Management of chemical substances in a water environment communicating among stakeholders.

With the implementation of Pollutant Discharge and Transfer Register (PRTR) in fiscal 2003, information on the quantity of chemical substances discharged annually from each business is released in Japan. Such information is expected to lead to heightened public concern about the presence of chemical substances in environment. This paper showed the effects of using PRTR data for managing chemical risk in a water environment communicating among stakeholders based on the results of the case study held in Japan. First, it was possible to identify the discharge sources using PRTR and related data for the chemicals such as Zn and NPs which were shown that they had relatively high risks based on the survey in a model area. Second, it was suggested that the chemical risk communication among the stakeholders including people using PRTR and related data would be a good way to encourage environmental activities of businesses, and to build a good relationship among stakeholders including people who have anxiety about chemical risk.     

Comprehensive approaches to water management

For us to have sufficient amounts of good quality fresh water available in the 21st century, it is necessary that we find a different way of dealing with water. Awareness of this fact represents a first step in the right direction. Interactive planning can substantially contribute to this awareness and therewith to the solution of both physical and cultural bottlenecks. Interactive plan processes are complex. The challenge lies m being actively involved in this complexity. The IPEA methodology has been developed to support adequate completion of interactive plan processes. This methodology has already been applied in a number of plan processes, 25 of which were recently evaluated. From this evaluation it appears that applying IPEA helps to increase the clarity and the suitability of both processes and plans. The methodology also makes a positive contribution to levels of communication and interaction between the people and organizations involved m a plan process. Furthermore, IPEA leads to an increased acceptance of the contents of plans.     

Change of chemical and biological water environment at a newly constructed reservoir

The changes of chemical and biological water environment of Lake Sapporo were investigated for over eight years from the beginning of water storage, and this is the first detailed report concerning the reservoirs situated in sub-frigid zones in Japan. The pollution load flowing into this reservoir is only nature-derived. At Lake Sapporo, the large inflow of water from the melting snow in spring supplies the middle and bottom layers with oxygen, and replaces water in the reservoir with new water. Under these circumstances, after effects of the initial deterioration were detected during two years in water quality, three years in phytoplankton composition and four years in zooplankton composition.     

Odour management plans: a risk-based approach using stakeholder data.

Annoyance is a familiar reaction to odours arising from wastewater treatment sites, a reaction which can result in complaints and prosecutions. Odour management plans can be used to assess the extent of nuisance caused and prioritise mitigation measures. Often, these plans have been developed purely on the basis of technical assessments of emission and dispersion, with the general aim of limiting odour concentrations to a specific threshold at some distance from the works. They have often been prepared with inconsistent communication between the site staff and consultant during the development process, and may not directly refer to the affected population. This paper describes a risk-based approach to developing odour management plans, in which mitigation measures are assessed and prioritised on the basis of the likely frequency and intensity of odour exposure. A key element of the approach is the use of knowledge from data gained from key stakeholder groups: customers, staff, and regulators. Emphasis is placed on the development of clear communications between these groups, which helps both in terms of raising awareness amongst operators as to the significance of odour problems, and also in managing the expectations of customers and regulators. The practical application of this approach is demonstrated by the development of odour management plans for wastewater treatment sites by Yorkshire Water Services Ltd. These have used data from staff, customers and regulators to develop risk grids, which are then used to prioritise remediation measures. Involving staff in the data collection operations has been successful in raising awareness of the significance of odours, and has in turn led to low-cost emission reductions through improved housekeeping. Improved communications between operators, customers and regulators has led to more realistic expectations with regard to odour problems, a situation which can reduce conflict and prevent the imposition of stringent and sometimes unrealistic odour standards.     

The occurrence of micopollutants in the aquatic environment: a new challenge for water management.

The occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment has become a crucial topic in the last two decades owing to the innovative development of analytical instrumentation such as LC tandem MS. Using these new techniques it became obvious that pesticides, pharmaceuticals, ingredients of personal care products, biocides, flame retardants, and perfluorinated compounds are entering rivers and streams via treated wastewater. Also contamination of bank filtrates, groundwater and in a few cases even drinking water was identified. Wastewater treatment plants are not designed to remove polar persistent organic pollutants occurring in the sub-mg/L range and hence many of these organic pollutants are passing WWTPs to a high extent. Waterworks with a potential pesticide contamination in their raw water are equipped with advanced techniques such ozonation, activated carbon or nanofiltration enabling the removal of a high variety of other organic compounds. However, waterworks without an expected pesticide contamination are frequently equipped with common treatment processes not enabling the removal of these kinds of organic pollutants. Therefore, comprehensive management activities for protection of aquatic environments and water resources must consider the removal of all micropollutants relevant to water quality and ecology, independent of their usage or origin.     

浅议环境与水资源管理中的市场化工具

从20世纪70年代起,西方发达国家陆续提出了用“市场化工具”来帮助解决环境和自然资源的管理问题.在介绍市场化工具定义、分类和背景的基础上,分析了经济合作组织国家所使用的各种市场化工具,总结了其优缺点.针对我国目前环境和水资源管理的现状,提出了如何在我国采用市场化工具的建议.     

基于广义ET的水资源与水环境综合规划研究Ⅰ:理论

在分析国内外水资源规划的发展历程的基础上,基于广义ET耗水控制理念探讨了区域水资源水环境综合规划的理论、内涵及其规划理念。分析了其调控机制、规划原则以及规划目标。确定以目标ET制定-方案设置-情景模拟-方案评价-方案推荐5个步骤为基于ET的水资源规划的决策思路,进而提出了七大总量控制规划指标,建立了规划框架。为综合解决全球气候变化和人类活动影响下日益严重的水资源和水环境问题提供了探索途径。     

GIS在水环境信息管理中的应用

介绍了地理信息系统GIS组件对象在水环境信息管理系统中的应用，阐述了水环境信息管理系统设计思想、系统结构和主要功能，采用与现行水环境监测运地和管理体制相结合的设计思想，较好地解决了不同层次与级别的用户对信息管理和应用的需求，实现了分布式数据库网络化的运行与管理。同时，友好的用户界面和多种图表、影像、文本等管理方式，使各种用户能够简单、直观地操作、使用、维护和管理该系统，也为用户和系统的升级提供了广阔的应用与开发空间。最后介绍了水环境信息管理系统在长江流域的应用情况。     

关于水域水环境质量规划及水污染控制管理问题的探讨

论述了我国目前河流、湖泊和地下水水环境的现状，分析了造成水环境不断恶化的原因，探讨了水污染防治的水域水环境质量规划及水污染控制管理问题。     

太湖流域水环境综合整治与生态修复

在分析太湖流域流域性水环境污染、河湖生态退化现状及其成因的基础上,提出立足流域、破解区域,针对河网和湖泊生态系统的特征构建流域治理方案总体框架,并确定重点治理区域和相应的目标,以典型区域治理示范、指导流域水污染控制和水生态修复。     

茅洲河全流域水环境综合治理方案及创新

茅洲河水环境综合治理工程规模大,水质污染成因成分复杂,有机质、营养盐、重金属污染重,治理区域人员、企业密度大,且需要跨界协同治理。本文通过分析该项目的治理技术路线,制定了双核驱动、多联协同的治理技术路线,并采取雨污管网、活水补水等六类工程措施,使茅洲河国考断面水质提前达到考核目标。在治理过程中通过技术创新,保证了工程质量、进度,可为国内类似城市高密度建成区水环境治理提供借鉴。     

Operationalising uncertainty in data and models for integrated water resources management.

Key sources of uncertainty of importance for water resources management are (1) uncertainty in data; (2) uncertainty related to hydrological models (parameter values, model technique, model structure); and (3) uncertainty related to the context and the framing of the decision-making process. The European funded project 'Harmonised techniques and representative river basin data for assessment and use of uncertainty information in integrated water management (HarmoniRiB)' has resulted in a range of tools and methods to assess such uncertainties, focusing on items (1) and (2). The project also engaged in a number of discussions surrounding uncertainty and risk assessment in support of decision-making in water management. Based on the project's results and experiences, and on the subsequent discussions a number of conclusions can be drawn on the future needs for successful adoption of uncertainty analysis in decision support. These conclusions range from additional scientific research on specific uncertainties, dedicated guidelines for operational use to capacity building at all levels. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on these conclusions and anchoring them in the broad objective of making uncertainty and risk assessment an essential and natural part in future decision-making processes.     

