Processing and mechanical properties of porous 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications

Highly porous 316L stainless steel parts were produced by using a powder metallurgy process, which includes the selective laser sintering（SLS） and traditional sintering. Porous 316L stainless steel suitable for medical applications was successfully fabricated in the porosity range of 40%-50% （volume fraction） by controlling the SLS parameters and sintering behaviour. The porosity of the sintered compacts was investigated as a function of the SLS parameters and the furnace cycle. Compressive stress and elastic modulus of the 316L stainless steel material were determined. The compressive strength was found to be ranging from 21 to 32 MPa and corresponding elastic modulus ranging from 26 to 43 GPa. The present parts are promising for biomedical applications since the optimal porosity of implant materials for ingrowths of new-bone tissues is in the range of 20%-59% （volume fraction） and mechanical properties are matching with human bone.     

Rheological, mechanical and corrosive properties of injection molded 17-4PH stainless steel

The feedstock based on the binder 65％PW-30％ EVA-5％SA has the best general rheological properties for the 17-4PH stainless steel powder. The 17-4PH stainless steel compacts sintered at 1380℃ for 90 min have the best mechanical properties and the good microstructure with homogeneously distributed pore structure and the moderate-sized grains. Whereas the compacts sintered for 60 min and 120 min show an inadequate and an over-sintered microstructure respectively. The compacts sintered at 1380℃ for 90 min have the density of 7.70 g/cm^3 , the strength of 1 275 MPa, the elongation of 5％, and hardness of HRC36. With the increase of sintering temperature, the density, strength and hardness increase, while the elongation decreases. The 17-4PH stainless steel has good corrosion resistance, showing an activation-passivation polarization curve. But the passivation potential range is narrow and the spot corrosion potential is low, indicating a low anti-spot corrosive properties.     

Effect of rare earth La_2O_3 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC/W composites

In this study, La2O3 was investigated as an additive to TiC/W composites. The composites were prepared by vacuum hot pressing, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. Experimental results show that the grain size of the TiC/W composites is reduced by TiC particles. When 0.5 wt.% La2O3 is added to the composites, the grain size is reduced further. According to TEM analysis, La2O3 can alleviate the aggregation of TiC particles. With La2O3 addition, the relative density of the TiC/W composites can be improved from 95.1% to 96.5%. The hardness and elastic modulus of the TiC/W 0.5 wt.% La2O3 composite are little improved, but the flexural strength and the fracture toughness increase to 796 MPa and 10.07 MPa·m1/2 respectively, which are higher than those of the TiC/W composites.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and two-body abrasive wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al—Si—SiC composite

The microstructure, mechanical properties, and the effects of sliding distance and material removal mechanism on two-body abrasive wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al—Si—SiC composite and its matrix alloy were investigated. The hypereutectic Al—Si—SiC composite was prepared by stir casting route. The hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the composite are increased by 17%, 38%, and 30% respectively compared with those of the matrix alloy, while the elongation of the composite is decreased by 48% compared with that of the matrix alloy. The wear rate of the materials is increased with increasing the abrasive size and the applied load and does not vary with the sliding distance. The wear surfaces and wear debris of the materials were characterized by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (HR FESEM) and wear mechanism was analyzed for low and high load regimes.     

Formation process, microstructure and mechanical property of transient liquid phase bonded aluminium-based metal matrix composite joint

1　INTRODUCTIONThealuminium basedmetalmatrixcomposites(MMCs)areadvancedmaterialsthathavesuperiorproperties ,especiallyincreasedstiffness ,highstrength ,goodwearresistanceandsuperiorelevatedtemperatureproperties .Theyhavereceivedconsider ableattentionascandidatesforadvancedindustrialapplications[1,2 ] .But ,theirapplicationshavebeenseverelyrestrictedbythelackofasuitablejoiningmethod[3] .AlthougthfusionweldingmethodscanbeusedtojointheMMCs ,themethodsnormallytendtoresultinunfavourablejoint…     

