蒸发硒化法制备了CIS／CdS太阳电池研究

用蒸发硒化法制作的基于ＣｕＩｎＳ３２（ＣＩＳ）膜的ＣＩＳ／ＣｄＳ太阳电池，面积为０．１ｃｍ＾２和１ｃｍ＾２电池的转换效率分别达到７．６２＾和７．２８％，５ｃｍ×６ｃｍ电池的平均效率达到６．６７％，对制备工艺及关键技术，电池性能和退火效应进行了分析探讨。     

大面积集成型a－SiC：H／a－Si：H叠层太阳电池的研制

报道了大面积（２７９０ｃｍ２）集成型ａ－ＳｉＣ：Ｈ／ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ叠层太阳电池的研制及稳定性实验结果，讨论了限制该电池效率的一些因素。实验电池的性能参数：Ｖｏｃ＝４０．８Ｖ，ＩＳＣ＝５３０．４０ｍＡ，ＦＦ＝４９．４％，有效面积（２２８０ｃｍ２）光电转换效率ＥＦ＝４．６９％（ＡＭ１．５，１００ｍＷｃｍ－２，２５℃）。制备出光电子学性能优良的ａ－ＳｉＣ：Ｈ薄膜及解决电池内部ｎ／Ｐ结的接触问题是提高该电池性能的关键。     

400cm2 a-Si/a-Si叠层太阳电池的研究

以全部国产化装备和工业用原材料，以简单铝背电极制备出初始效率为８．２８％，经室外阳光照射一年后稳定效率为７．３５％，面积为２０ｃｍ×２０ｃｍ，有效面积为３６０ｃｍ２ａ－Ｓｉ／ａ－Ｓｉ叠层太阳电池。主要制备技术措施：（１）ＴＣＯ／ｐ界面接触特性的改善；（２）μｃ－ＳｉＣ∶Ｈ／ａ－ＳｉＣ∶Ｈ复合窗口层技术；（３）ｐ／ｉ界面Ｈ处理；（４）高质量本征ａ－Ｓｉ∶Ｈ材料；（５）优良的ｎ１／ｐ２隧道结；（６）最佳电池结构设计等。     

带有缓变层的大面积集成型a－Si：H太阳电池的研制

报道了把缓变层用于大面积（２７９０ｃｍ２）单结集成型ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ太阳电池板工业化生产的研究工作。分析了它对太阳电池板性能参数Ｖｏｃ、Ｉｓｃ、ＦＦ、η的影响和对提高ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ太阳电池板转换效率的作用。试验所得电池板的平均开路电压达２５．１Ｖ，平均转换效率达６．２％，分别比同时生产的无级变层电池板的水平提高９．１３％和１６．９８％。试验中最好的电池板开路电压达２５．６Ｖ，转换效率达６．６％。     

带有缓变层的大面积集成型a—Si：H太阳电池的研制

报道了把缓变层用于大面积（２７９０ｃｍ＾２）单结集成型ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ太阳电池板工业化生产的研究工作。分析了它对太阳电池板性能参数Ｖｏｃ，Ｉｓｃ、ＦＦ、η的影响和对提高ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ太阳电池板转换效率的作用。试验所得电池板的平均开路电压达２５．１Ｖ，平均转换效率达６．２％，分别比同时生产的无缓变层电池板的水平提高９．１３％和１６．９８％。试验中最好的电池板开路电压达２５．６Ｖ，转换效率达６．６％。     

RTCVD工艺制备poly—Si薄膜太阳电池的研究

报道了快速热化学气相沉积（ＲＴＣＶＤ）工艺制备多晶硅（ｐｏｌｙ－Ｓｉ）薄膜及电池的实验和结果。采用ＳｉＨ２Ｃｌ２作为原料气体，衬底温度为１０３０℃时，薄膜的生长速率为１０ｎｍ／ｓ。发现薄膜的平均晶粒度及载流子迁移率与衬底温度和材料有关。用该薄膜在未抛光重掺杂磷的硅衬底上制备１ｃｍ２的ｐ＋ｎ结样品电池，无减反射涂层，其转换效率为４．５４％（ＡＭ１．５，１００ｍＷ／ｃｍ２，２５℃）。     

