EAST托卡马克中性气压原位测量实验研究北大核心CSCD

偏滤器区域的中性粒子密度及其分布,对研究等离子体与壁相互作用的物理过程具有重要意义。偏滤器区域的强磁场及强电磁干扰导致常规规管难以稳定工作,无法实现对中性粒子密度的原位测量。在EAST托卡马克装置搭建了一套热阴极电离规(快规)诊断系统,并开展了中性气压原位测量研究。利用相敏检测技术,实现强磁场及强电磁场干扰中10 nA-10μA微弱信号的准确测量。在0.35 T磁场条件下完成了1×10^(-3)-1 Pa范围的气压标定,快规输出结果与气压呈现良好的线性关系。实验结果显示相同气压条件下,离子流与灯丝发射电流呈线性关系,强磁场(0.35 T以上)能够显著提高快规灵敏度。在0-1.4 T的实验条件下,快规诊断系统-均能正常工作。快规量程范围覆盖偏滤器区域中性气压变化,满足偏滤器区域中性气压原位测量需求,为EAST及未来聚变堆偏滤器物理研究提供了有力的工具。     

抗强干扰快速测量真空规管及仪器的研究

托卡马克装置中存在强磁场、强电场,放电过程中真空度变化迅速。为满足这种特殊环境的真空测量要求,开展了抗强干扰快速测量真空规及仪器的研究。快规使用平板电极结构,在普通热阴极电离规管的基础上增加了调制极;仪器电路除完成稳发射、为加速极供电、离子流放大等基本功能外,它可以提供更大的灯丝电流,为调制极提供周期性脉冲电压,离子流和电子流放大器、调制/解调电路和锁相环电路相互配合,确保快速准确测量。仪器的主控制单元以微处理器为核心,可以设定系统运行的相关参数,离子流、发射电流、灯丝电流可供主控单元采集,以配合完成自动调整和相应控制。     

真空技术及应用系列讲座 第十三讲:真空系统的检测技术

限制真空仪器测量下限水平进一步提高的主要因素,主要有如下4个方面。3.4 .1　真空规管的限制1在热阴极电离规管中,除了软X射线产生光电流以及电解吸等影响外,温度很高的热阴极产生了较高的金属蒸汽压,如一般规管的钨阴极在通常工作温度为2 0 0 0 K时,其蒸汽压相当于氮的10 - 1 0 Pa。2冷阴极电离规管在低压力时存在着放电不稳定、非线性、滞后现象以及电清除能力大等影响。3规管电极和管壳内壁的放气和吸气影响。4大气中氦对玻璃管壳的渗透,氢对不锈钢管壳的渗透。5收集极与其它各电极间的漏电。6在热阴极电离规管中,热阴极对收集极和玻…     

电离规的新进展

介绍了传统热阴极电离规和冷阴极电离规的发展历程和研究现状、新型场发射阴极(微尖型阴极和碳纳米管阴极)在电离规中的应用、小型化电离规的发展和国内在超高/极高真空电离规研究方面取得的成果和现状。重点回顾了碳纳米管阴极电离规和小型化电离规在近年来取得的重大成就。由于碳纳米管具有长径比大、曲率半径小、机械特性强、导电性好和优异的场发射特性,使得其作为电离规阴极有望解决传统冷阴极电离规在低压下不能放电的困难和传统热阴极电离规的热出气效应,从而为极高真空测量提供一种解决途径。     

基于电路模拟的热阴极电离真空计电参数校准装置及方法

传统热阴极电离真空计的电参数校准中,必须将热阴极电离真空规与热阴极电离真空计连接并为其提供高真空环境,且校准周期普遍较长。针对该问题,提出一种等效模拟热阴极电离真空规的方法,研制了新型热阴极电离真空计电参数校准装置。该装置可单独对热阴极电离真空计的阴极电压、栅极电压、发射电流等电参数进行自动化校准,适用于无配套热阴极电离真空规情况下的校准和现场校准。解决了传统热阴极电离真空计电参数校准装置存在的问题,并为使用其他热阴极电离源真空仪器的调试提供了新思路。     

超高/极高真空测量发展综述

本文回顾了近50多年来在超高/极高真空测量方面所取得的重要进展.内容包括热阴极电离规和冷阴极电离规的研究进展、新型室温电子源(如Spindt阴极和碳纳米管场发射阴极)和真空的激光电离测量技术在超高/极高真空测量中的应用、小型化超高/极高真空电离规的发展以及我国在超高/极高真空测量方面的研究进展等,从中可对超高/极高真空测量的发展历史和现状有一个完整的了解.     

对热阴极电离规的x射线光电流的实验

在普通的热阴极电离规和B-A规中,由于具有一定能量的电子轰击栅极而产生一定强度的软x射线,从而限制了热阴极电离规的测量下限。由此得出,在真实的气体离子流相对于x射线光电流可忽略的情况下,热阴极电离规的I_x-V_g曲线应为一直线。也有不少实验证实,在用改变电子能量法测定热阴极电离规中的X射线光电流时所得到的I_x-V_g曲线并非一直线,而是因热阴极电离规所使用的栅极材料不同,在一定的栅压处I_x-V_g曲线出现“拐点”而呈现为折线。我们用北京大学无线电工厂生产的几种普通热阴极电     