Effect of component substitution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MCoCrFeNiTix （M = Cu,Al） solid-solution alloys

MCoCrFeNiTix （M = Cu, Al; x： molar ratio, x = 0, 0.5） alloys were prepared using the new alloy-design strategy of equal-atomic ratio and high entropy. By the component substitution orAl for Cu, the microstructure changes from the face-centered cubic solid solution of original CuCoCrFeNiTix alloys to the body-centered cubic solid solution of AlCoCrFeNiTix alloys. Compared with original CuCoCrFeNiTix alloys, AlCoCrFeNiTix alloys keep the similar good ductility and simultaneously possess a much higher compressive strength, which are even superior to most of the reported high-strength alloys like bulk metallic glasses.     

Effect of component substitution on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MCoCrFeNiTix （M = Cu, Al） solid-solution alloys

MCoCrFeNiTix (M = Cu, Al; x: molar ratio, x = 0, 0.5) alloys were prepared using the new alloy-design strategy of equal-atomic ratio and high entropy. By the component substitution of Al for Cu, the microstructure changes from the face-centered cubic solid solution of original CuCoCrFeNiTix alloys to the body-centered cubic solid solution of AlCoCrFeNiTix alloys. Compared with original CuCoCrFeNiTix alloys, AlCoCrFeNiTix alloys keep the similar good ductility and simultaneously possess a much higher compressive strength, which are even supe- rior to most of the reported high-strength alloys like bulk metallic glasses.     

Microstructure,residual stresses and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded tungsten–steel joint using a V/Cu composite barrier interlayer

Diffusion bonding is a preferred method to join W and steel for divertor applications. To minimize the residual stress induced by the large mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients and to inhibit the formation of brittle intermetallic phases, a V/Cu composite barrier interlayer was designed and examined to produce a joint between W and steel. The diffusion bonding was carried out at 1050 °C for 1 h under a 10 MPa pressure in vacuum. Metallographic analysis revealed excellent bonding at all of the joining interfaces. Neither intermetallic compounds nor other brittle phases were found in the bonded region. Nano-indentation test across the joint interfaces demonstrated the effect of solid solution strengthening in the diffusion zone. The strength of the joint was as high as 402 MPa and the failure occurred predominantly at the W substrate near the W/V interface due to the residual stress concentration.     

Comprehensive analysis of fractures,microstructure, and physical and mechanical properties for the evaluation of the crack resistance of medium-carbon Cr–Ni–Mo steel

The crack resistance of the 38CrNi3MoV (34NiCrMoV14—5. 35NiCrMoV12—5) tempered steel (at various tempering temperatures) has been estimated based on a comprehensive study of the steel fractures, microstructure, physical, and mechanical properties. Stress-intensity factor K _1C at the apex of the crack is growing continuously with an increase in the tempering temperature from 200 to 620°C. This indicates that K _1C is a structural-sensitive parameter, which depends on the steel microstructure and submicrostructure, the fracture mechanism that occurs under these structural conditions, the internal stress level, and the existence of microdefects and microcracks. The linear correlation dependence is found between the coefficient K _1C and the transverse velocity V _transv. The obtained results reveal that the acoustic method can be used to quickly and efficiently estimate the crack resistance of the thermostrengthened steel without the recourse to labor-consuming mechanical tests and computations of the K _1C value.     

Abrasion wear resistance of arc-sprayed stainless steel and composite stainless steel coatings

The abrasion wear resistance of stainless steel and composite stainless steel/titanium boride coatings arc sprayed with air and argon was evaluated. Stainless steel coatings arc sprayed with air were found to be slightly more resistant than bulk stainless steel, whereas those sprayed with argon were slightly less resistant. The wear resistance of composite stainless steel/titanium diboride coatings was from two to four times greater than that of bulk stainless steel, depending on the cored wire constitution and the type of gas used for spraying. Microstructural analysis, microhardness measurements, and optical profilometry were used to characterize the coatings and wear damage. By considering both the wire constitution and the spraying conditions, it was possible to fabricate composite stainless steel coatings that showed a 400 % increase in wear resistance over bulk stainless steel.     

