涡流纺筒子棉纱剥色技术

为减少剥色后涡流纺筒子棉纱的强力损失,且达到良好的剥色效果,研究并设计了涡流纺筒子棉纱剥色工艺。结果表明,纯碱和保险粉用量、剥色时间、剥色次数以及剥色温度等工艺条件都会影响深色、中深色和浅色棉纱的剥色效果。通过单因素调节确定了优化的剥色工艺：浅色棉纱采用2g／L纯碱、4g／L保险粉,在90～100℃剥色40～60min;深色、中深色棉纱采用4g／L纯碱、6g／L保险粉,100℃剥色60min,采用该工艺可以尽量保持涡流纺筒子棉纱原有强力,具有良好剥色效果。     

阳离子改性剂WLS应用于棉纱线硫化染料染色

选用自制阳离子改性剂WLS对棉纱线进行改性,优化了改性工艺,研究了改性棉纱线在硫化染料色中染料用量、染料品种对其上染率和K/S值的影响,并测试了改性棉纱线的色牢度和匀染性.结果表明,阳离子改性剂WLS改性棉纱线的最佳工艺为:先将纱线放入含有氢氧化钠6g/L、精练剂2g/L、渗透剂JFC用量1g/L的精练液中,在60℃处理15 min后,再加入阳离子改性剂WLS用量20 g/L,继续处理30min,浴比1∶30.棉纱线改性后采用硫化染料染色,纱线的K/S值和上染率均比未改性棉纱线硫化染料染色所得的有所提高,且提高程度根据染料用量和品种的不同而不同;改性棉纱线染色后匀染性好,但耐洗色牢度和耐摩擦色牢度稍有降低,需进一步研究改进.     

牛奶纤维/粘胶混纺针织物溢流染色

探讨了牛奶蛋白纤维／粘胶混纺针织物的Cibacron FN染料溢流染色的工艺条件。试验得出的优化工艺为：染色温度70℃；保温时间60min；Na2SO4用量染浅色时8～13g／L，染中色时15～40g／L；Na2CO3用量染浅色时3～8g／L，染中色时10～15g／L。对染色中存在的白度不稳定、折皱、色光不一致，以及色花、色点等问题进行了分析，并给出了解决办法。大车试验结果表明，用Cibacron FN染料在溢流染色机上对牛奶蛋白纤维／粘胶混纺针织物进行染色是可行的。     

筒子棉纱剥色工艺分析

为了减小剥色后的涡流纺筒子棉纱强力损失,且达到良好的剥色效果,研究并设计了涡流纺筒子棉纱剥色工艺.结果表明,纯碱和保险粉用量、剥色时间、剥色次数以及剥色温度等工艺条件,都会影响深色、中深色和浅色棉纱的剥色效果.通过单因素调节确定了优化剥色工艺:浅色棉纱采用纯碱2 g/L、保险粉4 g/L,在90～100 ℃剥色40～60 min;深色、中深色棉纱采用纯碱4 g/L、保险粉6 g/L,100 ℃剥色60 min.采用该工艺可以尽量保持涡流纺筒子棉纱原有强力并具有良好剥色效果.     

棉织物生物酶冷轧堆前处理工艺研究

利用生物酶的专一性、高效性、处理条件的温和性和环境保护等优点，采用冷轧堆退煮一浴再氧漂的两步法前处理工艺，对六种纯棉织物的生物酶冷轧堆前处理进行了研究。结果表明，某些品种的纯棉织物采用生物酶冷轧堆前处理工艺，可以达到传统的前处理效果。酶轧堆退煮处方为L-2000淀粉酶2g／L，Bipprep 3000L果胶酶0．5g／L，尿素5～10g／L，渗透剂TX2～4g／L，堆置时间为4～8h；漂白工艺中，H2O2 20～25g／L，渗透剂TX3g／L和TL3g／L混用，98—100℃汽蒸60min。     

壳聚糖对桑果汁澄清效果的研究

处理后的桑椹汁在720mn处有最大吸收波长。用壳聚糖对桑棋汁进行澄清实验结果表明，壳聚糖用量为0．4-0．7g／L、pH2．5～4．5、温度35～55℃时的工艺条件处理桑椹果汁时，果汁的透光率能达剑80％以上，果汁中的可溶性同形物及Vc含量基本不变。正交实验显示，壳聚糖对桑椹汁的最适工艺条件是：壳聚糖用量为0．6g／L，温度为45℃，果汁pH为4．5。     

絮凝-Fenton氧化处理E段漂白废水的研究

采用絮凝-Fenton氧化处理E段漂白废水。通过正交实验确定了最佳操作参数。Al2（SO4）5-Fen％on氧化配合处理E段漂白废水的最佳操作条件为：Al2（SO4）3用量0．6g／L,氧化反应的pH值为5,H2O2用量1．Og／L,FeSO4用量0．8g／L,在此条件下废水COD的去除率可达90．64％。CPAM-Fenton氧化配合处理E段漂白废水的最佳操作条件为：CPAM用量0．8mg／L,氧化反应pH值6,H202用量1．5g／L,FeSO4用量1．2g／L,在此条件下废水COD的去除率可达82．43％。     

用Cibacron FN染料染大豆/竹纤维混纺织物的工艺探讨

介绍了CibacronFN染料的结构及染色性能，重点探讨了CibacronFN染料染大豆纤维／竹纤维混纺织物的条件，即染色温度为70℃，保温时间为60min，染浅色时Na2SO4的用量为8～15g／L，染中色时为15～15g／L，染浅色时Na2SO3的用量为5～10g／L，染中色时为13～15g／L。确定了CibacronFN2R黄、CibacronFNR红、CibacronFNR蓝做三元色，对染色中存在的问题进行了分析，找出了原因，给出了解决办法。     

大豆纤维/毛/涤混纺织物酸性染料溢流染色

选用酸性染料染大豆纤维／毛／涤混纺织物，讨论了染色温度、升温速率、染色时间、各种染色助剂用量对染色的影响。给出了大车溢流染色工艺，即选用酸性染料染色，分阶段升温至95℃，助染剂M用量4～8g／L，尿素4～6g／L。该工艺染大豆纤维／毛／涤混纺织物成品率高达95．2％。该文还分析了染色过程中常出现的问题，提出了解决办法。     

纯棉纱线活性染料剥色工艺

纯碱和保险粉用量、剥色时间、剥色次数和剥色温度等工艺条件,都会影响深色、中深色和浅色棉纱的剥色效果.优化的剥色工艺为:浅色棉纱采用纯碱3 g/L、保险粉5 g/L,在95 ℃剥色30～45 min;深色棉纱采用纯碱5 g/L、保险粉7 g/L,95 ℃剥色60 min.工厂生产采用以上工艺进行剥色,剥色后的棉纱强力损失小,且回染棉纱各指标达到国标要求.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.