0.07 μm.     

Experimental investigations while hard machining of DIEVAR tool steel (50 HRC)

This paper describes hard machining which offers many potential benefits over traditional manufacturing techniques. In this work, investigations were carried out on end milling of hardened tool steel DIEVAR (hardness 50 HRC), a newly developed tool steel material used by tool- and die-making industries. The objective of the present investigation was to study the performance characteristics of machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and width of cut with due consideration to multiple responses, i.e. volume of material removed, tool wear, tool life and surface finish. Performance evaluation of physical vapour deposition-coated carbide inserts, ball end mill cutter and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride inserts (PCBN) was done for rough and finish machining on the basis of flank wear, tool life, volume of material removed, surface roughness and chip formation. It has been observed from investigations that chipping, diffusion and adhesion were active tool wear mechanisms and saw-toothed chips were formed whilst machining DIEVAR hard steel. PCBN inserts give an excellent performance in terms of tool life and surface finish in comparison with carbide-coated inserts. End milling technique using PCBN inserts could be a viable alternative to grinding in comparison to ball end mill cutter in terms of surface finish and tool life.     

An Investigation of the Surface Topography of Ball Burnished Mild Steel and Aluminium

An experimental analysis was undertaken on ball burnished mild steel and aluminium using a purpose built burnishing tool. The analysis was designed to assess the effects of burnishing feed, force and speed and the number of tool passes on the surface roughness and surface hardness of a mild steel and an aluminium workpiece. In some cases, experiments showed that improvements of as much as 70% in surface quality were obtained when varying the mix of parameters.