Wear behavior of a ferritic stainless steel with carbides manufactured through powder metallurgy

A ferritic stainless steel has been manufactured through the powder metallurgy (P/M) route: uniaxial pressing and sintering. The sintering process was carried out in vacuum, at 1215 °C for 30 min. After sintering, materials showed nearly 90% of density. A complete metallographic study was carried out using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wear behavior was evaluated using a “pin on disk” test according to ASTM Standard G99. Eight test conditions were studied, varying the load (5 and 10 N), the speed (0.1 and 0.4 m/s), and the counter-material (chromium steel and a martensitic stainless steel). The sliding distance was 400 m, and tests were carried out on polished materials, with less than 30% of relative humidity. Moreover, wear tracks were observed by SEM in order to understand the wear processes involved, which depend mainly on the counter-material.     

马氏体不锈钢耐磨焊条及其性能

马氏体不锈钢具有高强度、良好的耐磨损性能以及一定的耐腐蚀性能。研制了一种马氏体不锈钢耐磨焊条,在低碳钢Q235上进行堆焊试验,分析堆焊接头的组织转变,并研究堆焊合金的耐磨性能。结果表明,该焊条具有良好的焊接工艺性能,堆焊层金属与母材结合良好,未出现裂纹等缺陷;堆焊层组织为板条马氏体+碳氮化物+少量残余奥氏体;碳氮化物沿马氏体基体和晶界析出,呈弥散分布,起到细晶强化和析出强化的作用;与母材相比,堆焊层金属的硬度和耐磨损性能明显提高,其磨损机制主要为显微切削和塑性变形。     

热处理对钼铜奥氏体不锈钢组织和耐腐蚀磨损性能的影响

研究了热处理工艺(不同固溶温度和固溶时间)对钼铜奥氏体不锈钢析出物含量和形态的影响,以及在不同固溶温度下材料的耐腐蚀磨损性能.试验结果表明,钼铜奥氏体不锈钢析出物随固溶温度的升高和固溶时间的延长而增多,其形态也由针棒网状长成块状;在纯磨损环境下,1100 ℃×8 h空冷下的奥氏体不锈钢析出物数量最多,耐磨损性能最好;而在有酸的腐蚀磨损环境介质中,950 ℃×8 h空冷的热处理工艺下的材料耐腐蚀磨损性能最佳.     

时效时间对PH13-8Mo不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

将PH13-8Mo不锈钢在925℃固溶70 min,在-70℃冷处理2 h,再在535℃分别时效3、4、5、6 h,利用光学显微镜和力学性能测试设备,研究了时效时间对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢经535℃时效后有金属间化合物析出,该析出相随着时效时间延长逐渐长大;在时效4 h后试验钢具有较高的硬度和强度,并保持了足够的冲击吸收能量,具有较好的综合力学性能;随着时效时间延长,钢的硬度和强度下降,冲击吸收能量升高。     

B-Ce复合微合金化对S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、拉伸试验等方法研究了B-Ce复合微合金化后S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢的组织和力学性能。结果表明,B、B-Ce 复合微合金化有利于抑制σ相的析出,改善σ相的析出形态,相同固溶工艺条件下,B-Ce复合微合金化后的试样更有利于σ相的完全回溶;相同时效工艺条件下,B-Ce复合微合金化抑制σ相析出的作用更明显。B及B-Ce复合微合金化后的试验钢拉伸断口处的韧窝更大更深,材料的伸长率也显著增加,说明微合金化有利于进一步提高S31254钢的韧性。     

Effect of nitrogen alloying on the microstructure and abrasive wear of stainless steels

