Design and fabrication of a 40-MHz annular array transducer

This paper investigates the feasibility of fabricating a five-ring, focused annular array transducer operating at 40 MHz. The active piezoelectric material of the transducer was a 9-microm thick polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film. One side of the PVDF was metallized with gold and forms the ground plane of the transducer. The array pattern of the transducer and electrical traces to each annulus were formed on a copper-clad polyimide film. The PVDF and polyimide were bonded with a thin layer of epoxy, pressed into a spherically curved shape, then back filled with epoxy. A five-ring transducer with equal area elements and 100-microm kerfs between annuli was fabricated and tested. The transducer had a total aperture of 6 mm and a geometric focus of 12 mm. The pulse/echo response from a quartz plate located at the geometric focus, two-way insertion loss (IL), complex impedance, electrical crosstalk, and lateral beamwidth all were measured for each annulus. The complex impedance data from each element were used to perform electrical matching, and the measurements were repeated. After impedance matching; fc approximately equal to 36 MHz and -6-dB bandwidths ranged from 31 to 39%. The ILs for the matched annuli ranged from -28 to -38 dB.     

A3夹心式压电超声扭转换能器的研制

本文对夹心式压电超声扭转振动换能器进行了理论及实验研究，得出了对称型扭转振动夹心换能器的共振频率设计方程，给出了频率方程式中一些主要的物理量的具体表达式。在此基础上，实际设计并制作了一个夹心扭转振动换能器，并对其所有的电声参数进行了测试     

夹心式功率超声压电陶瓷换能器的工程设计

文中为换能器的优化设计和性能改善提供一些有用的设计指南和解决措施,并对功率超声夹心式压电陶瓷换能器工程设计中的一些重要问题(即换能器各部分的功能及选择,压电陶瓷元件的位置优化,接触界面对换能器性能的影响与预应力的选择及影响等)进行了简要的分析。结论表明,文中所述对于优化设计、改善并提高性能具有参考和使用价值。     

A3 夹心式压电超声扭转换能器的研制

本文对夹心式压电超声扭转振动换能器进行了理论及实验研究，得出了对称型扭转振动夹心换能器的共振频率设计方程，给出了频率方程式中一些主要的物理量的具体表达式，在此基础上，实际设计提供制作了一个夹心扭转振动换能器，并对其所有的电声参数进行了测试。     

Design and fabrication of bimorph transducer for optimal vibration energy harvesting

High energy density piezoelectric composition corresponding to 0.9Pb(Zr0.56Ti0.44)O3–0.1Pb[(Zn0.8/3Ni0.2/3) Nb2/3]O3 + 2 mol% MnO2 (PZTZNN) and 0.8[Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48) O3]-0.2[Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3] (PZTPZN) were synthesized by conventional ceramic processing technique using three different sintering profiles. Plates of the sintered samples were used to fabricate the piezoelectric bimorphs with optimized dimensions to exhibit resonance in the loaded condition in the range of ~200 Hz. An analytical model for energy harvesting from bimorph transducer was developed which was confirmed by experimental measurements. The results of this study clearly show that power density of bimorph transducer can be enhanced by increasing the magnitude of product (d ? g), where d is the piezoelectric strain constant and g is the piezoelectric voltage constant.     

环境振动能收集系统的微型压电悬臂梁设计与制作

研制长寿稳定电源已经成为微型无线传感网络中的关键技术之一,现有的化学电池容量有限,需要不断的逐个更换耗尽的电池,难以满足无线传感网的实际应用.本文提出利用压电材料的机电耦合特性收集环境振动能,该类型微电源有望成为MEMS提供长期电能.首先分析了利用压电材料收集振动能的原理,对微型悬臂梁结构的设计进行了简单的分析,重点介绍了用MEMS工艺加工微型悬臂梁的工艺流程.悬臂梁结构采用体硅和面硅加工工艺相结合,体硅工艺包括湿法和干法刻蚀硅及表面层结构,金属Pt层刻蚀等,面硅工艺包括溅射金属薄膜和利用Sol-Gel方法在Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt衬底上制作锆钛酸铅(Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3,PZT)压电薄膜等.经过反复工艺实验研究,确定一套稳定的微型压电能源的制作工艺流程.     

