静电纺丝制备二氧化硅纳米纤维的形貌控制

使用溶胶一凝胶和静电纺丝相结合的方式制备二氧化硅纳米纤维,采用PVP／乙醇溶液作为实验用剂,通过调整结构导向剂P123的量来探究其对所得多孔纳米纤维形貌的影响。利用电子扫描显微镜（SEM）、电子透射显微镜（TEM）以及氮气吸附一脱附对得到的多孔纤维进行表征。结果显示,结构导向剂P123的使用量是影响二氧化硅纳米纤维的比...     

含氟聚合物纳米多孔纳米纤维膜的制备

采用"电纺-相分离-沥滤"方法制备了聚(偏氟乙烯-co-六氟丙烯)(PVDF-HFP)以及聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)纳米多孔纳米纤维膜.首先,将PVDF-HFP或PVDF和致孔剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)混合电纺,得到共混物纳米纤维膜.然后,将纳米纤维膜在水中沥洗出共混物中的PVP,获得纳米多孔纳米纤维膜.用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)观察水洗前后纤维表面精细结构.结果表明,纳米多孔纳米纤维表面呈多孔结构,孔径数10 nm.PVP的分子量对水洗后纤维表面结构有明显影响.致孔剂含量不同获得的PVDF-HFP纳米多孔纤维膜力学性能相近.     

介孔二氧化硅负载型有机磷酸盐成核剂对聚丙烯性能的影响

通过物理吸附的方法,将2,2-亚甲基-双(4,6-二叔丁苯氧基)磷酸钠(NA-11)负载于球形(16MSN)和棒状(18MSN)的纳米介孔二氧化硅上,研究了负载前后纳米介孔二氧化硅比表面积、孔径和总孔容的变化。采用差示扫描量热、偏光显微镜考察了纳米介孔二氧化硅、纳米介孔二氧化硅/NA-11复合成核剂对等规聚丙烯(iPP)结晶行为的影响,并对iPP样品的物理性能进行了研究。结果表明,纳米介孔二氧化硅和复合成核剂的加入,有效地提高了材料的结晶性和透明性等物理性能。当添加0.3%的16MSN/NA-11(16SNA)时,复合材料的结晶度达到了44.72%,雾度降到20.3%,弯曲强度相对于纯PP提高了26.8%,维卡软化温度提高了6.6℃,且其性能优于NA-11含量相同时的成核iPP。     

光固化水性聚氨酯/SiO_2纳米复合乳液的合成和膜性能

以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、聚乙二醇、2,2-双羟甲基丙酸、甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯(HEMA)为主要原料,通过丙酮法合成光固化水性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯预聚体,三乙胺中和后原位引入纳米二氧化硅水溶胶制备光固化水性聚氨酯/二氧化硅纳米复合乳液(WPU/SiO2)。研究了纳米二氧化硅对复合乳液粒径、黏度以及复合膜微观结构和力学性能的影响。经X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对复合膜微观结构分析表明,纳米二氧化硅与聚氨酯之间存在很好的相互作用,纳米二氧化硅均匀分散在聚氨酯基体中。动态力学分析表明纳米二氧化硅可提高复合膜的储能模量。     

多孔TiO2纳米纤维的制备及其对染料废水的光催化降解性能研究

以钛酸四正丁酯(TBT)为原料,结合溶胶-凝胶、静电纺丝和高温炭化的技术与原理,制得实心二氧化钛(TiO_2)纳米纤维,并通过添加不同含量的致孔剂偶氮二甲酸二异丙酯(DIPA)制得多孔TiO_2纳米纤维。并对多孔TiO_2纳米纤维的形貌与晶型结构进行了表征与分析。研究结果表明,经煅烧后制得的实心和多孔TiO_2纳米纤维分别为金红石型和锐钛矿型结构;在DIPA用量为5%(wt,质量分数)制得的多孔TiO_2纳米纤维用量50mg,在50mL亚甲基蓝溶液,光照3h条件下,对亚甲基蓝溶液的降解率最高达到91.5%。     

有机模板剂对合成纳米TiO_2结构影响规律的研究

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米二氧化钛。选择P123作为模板剂考察了不同n(P123)/n(Ti)对TiO2织构性能以及晶粒尺寸的影响。采用碳化的方法使有机物在氩气气氛中高温焙烧后形成的炭层对孔道起支撑作用,防止孔道的塌陷并得到高度晶化的二氧化钛,同时考察了碳化温度和不同模板剂对二氧化钛织构性能的影响规律。结合X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附脱附、热分析(TG/DSC)表征手段得到以下结论:物质的量比在0～0.030范围内,P123含量的增加有利于晶粒尺寸的减小和比表面积的增大;碳化过程提高了TiO2的热稳定性,随着碳化温度的升高TiO2比表面积变化不大;P123、PEG2000、CTAB 3种模板剂中P123得到的样品性能最好。     

以多孔阳极氧化铝膜为模板制备介孔二氧化硅纳米纤维

以多孔阳极氧化铝膜为模版,采用溶胶-凝胶方法,制备了具有介孔结构的二氧化硅纳米纤维.利用SEM、XRD、N_2吸附-脱附和TEM等手段对样品进行了表征.实验结果显示SiO_2纤维的直径和长度分别依赖于所使用的模板(阳极氧化铝膜)的孔直径和膜的厚度.而介孔SiO_2纤维中纳米孔道的取向可以通过改变陈化环境米控制.在有水存在的环境下,SiO_2纤维其纳米孔道取向是环绕于纤维轴向的;而在无水存在的环境下,SiO_2纤维其纳米孔道取向则是平行于纤维的轴向的.     

低介电常数多孔二氧化硅薄膜的制备与研究

本文报道了一种新型纳米多孔低介电常数薄膜的制备方法.以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,盐酸为催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶技术,通过提拉法制备了二氧化硅透明介孔薄膜.用红外光谱、小角XRD、原子力显微镜对样品进行了表征,并采用椭偏仪和阻抗分析仪测量薄膜的折射率和介电常数.通过调节表面活性剂浓度和老化时间等实验条件制备出了K＜2.5、机械强度好的低介电常数薄膜.     

RAFT聚合调控的聚甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯/纳米二氧化硅杂化材料的制备及性能

首先将偶氮类引发剂引到纳米二氧化硅的表面,然后以此为引发剂,以甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯基二硫代萘甲酸酯(TNPBE)为链转移剂(CTA),进行甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯的可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合,制备了甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯/纳米二氧化硅(PHEMA/nano-SiO2)有机/无机杂化材料,并用红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电镜(TEM)和热失重(TG)等方法对其结构和性能进行了表征与测试。研究结果表明,聚合物已经接枝到了纳米二氧化硅的表面,整个非均相体系中的聚合反应都是在链转移剂的作用下进行的,TG分析说明了此杂化材料的热稳定性良好。     

多孔膨润土/丙烯酸/羧甲基纤维素复合凝胶的制备及性能研究

以纳米膨润土、丙烯酸和羧甲基纤维素为原料,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,聚乙烯醇(PEG)为成孔剂制备了一种新型多孔网络凝胶。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对凝胶结构进行了表征。研究了交联剂、引发剂用量和成孔剂的加入对凝胶的溶胀性能的影响。结果表明:交联剂量为0.04wt%,引发剂量为1.5~2.0wt%时多孔凝胶的溶胀性能最佳。在蒸馏水中和0.9wt%NaCl溶液中的溶胀率分别1125g/g和123g/g。成孔剂PEG的加入能使凝胶的溶胀率和溶胀速率明显提高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.