Alloying stainless steels with nitrogen has distinct advantages. Nitrogen is a strong austenite stabilizer and a potent solid-solution strengthener, and nitrogen has greater solubility than carbon in iron. This study investigates the relationship among nitrogen concentration, precipitate microstructure, and abrasive wear using two high-nitrogen stainless steel alloys: Fe-19Cr-5Mn-5Ni-3Mo (SSI) and Fe-16Cr-7Mn-5Ni (SS2). Alloy SSI contained 0.7 wt% N and was solution annealed at 1150 °C, thereby dissolving the nitrogen interstitially in the austenite. Subsequent aging, or cold work and aging, at 900 °C led to the grain-boundary, cellular, and transgranular precipitation of Cr ₂ N. Alloy SS2 was remelted in a highpressure (200 MPa) N ₂ atmosphere, leading to a spatial gradient of nitrogen in the alloy in the form of interstitial nitrogen and Cr ₂ N and CrN precipitates. Nitrogen contents varied from a low of approximately 0.7 wt % at the bottom of the billet to a high of 3.6 wt % at the top. Nitrogen in excess of approximately 0.7 wt% formed increasingly coarser and more numerous Cr ₂ N and CrN precipitates. The precipitate morphology created in alloy SSI due to aging, or cold work and aging, had little effect on the abrasive wear of the alloy. However, a decrease in the abrasive wear rate in alloy SS2 was observed to correspond to the increase in number and size of the Cr ₂ N and CrN precipitates.     

离子渗氮对304不锈钢组织和性能的影响

为了提高旋振筛机在筛分锂能电池的正、负极材料时的使用寿命和物料的纯洁度,研究了304不锈钢试块在520 ℃下离子渗氮时间对其组织、硬度和耐蚀性能的影响。利用维氏显微硬度计和光学显微镜对渗氮层进行了硬度和深度测试,用球盘式旋转摩擦磨损试验机对渗氮层进行了摩擦磨损性能测试,用电化学工作站进行了耐蚀性能测试,并用X射线衍射仪对试样渗层进行了物相分析。结果表明,相比未经渗氮处理,304不锈钢试块经过渗氮处理后,渗层30 μm深度处的硬度提高了5~6倍,渗层相对耐磨性为未经处理的24.5倍;尽管耐盐蚀性能降低,但其耐碱蚀性能提高。考虑到锂能电池的正极材料偏碱性和负极材料中性特点,旋振筛机上的304不锈钢网架和筛框经过离子渗氮处理后既可以大大提高旋振筛机的使用寿命,还能提高所筛分物料的纯洁度。     

深冷轧制对AISI 310S不锈钢组织和性能的影响

采用深冷轧制技术对AISI 310S奥氏体不锈钢进行不同变形量的实验,借助OM、SEM、TEM、XRD及微拉伸试验等方法研究了不同变形量下奥氏体不锈钢的组织特性及性能变化规律。结果表明:奥氏体不锈钢在深冷轧制不同变形量下均未发生应变诱发马氏体相变,在变形量为30%时,组织内部出现高密度位错且夹杂少量的形变孪晶,随着变形量增大至70%时,组织内部出现大量形变孪晶,孪晶与位错的交互作用显著加剧;到变形量为90%时,晶粒完全碎化至纳米量级。而且随着变形量的增大,强度指标大幅度上升,屈服强度、抗拉强度分别从原始态的305 MPa、645 MPa增加至1099 MPa、1560 MPa;而伸长率则从40.8%(原始)下降至6.4%(变形量90%),拉伸断口由韧性断裂向准解理断裂转变。     

配分工艺对301奥氏体不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响

拟以淬火-配分的新型热处理工艺替代冷变形加工硬化工艺,进而提高亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢的力学性能。以301不锈钢为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、铁素体测量仪、万能试验机及显微硬度计等表征手段,分析了不同配分热处理制度对301不锈钢微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:301亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢经不同淬火-配分工艺热处理后,其显微组织主要由板条状马氏体、奥氏体以及微量碳化物组成;其力学性能对配分温度不够敏感,但随配分时间的延长会不断优化。在450 ℃配分30 min后,301奥氏体不锈钢的综合力学性能达到最优,其屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率及硬度分别为432.37 MPa、1212 MPa、44.28%及193.16 HV0.2。