多晶CdS／Cu2S异质结太阳电池光电流及转换效率的计算

根据半导体材料的性能参数，对多晶ＣｄＳ／Ｃｕ２Ｓ薄膜太阳电池在各种浓度下的光伏特性作了较深入的分析和计算。计算中考虑到耗尽区宽度的变化以及内表面复合损失对光电流ＪＬ的影响，同时还用Ｒｏｔｗａｒｆ晶界复合损失模型计算了晶粒度对光电流及光伏特性的影响。存在一个最佳Ｃｕ２Ｓ受主浓度Ｎａ＝１０＾１５ｃｍ＾－３，单晶和晶粒度Ｒ＝３μｍ的多晶电池，其转换效率分别为１３．６％和１３．３％。     

SnO_2／p接触特性对a－Si太阳电池填充因子的影响

用ＰＥＣＶＤ方法制备出高电导率（～０．２ｓｃｍ－１）、宽带隙（～２．２ｅＶ）的Ｐ型微晶化硅碳合金（ｐ－μｃ－ＳｉＣ：Ｈ）薄膜材料。利用ｐ－μＣ－ＳｉＣ：Ｈ／ｐ－ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ复合结构做ａ－Ｓｉ太阳电池的窗口材料，明显改善了ＳｎＯ２／ｐ之间的接触特性，从而使１０ｃｍ×１０ｃｍ单结集成型电池的填充因子从０．７０以下提高到０．７２。     

ＣＴ引导下１２５Ｉ粒子植入治疗晚期胰腺癌的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨ＣＴ引导下１２５Ｉ粒子组织间植入治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效。方法 回顾性分析２００６年６月至２００８年６月１４例无法手术切除的晚期胰腺癌患者，于术前采用治疗计划系统（ＴＰＳ）重建胰腺肿瘤的三维立体图像，通过ＴＰＳ计算出所需粒子数目和总活度，在ＣＴ引导下将１２５Ｉ粒子植入胰腺肿瘤体内。采用的粒子活度为每粒０．５ ～ ０．８ ｍＣｉ，粒子间距为０．６ ～ １．０ ｃｍ，植入时避开血管、胰管以及肠管尤其是结肠等重要脏器，粒子植入后随访时间为２ ～ １８个月。结果 １４例患者粒子植入术后３ ～ ７ ｄ，疼痛开始缓解，术后２个月ＣＴ复查，完全缓解（ＣＲ）１例，部分缓解（ＰＲ）８例，疾病稳定（ＮＣ）３例，疾病进展（ＰＤ）２例，总有效率（ＣＲ　＋　ＰＲ）６４．３％。全组生存时间５　～　１８个月，中位生存时间１０个月。随访中无胰腺炎、胃肠道出血、放射性肠炎等严重并发症。结论　　　１２５Ｉ粒子组织间植入治疗晚期胰腺癌在疼痛缓解方面疗效明确，具有近期疗效好、创伤小、并发症少等优点。     

CdS／CdTe－CdS／Cu_2S异质二重结薄膜太阳电池的设计与计算

根据半导体材料的性能参数，考虑光电压Ｖ和耗尽区宽度Ｗ的变化对光电流ＪＬ的影响，较严格地计算了ＣｄＳ／ＣｄＴｅ和ＣｄＳ／Ｃｕ２Ｓ两种异质结单晶薄膜太阳电池的光伏特性曲线。然后在的条件下，对由上述两种异质结构成的二重结太阳电池的ＣｄＴｅ、Ｃｕ２Ｓ厚度进行匹配，计算各种组合下二重结太阳电池的光伏特性曲线。理论证明最佳匹配厚度Ｈｍａｘ约为９．０６μｍ，最大短路电流、开路电压、转换效率分别为１４．２２ｍＡｃｍ－２、１．３Ｖ和１４、６８％。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.