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《中国稀土学报(英文版)》2019,37(10):1015-1022
Several different models for coercivity are discussed. There are two main situations: i) nanocrystalline magnets, with grain size bellow the single domain particle size, and ii) magnets with grain size above single domain particle size. The described theories and models are general, and can be applied in either NdFeB magnets, SmFeCoCuZr or strontium ferrite magnets. The spring effect observed in isotropic nanocrystalline magnets can be explained with the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Modifications of the StonerWohlfarth model are necessary to take into account the effect of interaction between grains. When the grain size is above the single domain size, energy considerations show that nucleation should occur at the surface of grains. Nucleation is interpreted as a two-step process, where domain wall displacement occurs for grain size above single domain size, after a nucleus is first formed. The effect of grain size on the coercive field is discussed. 相似文献
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Josef Andofer Dietmar Auzinger Gottfried Hribernig Gerhard Hubmer Andrej Samoilov Yuri Titovets Alexandr Vasiliev Nikolai Zolotorevskii 《国际钢铁研究》2000,71(4):118-123
The purpose of the present work is to develop a mathematical model allowing the simultaneous prediction of both transformation product portions and mean ferrite grain size from the same common principles as a result of austenite decomposition during continuous cooling of plain carbon steels. The transformation products considered specifically are polygonal ferrite and pearlite. The model is based on the classical equations of nucleation‐growth theory and also contains some empirical parameters. The chemical driving forces for nucleation and composition of elements at the phase interfaces are derived from thermodynamic analysis. Three modes of ferrite nucleation are taken into account that correspond to the nucleation on the austenite grain corners, edges and faces. The model considers the reduction of the nucleation sites due to the occupation of austenite grain boundary surface by ferrite grains. Pearlite transformation starts at the γ/α interface and suppresses further ferrite grain growth. The parameters related to ferrite reaction were determined on the basis of a series of austenite transformation kinetic curves and grain size measurements for a steel with the composition 0.084%C‐0.58%Mn‐0.02%Si obtained by dilatometric technique for cooling rates from 0.032 to 2.5 K/s. The parameters related to pearlite reaction were determined on the basis of the data for a steel with 0.66%C. After determination of the model parameters the model was applied to complex cooling conditions of the run‐out table of the hot strip mill at Voest‐Alpine Stahl Linz GmbH. Predicted ferrite grain size appeared to be 1.2 ?1.3 times smaller than the observed one. With regard to experimental data on grain growth in iron, it was suggested that the underestimation of grain size is due to additional ferrite grain growth occurring after the coiling of the steel sheet. Taking that into account provided satisfactory agreement with observed values. 相似文献
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H. Fang M. G. Mecozzi E. Brück S. van der Zwaag N. H. van Dijk 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2018,49(1):41-53
A 3D model has been developed to predict the average ferrite grain size and grain size distribution for an austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation during continuous cooling of an Fe-C-Mn steel. Using a Voronoi construction to represent the austenite grains, the ferrite is assumed to nucleate at the grain corners and to grow as spheres. Classical nucleation theory is used to estimate the density of ferrite nuclei. By assuming a negligible partition of manganese, the moving ferrite–austenite interface is treated with a mixed-mode model in which the soft impingement of the carbon diffusion fields is considered. The ferrite volume fraction, the average ferrite grain size, and the ferrite grain size distribution are derived as a function of temperature. The results of the present model are compared with those of a published phase-field model simulating the ferritic microstructure evolution during linear cooling of an Fe-0.10C-0.49Mn (wt pct) steel. It turns out that the present model can adequately reproduce the phase-field modeling results as well as the experimental dilatometry data. The model presented here provides a versatile tool to analyze the evolution of the ferrite grain size distribution at low computational costs. 相似文献