太湖流域水环境综合治理及其启示

总结太湖流域水环境综合治理所采取的措施和取得的效果,分析太湖流域水环境综合治理带来的启示,旨在为我国其他河湖的水环境综合治理提供参考。结果表明:1各级政府高度重视是做好流域水环境综合治理的前提;2科学规划是做好流域水环境综合治理的基础;3有效的协调机制是做好流域水环境综合治理的保障;4依法治水是做好流域水环境综合治理的保证。     

江河流域水环境管理原理探讨

江河流域水环境管理的任务是协调流域内不同地区之间在资源开发利用，社会经济发展，水环境和生态保护等方面的关系。江河流域水环境管理主要是根据流域自然、生态社会和经济复合系统的特征及其需要，综合运用技术、经济、法规、政策、公众参与等多手段，研究与调控流域空间范围内的水量和水质，以实现流域整体可持续发展的一个循环复的动态过程，这一过程主要包括规划、协调、方案实施和监督几个环节。以流域为单元的管理可克服行政区域管理的不足，有效解决人类对流域水资源的累积和叠加影响总是，保护地理生态区的完整性、经济和社会公平。     

水尺与压力式水位计多次数据比对的综合计算

在海道测量中,在同一验潮点多次同步测得人工水尺与压力式水位计数据,每次率定两数组间的关系,从而判定压力式水位计在整个测量使用中是否正常,之后综合算定此验潮站人工水尺与压力式水位计数值间的正确关系,凭确定的关系得出真实的潮位数据。     

巢湖水环境综合治理思路和措施

参考巢湖的多个治理规划、实施方案及有关文献,收集了巢湖水污染、水环境治理等有关资料,进行综合分析,提出具体治理措施:控源截污,大幅度提高污水处理厂排放标准,积极治理规模畜禽养殖点源;综合治理污染严重的河道,其中微生物净化中小河道可作为治理首选技术之一;分区离岸打捞蓝藻及采用多种措施大量削减蓝藻数量;适宜规模调水,在确保防洪安全、生态安全的前提下,加快实现引江济巢、济淮工程,净化水体、扩大环境容量;大规模修复以芦苇为主的芦苇湿地,使巢湖植被覆盖率由5%恢复至20%;清淤与抬高生态修复区基底相结合。     

新环境保护法对强化水资源管理的作用与启示

全国人大常委会审议通过的新环境保护法在很多方面有重大创新和突破,建立了对经济技术政策的环境影响评价制度,强化了有关部门监测信息公开义务,建立了环境资源承载能力监测预警机制;赋予了有关部门查封、扣押的权力,建立了跨区域联合防治机制、"黑名单"制度等,完善了公益诉讼制度;设置了更加严厉的法律责任,创设了按日连续处罚和连带责任,增加规定地方政府及有关部门主要负责人"引咎辞职"的政治责任。这些规定对于水资源管理具有重要作用和启示,在水资源管理工作中应当积极运用该法有关规定,借鉴相关制度,完善相应的法规和政策措施,推进最严格水资源管理制度的有效实施。     

关于加强北京城市水环境科学化管理的建议

1国内外城市水环境管理的发展水平 西欧各国水环境管理体制的主要特点是按水环境单元划管界,所有水圈事物采取综合管理,水环境管理科学化,信息化水平很高.     

滇池水污染治理及防治对策研究

在总结滇池水污染问题及其成因的基础上,归纳得出湖泊老龄化、污染物超量排放、流域水资源匮乏、水流及物质交换不畅等是滇池水污染严重的主要原因,并针对性地提出了增加区域水资源量、入湖污染物总量控制、水污染综合治理、改变滇池运行方式等水污染防治策略及若干关键控制技术,提出了滇池环湖入湖污染物排放总量控制定额,并结合滇中调水规划,模拟预测引水济滇的水环境改善效果及改变滇池运行方式的水环境影响,可为滇池水污染治理及防治提供参考依据。