H型钢开坯轧辊设计的有限元模拟与试验验证

为验证开坯轧辊设计的合理性与实用性,首先运用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了H型钢的开坯轧制模型,并通过Gleeble-1500热力模拟机测得了H型钢材料在不同温度及应变速率状态下的应力-应变曲线。然后,基于上述模型和数据,对H型钢的整个开坯轧制过程进行了有限元模拟,并结合H型钢的轧制试验结果,对比分析了H型钢的翼缘和腹板在各道次的轧制缺陷与精度误差。分析结果表明:所设计的H型钢轧辊辊形完全满足设计要求,H型钢在各道次的两侧翼缘的高度误差均能控制在5%以内,该误差是由于孔槽外形不完全对称,使得坯料轧制位置不正,造成偏移而引起的,可以通过进一步优化孔槽外形设计加以改善;腹板厚度存在较大偏差,但这种偏差可以通过开度控制予以修正。     

热轧H型钢的孔型设计

根据现有H型钢生产及开发经验 ,介绍了马钢H型钢工艺设计特点。重点介绍了万能轧机的轧辊设计 ,轧边机轧辊设计 ,万能轧机压下规程设计及开坯机孔型设计。     

大型GH4169合金铸锭开坯过程的数值模拟

采用全三维有限元方法对大锭型开坯过程进行变形．传热耦合分析，定量计算了铸锭在整个工艺过程中热力参数（应变、应变速率和温度）的分布及演化情况；分析了铸锭的锻透性；获得了开坯后坯料内部应变和温度的分布规律，并与实际生产中的金相检测结果进行了对比。结果表明，模拟结果与试验结果一致，可为科学地制定大规格GH4169合金铸锭的开坯工艺提供理论依据。     

低合金钢Q345E高温热变形行为及动态再结晶图

应用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对低合金高强度结构钢(HLSA)Q345E进行高温单道次热压缩试验,研究了不同变形参数(变形温度T、变形速率ε和变形量ε)下Q345E钢的变形抗力,分析了各变形参数对该钢变形抗力和动态再结晶的影响。结果表明:随着应变速率的提高和变形温度的降低,Q345E钢的流变应力显著增大;在应变速率较低、高温时,易发生动态再结晶;在应变速率较高、低温时,不发生动态再结晶。建立了Q345E钢热态变形过程中的高温塑性本构方程和动态再结晶图,为科学设计和有效控制Q345E钢的成形工艺提供理论依据。     

Si-Cr-Mo改进型H13热作模具钢热变形行为及有限元模拟

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,对自主研发的Si-Cr-Mo改进型H13热作模具钢——3Cr2Mo3钢进行热压缩实验,研究了其在变形温度为950～1200℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为。基于实验得到的真应力-真应变曲线,建立了Arrhenius型本构方程,并对其进行真应变补偿。由动态材料模型构建了3Cr2Mo3钢的热加工图,并得到了最佳热加工范围。利用有限元软件DEFORM和光学显微镜,研究了3Cr2Mo3钢在热变形过程中的温度场与微观组织的关系。结果表明：3Cr2Mo3钢的真应力受应变速率和变形温度的影响,且在低应变速率下(0.01 s^-1)出现明显的动态软化特征,6次真应变补偿型本构方程的拟合精度高;实验条件范围内,3Cr2Mo3钢的最佳热加工范围为变形温度为1110～1200℃、应变速率为0.01～1 s^-1;有限元软件DEFORM温度场结果显示,随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,试样的心部与表面的温度场分布均匀,微观组织为均匀细小的动态再结晶晶粒。     