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摘要:通过高温激光共聚焦显微镜原位观察低合金高强钢(Q345R)在热循环过程中微观组织演变规律,并结合扫描电镜和纳米压痕,研究不同类型铁素体形核、长大机制及硬度。结果表明,铁素体可在晶界、亚晶界及夹杂物上形核,多边形铁素体及链状晶界铁素体主要在晶界上形核,而侧板条铁素体可在晶界及亚晶界上形核,而针状铁素体则主要在夹杂物及已形成的铁素体上形核,且奥氏体晶界及晶内亚结构尺寸控制了铁素体尺寸;讨论了夹杂物特征参数对针状铁素体形核的影响规律,Al、Mg、Ca、S等元素的含量达到一定比值且尺寸在5μm以下的复合夹杂物更容易成为针状铁素体的诱导核心;硬度实验结果表明,不同类型铁素体组织硬度存在差别,针状铁素体硬度最大可达到4GPa。 相似文献
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针状铁素体是一种具有大角度晶界、高位错密度的板条状中温转变组织,该组织能有效细化晶粒并具有良好的强韧性匹配.因此,通常在低合金高强度钢焊缝和粗晶区中,利用细小的夹杂物来诱导针状铁素体形成,形成有效晶粒尺寸细小的针状铁素体联锁组织或者针状铁素体和贝氏体的复合组织,使其具有良好的韧性.然而,相关研究对针状铁素体组织的形成机理和控制原理的解释并不十分清楚,对于针状铁素体的定义和理解也存在差异.总结了针状铁素体的本质、相变、形核、形态、晶体学取向关系、长大行为、细化机理和力学性能等方面的特征,归纳了奥氏体晶粒尺寸、转变温度、冷却速度、夹杂物类型和尺寸等对针状铁素体形成的影响,提出了针状铁素体组织形态和转变机理方面几个仍需深入研究的问题和方向. 相似文献
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《钢铁研究学报(英文版)》2011,(Z1):360-365
The Effect of A1 and Ti treatment on non-metallic inclusions and microstructures of coarse-grain HAZ in HSLA stee1 was investigated in this paper based on experiments and thermodynamic calculations.The results showed that the inclusions in A1 treated steel were mainly aluminum oxides and titanium nitrides which could not promote the formation of acicular ferrite microstructures.Microstructure of coarse-grain HAZ in A1 treated steels consists of heavy grain boundary ferrite and ferrite side plate.The inclusions in Ti treated steel were A1,Ti,Mg,Ca composite oxides with size in the range of 0.5-3μm and titanium nitrides with size less than 0.3μm.Ti composite oxide could promote the formation of acicular ferrite and microstructures of coarse-grain HAZ in Ti treated steel consists of grain boundary ferrite,small amounts of ferrite side plate and large amounts of intragranular acicular ferrite.The size of grain boundaries ferrite was increased and the amount of ferrite side plate was decreased with the increase of soaking time at the peak temperature.The amount of grain boundary ferrite and the size of acicular ferrite were also increased with the increase of cooling rate during ferrite phase formation. 相似文献
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Laboratory melted and rolled C-Mn steel plates were austenitized at either 925 °C or 1150 °C to produce nominal austenite
grain sizes of 60 and 200 μm, resspectively. The plates were then cooled at rates in the range of about 2 °C/min to 400 °C/min
to produce mixed polygonal ferrite/Widmanst?tten ferrite/pearlite microstructures. The percentage of Widmanst?tten structure
(a Widmanst?tten ferrite/pearlite aggregate) increases with increasing prior austenite grain size and cooling rate. Both yield
strength and impact toughness increase with decreasing austenite grain size and increasing cooling rate. This simultaneous
improvement in strength and toughness is attributed to overall refinement of both the polygonal ferrite and Widmanst?tten
structure. Both yield and tensile strength increase with an increase in the volume fraction of Widmanst?tten ferrite and a
reduction in ferrite grain size. In contrast, the toughness level achieved in these polygonal ferrite/Widmanst?tten ferrite/pearlite
microstructures depends largely on the ferrite grain size; the finer the grain size, the better the toughness. 相似文献
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Based on studies of austenite deformation behavior and continuous-cooling-transformation behavior of a Ti-V microalloyed steel
by cam plastometer and quench-deformation dilatometer, respectively, plate rolling schedules were designed to produce (i)
recrystallized austenite, (ii) unrecrystallized austenite, (iii) deformed ferrite + unrecrystallized austenite. The effects
of austenite condition and cooling rate on the final microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. To rationalize
the variation in final ferrite grain size with different thermomechanical processing schedules, it is necessary to consider
the kinetics of ferrite grain growth in addition to the density of ferrite nucleation sites. The benefit of dilatometer studies
in determining the optimum deformation schedule and cooling rate for a given steel is domonstrated. A wide range of tensile
and impact properties results from the different microstructures studied. Yield strength is increased by increasing the amount
of deformed ferrite, bainite, or martensite, and by decreasing the ferrite grain size. Impact toughness is most strongly influenced
by ferrite grain size and occurrence of rolling plane delaminations.