大功率夹心式压电换能器结构参数计算分析及设计

基于一维纵振理论和机电等效原理,得到了单匹配层夹心式压电换能器辐射声压级的计算公式,通过该公式对换能器结构参数对其谐振频率和辐射声压级(sound pressure level,SPL)的影响进行了计算分析。计算结果表明:换能器径向尺寸对谐振频率的影响不大,但前盖板径向尺寸的增大会提高辐射声压级;纵向尺寸的增大会使换能器系统谐振频率降低,但增加前盖板厚度,或增大前后盖板厚度比,有利于辐射声压级的提高;增加压电晶片的片数、厚度和面积都可使换能器辐射声压级提高;换能器发射端增加匹配层能有效提高辐射声压级,匹配层的厚度和密度对声压级幅值和带宽有影响。依据计算结果,进行了给定指标要求的换能器的设计计算。     

Design and fabrication of a high performance multilayer piezoelectric actuator with bending deformation

A new bending mode multimorph actuator was designed and fabricated successfully by a multiple screen printing process. Unlike the conventional bimorph actuator in which the bend occurs in the thickness direction, the bend in the multimorph actuator occurs in the widthwise direction because of synchronistical deformation of each single monolithic layer in the multilayer structure. The theoretical analysis and experimental measurements were conducted to study the performance of this type of actuator, and a comparison was made with the conventional bimorph actuator. Larger displacement, higher resonance frequency, and much larger blocking force could be achieved with the multimorph actuator than with a bimorph actuator of similar dimensions. The multimorph actuator presented in this paper provides a valuable alternative for actuator applications beyond those available with the popular bimorph and longitudinal multilayer actuators.     

一种冲击式压电发电机的实验研究

介绍了自行设计制作的一种冲击式压电发电机。首先通过分析影响压电陶瓷发电量的因素,确定压电陶瓷的尺寸,并给出了冲击弹簧与恢复弹簧的刚度设计要求,然后测量了压电陶瓷叠片的模态及压电发电机的力谱,可以看出其冲击力能激发出压电陶瓷的轴向振动模态,从而使其产生的电荷能最多。最后,对压电发电机的性能进行了测试,得到其瞬时发电功率在0.3W左右,能够点亮210个并联发光二极管。     

The design and fabrication of a monodisperse aerosol generator

Abstract

A monodisperse aerosol generator using a dual stream carrier gas designed and built for combustion research is described. Tetralin is used as the working fluid to generate the mist. The system is capable of generating monosize droplets of diameters between 7 μm to 58 μm. The stability of the system can be maintained up to 4 hours with a typical monodispersity of 0.12.     

Vibration characteristics of a circular cylindrical panel piezoelectric transducer

We study the theory of the basic vibration characteristics of a circular cylindrical shell piezoelectric transducer. The linear theory of piezoelectricity is used. Both the free-vibration solution for resonant frequencies and modes as well as the electrically forced-vibration solution for admittance are obtained. Numerical results are presented.     

Vibration characteristics of a corrugated cylindrical shell piezoelectric transducer

We study coupled extensional and flexural cylindrical vibrations of a corrugated cylindrical shell piezoelectric transducer consisting of multiple pieces of circular cylindrical surfaces smoothly connected along their generatrices. Using the classical shell theory, a theoretical solution is obtained. Based on the solution, basic vibration characteristics of resonant frequencies, mode shapes, and internal forces are calculated and examined for the corrugated transducers, consisting of a few circular pieces each about 50 μm thick, with radius of 5 mm and span angle of 120°. For these transducers the first resonance is of the order of 10-100 Hz.     

Design,fabrication, and performance of a flextensional transducer based on electrostrictive polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer

Taking advantage of the high electrostrictive strain and high elastic energy density of a newly developed electrostrictive polymer, modified poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] based polymers, a flextensional transducer was designed, and its performance was investigated. The flextensional transducer consists of a multilayer stack made of electrostrictive P(VDF-TrFE) polymer films and two flextensional shells fixed at the ends to the multilayer stack. Because of the large transverse strain level achievable in the electrostrictive polymer and the displacement amplification of the flextensional shells, a device of a few millimeters thick and lateral dimension about 30 mm /spl times/ 25 mm can generate an axial displacement output of more than I rum. The unique flextensional configuration and the high elastic energy density of the active polymer also enable the device to offer high-load capability. As an underwater transducer, the device can be operated at frequencies below 1 kHz and still exhibit relatively high transmitting voltage response (TVR), very high source level (SL), and low mechanical quality factor (Q/sub m/).     