42CrMo4钢高温拉伸断裂准则与机理的研究

由于变形温度和应变速率是影响42CrMo4钢高温变形损伤断裂行为的重要因素,因此综合考虑了变形温度和应变速率对材料断裂的影响。基于Cockroft-Latham断裂准则,引入温度补偿应变速率因子Zener-Hollomon参数作为修正系数对Cockroft-Latham断裂准则进行改进。通过Gleeble-3800D热模拟试验机对42CrMo4钢进行了温度为950～1100℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1)条件下的高温拉伸试验。利用试验结果采用线性拟合确定修正系数,得到改进后的断裂准则,将准则预测结果与试验结构对比验证,二则能很好吻合。利用扫描电镜观察试样拉伸断裂断口的组织形貌。结果表明:42CrMo4钢高温拉伸断裂是典型韧窝型韧性断裂,随着温度的提升,材料塑韧性明显提高;随应变速率的提高,材料塑韧性随之不显著降低。     

T2纯铜扭转挤压成形有限元数值分析

通过Deform-3D软件对T2纯铜扭转挤压成形过程进行数值分析。采用刚塑性有限元法,分析了不同模角下的挤压力行程曲线、坯料应变和温度场的变化,研究不同扭转速度对成形制品的应变和温度影响,并将扭转挤压与传统挤压成形效果进行对比。结果表明,模具模角变大,挤压力和挤压温度会变大,但坯料的变形增加,变形更均匀。与传统挤压成形相比,扭转挤压变形更加剧烈,随着扭转速度的增加,坯料的应变也增加。     

轻轨用55Q钢的高温流变应力本构模型

通过Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,在应变速率为0.1～20 s^-1、变形温度为900～1200℃的条件下对轻轨用55Q钢进行轴向单道次压缩实验,得到55Q钢的真应力-真应变曲线,并分析研究了不同热加工条件对55Q钢高温流变应力的影响。实验结果表明：在相同变形温度下,低应变速率时的流变应力较低,在相同应变速率下,高温时的流变应力较低,说明低应变速率和高温有利于动态软化。对流变应力、应变速率和变形温度之间的关系进行线性拟合,建立了55Q钢的修正Johnson-Cook本构模型和基于应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型,对比两种模型发现,基于应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型的预测精度更高,能够较好地揭示55Q钢的热变形特性。     

基于不同轧制参数的万能轧机轧辊温度分析

为了研究温度对轧辊孔型变化的影响,利用有限元Ansys软件,对万能轧机轧辊的温度场进行了模拟分析,得到了稳定状态下轧辊温度场分布规律,并研究了不同轧制条件下轧辊温度场的变化情况。研究表明,轧辊温度场呈周期性变化,与速度相比冷却液的流量对工作辊温度场分布影响较明显,将轧辊模拟数据与现场实测数据进行对比其误差不超过5℃,证明了模型的可靠性。由于轧辊的变形导致轧辊孔型发生相应变化,轧辊的温度和应力变化为从中心到边部逐渐减小,轧辊内部的热膨胀、应力场、外部轧制力以及摩擦使得水平辊在圆角处的轴向和径向均发生了较大位移。     

316LN钢ESR材料热变形行为及高温塑性本构方程

为了研究铸态316LN钢ESR材料的高温变形行为,建立铸态316LN钢ESR材料高温塑性本构方程,采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对316LN钢进行等温压缩试验,研究了316LN钢ESR材料在变形温度为900~1200℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s~(-1)、最大变形量为55%条件下热变形行为,并测得相应的流动应力-应变曲线。结果表明,在高变形温度、低应变速率的条件下,更有利于动态再结晶的发生。通过对试验数据进行多元线性拟合计算,得到了316LN钢的热变形激活能,建立了316LN钢ESR材料的高温塑性本构方程。     

AZ80镁合金变形特性及管材挤压数值模拟研究

利用Gleeble热模拟机研究了AZ80合金的高温变形特性。结果表明,流变应力取决于变形温度和变形速率。当应变速率一定时,流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低;当温度一定时,流变应力随着应变速率的升高而增大。根据AZ80镁合金真应力-真应变曲线,建立了其流变应力模型。采用刚塑性有限元法对AZ80镁合金管材挤压过程进行热力耦合数值模拟,并分析了高温挤压成形过程中变形力及金属流动规律,着重探讨了变形温度和挤压速度等挤压工艺参数对挤压力、应变场以及应力场的分布及变化情况的影响。模拟的结果为AZ80镁合金管材挤压工艺参数的制定、优化提供了科学依据。     

Calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A method for calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band is proposed in terms of gradient-dependent plasticity where the characteristic length describes the interactions and interplaying among microstructures. First, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution in adiabatic shear band is obtained based on gradient-dependent plasticity. Then, the plastic work distribution is derived according to the current flow shear stress and the obtained increment of plastic shear strain distribution. In the light of the well-known assumption that 90% of plastic work is converted into the heat resulting in increase in temperature in adiabatic shear band, the increment of the temperature distribution is presented. Next, the average temperature increment in the shear band is calculated to compute the change in flow shear stress due to the thermal softening effect. After the actual flow shear stress considering the thermal softening effect is obtained according to the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution, the plastic work and the temperature in the next time step are recalculated until the total time is consumed. Summing the temperature distribution leads to rise in the total temperature distribution. The present calculated maximum temperature in adiabatic shear band in titanium agrees with the experimental observations. Moreover, the temperature profiles for different flow shear stresses are qualitatively consistent with experimental and numerical results. Effects of some related parameters on the temperature distribution are also predicted.     

横向超声随焊控制铝合金焊接热裂纹倾向数值模拟研究

从力学角度出发,提出横向超声随焊控制铝合金焊接热裂纹的新方法。讨论了铝合金焊接热裂纹产生的条件,建立脆性温度区间(BTR)金属材料-力学性能匹配模型,采用弹塑性有限元方法对BTR区域金属产生的挤压塑性流变行为和应变场变化进行了分析。模拟结果表明,横向超声冲击对BTR区金属产生横向压缩塑性应变,并依靠BTR区金属的塑性变形把应变传递到焊缝中心,随着横向超声冲击加载功率的增加,在焊缝中心处产生的挤压应变也随之增大。通过实验测定实际情况下BTR区金属的横向压缩塑性应变值,实验结果与模拟结果吻合良好,进一步证明了该方法的可靠性。     

基于流变学模型的铸钢试件凝固过程应力应变数值模拟

建立了铸件凝固过程热应力模拟的一维流变学本构方程,并且对一端受约束一端带热节的铸钢试棒进行了数值模拟,进而研究了热裂机理。模拟结果表明,随着凝固过程的进行,在热节处粘塑性（Ｂｉｎｇｈａｍ）体的应变急剧增大而弹性应变急剧减小。浇注温度和砂型初始温度越高,热节处粘塑性应变越大,而热应力越小。并且热节处表观粘度随凝固进行逐渐增大,在凝固末期急剧增大。因此粘塑性应变决定了热裂的产生,并且热裂发生在凝固末期。     

焊接应力变形原理若干问题的探讨(二)

提出焊接残余应力形成和消除原理:焊接残余应力不是压缩塑性应变引起的,而是由于焊缝和近缝区金属在"力学熔点"及以下温度冷却收缩受阻产生的;消除焊接残余应力不是产生拉伸塑性应变以减少、抵消和补偿压缩塑性应变,而是将残余弹性应变转变为塑性应变;消除焊接残余应力并不是必须去除固有应变,部分去除或完全不去除固有应变也能完全消除残余应力.提出随焊后热精确控制应力变形焊接法,既可实现无应力焊接和无应力无变形焊接,也可实现适当压应力无变形焊接和较大压应力微变形焊接;并对传统方法与有限元法进行了分析比较.     

TA15钛合金热挤压过程中金属变形行为及组织分析

运用MSC.Marc有限元软件对TA15钛合金热挤压变形过程进行有限元模拟,得到热挤压成形过程中应力场和应变场分布情况。对有限元模拟所得到的应力、应变数据进行后处理,利用应力偏量不变量J2进行变形分区,采用罗德系数对塑性区内材料的应变类型进行划分。结合有限元模拟结果以及变形分区和变形类型的划分,对热挤压实验后的试样进行组织取样,在不同温度条件下对试样进行微观组织观察,分析微观组织的演化规律,这对于分析金属挤压成形问题及其在实际中的应用具有重要意义。     