双调制抗干扰快速电离真空计-用于受控研究装置中气体密度测量

本文简介了用于超导稳态磁镜等离子体物理实验装置中特殊电离真空计的原理、结构，并给出了仪器主要参数和性能的测试结果，表明双调制型热阴极电离规在强磁场下有较高的灵敏度和良好的线性，能排除来自外部的等离子体干扰和规管自身的Ｘ－光电流噪声。该仪器适合特殊环境中１０－９托－１０－４托范围之快速真空度测量，对Ｈ２的响应时间短于１毫秒。它也是热核聚变研究中很有用的一种“诊断”仪器。     

DL-9型热阴极电离真空规

引言 DL—2型热阴极电离真空规的结构简单、性能较好,卅多年来是我国应用最广泛的高真空量规,为其配套的供电与控制用电子装置高达6万台。随着真空科技的普及与提高,特别是真空量值校准与传递工作的发展,不少真空测量工作者发现其规管常数 (或称灵敏度或电离规系数)在新开封初校时偏高,随着工作时间的持续,规管常数会明显下降,一般工作50至60小时后方趋逐渐稳定。这点也为1981年全国DL—2型规管性能评比会议有关实验测试所证实。 能否提高热阴极电离真空规的稳定性,是近十年来真空界所关注的问题:早在1967年 W.G. Brombacher就曾指出影响…     

热阴极与冷阴极电离规计量学特性比较研究

介绍了3个热阴极电离规和2个反磁控型冷阴极电离规的计量学特性实验研究结果。实验设备是一台高真空基础标准,实验范围为10-7～10-3Pa,实验气体为N2、Ar、He和H2。在连续72h观测中,热阴极电离规在N2、Ar和He中的稳定性优于反磁控规,但在H2中则所有规的稳定性相似。在6个月的重复校准中,所有规在N2、Ar和He中的长期稳定性相似,但在H2中反磁控规的长期稳定性优于热阴极电离规。对于不同的气体,反磁控规的非连续性出现在不同的压力点。在很宽的压力范围内,热阴极电离规的相对灵敏度变化较小,但反磁控规的相对灵敏度随压力变化较大。反磁控规的放电时间随压力、气体和真空系统中电离源的不同而变化。反磁控规的出气率比热阴极电离规小得多,而抽速与一个具有10mA发射电流的热阴极电离规相当。对一些影响实验规计量学特性的原因进行了讨论。     

Gender differences in publication productivity in psychology in India

An analysis of gender differences in psychology in India provides quantitative and qualitative assessment of R&D output contributed by psychologists with the indication of the trend of growth, skewness, relatedness, co-authorship pattern of productivity.     

Metrology in Chemistry in Germany

The system for Metrology in Chemistry in Germany is described. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements. A dissemination mechanism employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD). They act as “multipliers” between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. Traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Natural radioactivity in drinking water was determined in population-based random study of 472 private wells. The mean concentrations of (222)Rn, (226)Ra, (234)U, (238)U, (210)Pb and (210)Po in drilled wells were 460, 0.05, 0.35, 0.26, 0.04 and 0.05 Bq l(-1), and in wells dug in the soil were 50, 0.016, 0.02, 0.015, 0.013 and 0.007 Bq l(-1), respectively. Approximately 10% of the drilled wells exceeded a radon concentration of 1000 Bq l(-1) and 18% a uranium concentration of 15 microg l(-1). The mean annual effective dose from natural radionuclides for a drilled well user was 0.4 mSv and 0.05 mSv for a user of a well dug in the soil. The effective dose arising from (222)Rn was 75% of the total of all natural radionuclides for drilled well users. As regards long-lived radionuclides, (210)Po and (210)Pb caused the largest portion of the effective dose. The dose arising from (238)U, (234)U and (226)Ra was only 8% of the total of all natural radionuclides.     

Natural radioactivity in drinking water in private wells in Finland

Radiation Protection Dosimetry     

Radioactivity in building materials in Iraq

Activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in 45 samples of different building materials used in Iraq were measured using gamma-spectroscopy system based on high-purity germanium detector with an efficiency of 40 %. Radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index due to radon inhalation originating from building materials were measured to assess the potential radiological hazard associated with these building materials. The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides (226)Ra, (232)Th and 40K were found to range from below detection limit (BDL) to 223.7 ± 9, BDL to 93.0 ± 3 and BDL to 343.1 ± 12, respectively. Values of average radium equivalent activity, air-absorbed dose rate, indoor and outdoor annual effective doses, external and internal hazard indices and alpha index ranged from 6.5 to 124.9, 16.2 to 89.5 (nGy h(-1)), 0.08 to 0.44 mSv, 0.02-0.11 mSv, 0.09 to 0.53, 0.13 to 0.69 and 0.03 to 0.62, respectively. These values indicate a low dose. Therefore, the building materials used in the current study are quite safe to be used as building materials.     

Optische in situ Schichtdickenmessung in Bedampfungsanlagen. Optical in situ film thickness monitoring in coating systems

Optical film thickness monitoring is more precise than crystal monitoring. The optical measurement makes use of the fact that the intensity of a monochromatic light beam which is reflected on a film will change periodically with increasing film thickness. The measurement is performed at an exchangeable test glass that is positioned beside the substrates and is therefore coated in the same way as the substrates. The accuracy of cut‐off is achieved by a “fit” of a theoretical curve shape to the measured values. Order filters are used to ensure that, at a certain wavelength, higher deflection orders do not influence the measurement when a monochromator grating is used.