B. Dogan, Formerly with CANMET, Ottawa, Canada, 相似文献
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An artificial neural network (ANN) model for predicting transformed mierostrueture in conventional roll-ing process and thermomechanieal controlled process (TMCP) is proposed. The model uses austenite grain size and retained strain, which can be calculated by using microstrueture evolution models, together with a measured cooling rate and chemical compositions as inputs and the ferrite grain size and ferrite fraction as outputs. The predicted re-sults show that the model can predict the transformed microstructure which is in good agreement with the measured one, and it is better than the empirical equations. Also, the effect of the alloying elements on transformed products has been analyzed by using the model. The tendency is the same as that in the reported articles. The model can be used further for the optimization of processing parameters, mierostructure and properties in TMCP. 相似文献
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An artificial neural network (ANN) model for predicting transformed microstructure in conventional rolling process and thermomechanical controlled process (TMCP) is proposed. The model uses austenite grain size and retained strain, which can be calculated by using microstructure evolution models, together with a measured cooling rate and chemical compositions as inputs and the ferrite grain size and ferrite fraction as outputs. The predicted results show that the model can predict the transformed microstructure which is in good agreement with the measured one, and it is better than the empirical equations. Also, the effect of the alloying elements on transformed products has been analyzed by using the model. The tendency is the same as that in the reported articles. The model can be used further for the optimization of processing parameters, microstructure and properties in TMCP. 相似文献
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H. Monshat 《钢铁冶炼》2013,40(6):513-521
Transformation of austenite to ferrite under continuous cooling condition was investigated. The heat conduction problem was managed by finite element method while two-dimensional cellular automata modeling was simultaneously performed to predict the progress of austenite decomposition using a two-step algorithm to reduce surface-to-volume ratio. Continuous cooling experiments on low carbon steel were made and the ferrite structure was determined and compared with the simulation data. The predicted and the experimental results demonstrated an acceptable consistency and the activation energy for ferrite growth was determined as 171 kJ/mole. The rate of ferrite transformation increased under examined continuous cooling conditions owing to higher nucleation rate. Moreover, the initial austenite grain size has shown a significant impact on the rate of transformation e.g. in air-cooled samples as the austenite grain size decreased from 24 to 34 µm, the mean ferrite grain size decreased about 8 µm. 相似文献
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快冷条件下钒对中低氮钢晶粒尺寸的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过实验室轧制试验,研究了中低氮含钒钢在轧后快速冷却条件下的铁素体晶粒尺寸和屈服强度的变化规律.结果表明,加入钒能够细化铁素体晶粒,原因是在快速冷却条件下中低氮含钒钢中的钒全部固溶在基体中,固溶的钒降低铁素体的实际相变温度,从而细化了铁素体晶粒. 相似文献
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为了研究冷却过程中Q&P钢(quenching and partition steel)铁素体的相变规律,在热膨胀仪上以846 ℃均热200 s为冷却的初始条件,检测了成分(质量分数)为0.2%C、1.25%Si、2.0%Mn的Q&P钢在不同冷却速率下铁素体的相变热膨胀数据,应用杠杆定律将数据处理为相变规律与温度的关系,通过光学显微镜检测热处理后金相中的铁素体相体积分数和铁素体晶粒尺寸,得出了饱和位置形核条件下铁素体的形核率,基于混合控制模型得出了铁素体相变的相界迁移速率。结合相变开始温度,利用混合控制模型计算了相变结束温度和铁素体晶粒尺寸在相变过程中的演变规律,铁素体晶粒尺寸计算值与实测值吻合程度较高,相变结束温度的计算值与实测值的误差在±15 ℃以内,所获得的铁素体相变规律可以用于控制Q&P钢在冷却过程中的铁素体相变体积分数。 相似文献
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低碳钢先共析铁素体和形变诱导铁素体的相变机制、组织和性能 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过Gleeble 1500热模拟机对Q235钢加热至950℃ 5 min;1℃/s冷至855℃ 30 s,以应变速率15 s-1,进行80%压缩,淬火,获得形变诱导铁素体组织,并用950℃ 5 min,炉冷获得先共析铁素体组织。试验结果表明,形变诱导铁素体晶粒尺寸≤5μm,平均HV229.55,抗拉强度809 MPa;先共析铁素体晶粒尺寸10~20μm,晶粒不均匀,平均HV210.28,抗拉强度736 MPa。文中分析了形变诱导铁素体和先共析铁素体相变热力学和动力学机制。 相似文献
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Deformation dilatometry is used to simulate the hot rolling of 0.20 pct C-1.10 pct Mn steels over a product thickness range
of 6 to 170 mm. In addition to a base steel, steels with additions of 0.02 pct Ti, 0.06 pct V, or 0.02 pct Nb are included
in the study. The transformation behavior of each steel is explored for three different austenite grain sizes, nominally 30,
55, and 100 μm. In general, the volume fraction of Widmanst?tten ferrite increases in all four steels with increasing austenite
grain size and cooling rate, with austenite grain size having the more significant effect. The Nb steel has the lowest transformation
temperature range and the greatest propensity for Widmanst?tten ferrite formation, while the amount of Widmanst?tten ferrite
is minimized in the Ti steel (as a result of intragranular nucleation of polygonal ferrite on coarse TiN particles). The data
emphasize the importance of a refined austenite grain size in minimizing the formation of a coarse Widmanst?tten structure.
With a sufficiently fine prior austenite grain size (e.g., ≤30 μm), significant amounts of Widmanst?tten structure can be avoided, even in a Nb-alloyed steel. 相似文献
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《钢铁研究学报(英文版)》2011,(Z1):808-811
In this paper, a laboratory study has been made to develop low cost high performance steel plates with superior HAZ toughness for large heat input welding. Simulated results show that the absorbed impact energy of heat-affected zone (HAZ) at -20℃reaches above 200J when large heat inputs of 100 to 400kJ/cm were applied, suggestive of superior HAZ toughness for large heat input welding of developed steel plate. The microstructures in HAZ are transformed from mainly fine ferrite and bainite at 100kJ/cm, through an intermediate stage of ferrite, bainite and pearlite at 200 and 300kJ/cm, to nearly fine ferrite and pearlite at 400kJ/cm. The prior austenite grain size and ferrite grain size in HAZ are controlled to ~50 and ~20μm, respectively. The high HAZ toughness is due to the inhibition of prior austenite grain size at high temperatures and the formation of beneficial microstructures to HAZ toughness during continuous cooling. 相似文献