A multiscale coupled Monte Carlo model to characterize microstructure evolution during hot rolling of Mo-TRIP steel

A multiscale modelling framework has been proposed to characterize microstructure evolution during hot strip rolling of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel. The modelling methodology encompasses a continuum dislocation density evolution model coupled with a lumped parameter heat transfer model which has been seamlessly integrated with a mesoscale Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique. The dislocation density model computes the evolution of dislocation density and subsequently constitutive flow stress behaviour has been predicted and successfully validated with the published data. A lumped-parameter transient heat transfer model has been developed to calculate the average strip temperature in the time domain. The heat transfer model incorporates the effect of plastic work for different strain rates in the energy conservation formulation. A coupled initial value problem solver has been developed to integrate the system of stiff ordinary differential equations in the time domain to predict dislocation density and temperature profiles simultaneously. The temporal evolution of microstructure during hot rolling of TRIP steel is simulated by the MC method incorporating thermal and dislocation density data from the continuum models. Simulated microstructural maps, kinetics of recrystallization and grain size evolution have been generated in a 200 × 200 lattice system at different strain rates and temperatures. The simulation code has been implemented in a high-performance grid computing network. The predicted temporal evolution of grain size, recrystallized fractions and flow stress have been validated with the published literature and found to be in good agreement, confirming the predictive capability of the integrated model.     

Plastic deformation behavior of compressible solids

Plastic deformation of particulate aggregates at elevated temperatures constitutes a critical step in the fabrication of high temperature materials by the powder processing route. Substantial improvements observed in the microstructures and the mechanical properties of the hot-worked products can be attributed not only to the continued densification through a reduction in porosity, but also to the progressive strengthening of the matrix during hot working. This paper describes the salient theoretical aspects of the plastic deformation of compressible solids with special emphasis on the applicable flow models. The concepts of yield criteria and the flow rule for porous bodies are introduced and the effects of geometric hardening and strain hardening of the matrix on the macroscopic flow behavior are described in detail. Experimental studies on the deformation behavior of aluminum alloy (X7091) powder compacts at 400°C have clearly established the validity of the flow model in terms the relationships between flow stress, true strain, and the relative density. The paper also discusses the successful application of the plasticity theory developed in this work to the problem of hot extrusion of powder consolidated billets.     

Effect of deformation temperature on the hot compressive behavior of metal matrix composites with misaligned whiskers

A multi-inclusion cell model is used to investigate the effect of deformation temperature and whisker rotation on the hot compressive behavior of metal matrix composites with misaligned whiskers. Numerical results show that deformation temperature influences the work-hardening behavior of the matrix and the rotation behavior of the whiskers. With increasing temperature, the work hardening rate of the matrix decreases, but the whisker rotation angle increases. Both whisker rotation and the increase of deformation temperature can induce reductions in the load supported by whisker and the load transferred from matrix to whisker. Additionally, it is found that during large strain deformation at higher temperatures, the enhancing of deformation temperature can reduce the effect of whisker rotation. Meanwhile, the stress-strain behavior of the composite is rather sensitive to deformation temperature. At a relatively lower temperature （150℃）, the composite exhibits work hardening due to the matrix work hardening, but at relatively higher temperatures （300℃ and above）, the composite shows strain softening due to whisker rotation. It is also found that during hot compression at higher temperatures, the softening rate of the composite decreases with increasing temperature. The predicted stress-strain behavior of the composite is approximately in agreement with the experimental results.     

7055铝合金高温塑性变形的热模拟研究

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机研究了7055铝合金在应变速率为0.01、0.1和1s-1、变形温度为300～450℃,最大真应变为0.7条件下的高温塑性变形行为,分析了合金流变应力与应变速率、变形温度之间的关系,计算了合金高温塑性变形时的变形激活能,并观察了合金变形过程中显微组织变化情况。结果表明:合金在热变形过程中流变应力随温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增加而增大,7055铝合金的高温塑性变形行为可以用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的流变应力方程进行描述。该合金在实验条件范围内热变形以动态回复为主要软化机制并伴随极少量的再结晶发生。