Design and fabrication of functionally graded PZT/Pt piezoelectric bimorph actuator

A laminated piezoelectric bimorph actuator with a graded compositional distribution of PZT and Pt was fabricated, and its deflection characteristics were evaluated. Using experimentally determined compositional dependency of elastic and piezoelectric properties in the PZT/Pt composites, the modified classical lamination theory and the finite element method were applied to find the optimum compositional profile that will give a larger deflection and smaller stress, simultaneously. The miniature bimorph-type graded actuator that consists of a composite internal-electrode (PZT/30 vol% Pt) and three piezoelectric layers of different compositions (PZT/0–20 vol% Pt) were fabricated by powder stacking and sintering. The deflection of the actuator was measured using electric strain gages mounted on the top and bottom surfaces of the actuator. The deflection was found to strongly depend on the composition distribution profile. Under an applied electric field of 100 V m^–1, the actuator with an optimum composition profile exhibited a curvature of up to 0.03 m^–1, which is a satisfactory performance for this kind of actuators. The stress generated on actuation was estimated to be as low as 0.4 MPa, which is much smaller than those of conventional directly bonded actuators and will assure a long actuation life.     

Design and fabrication of functionally graded PZT/Pt piezoelectric bimorph actuator

A laminated piezoelectric bimorph actuator with a graded compositional distribution of PZT and Pt was fabricated, and its deflection characteristics were evaluated. Using experimentally determined compositional dependency of elastic and piezoelectric properties in the PZT/Pt composites, the modified classical lamination theory and the finite element method were applied to find the optimum compositional profile that will give a larger deflection and smaller stress, simultaneously. The miniature bimorph-type graded actuator that consists of a composite internal-electrode (PZT/30 vol% Pt) and three piezoelectric layers of different compositions (PZT/0–20 vol% Pt) were fabricated by powder stacking and sintering. The deflection of the actuator was measured using electric strain gages mounted on the top and bottom surfaces of the actuator. The deflection was found to strongly depend on the composition distribution profile. Under an applied electric field of 100 V m⁻¹, the actuator with an optimum composition profile exhibited a curvature of up to 0.03 m⁻¹, which is a satisfactory performance for this kind of actuators. The stress generated on actuation was estimated to be as low as 0.4 MPa, which is much smaller than those of conventional directly bonded actuators and will assure a long actuation life.     

基于气体基压电复合材料的线聚焦空耦超声传感器研制与应用

空气耦合式超声检测技术因具有非接触、无损伤等特点,被广泛应用于材料的非接触检测。本文从晶硅太阳能电池的实际检测需求出发,设计并制作了一种气体基线聚焦空气耦合（空耦）式超声传感器,与传统的聚合物基空气耦合（空耦）式超声传感器相比,气体基线聚焦空耦传感器利用了3D打印技术将聚合物基框架改进为镂空结构,进一步降低了压电复合材料的声阻抗。所研制的传感器中心频率约为150 kHz,聚焦半径为20 mm,孔径为28 mm。对传感器进行了激励接收性能测试,并采用空耦超声Lamb波检测技术,对含有裂纹缺陷的单晶硅太阳能电池片进行非接触式检测,通过分析接收信号的幅值信息并利用相关系数法,完成了对裂纹缺陷的检出和定位,实现了气体基线聚焦空耦传感器在缺陷检测中的应用。     

基于机械品质因数的全波压电超声换能器设计

针对全波压电超声换能器常规设计方法存在的尺寸参数较多、计算较复杂等问题,研究了一种利用机械品质因数设计全波压电超声换能器的方法.基于压电超声理论推导了全波压电超声换能器的频率方程,利用电学理论推导了全波压电超声换能器各组成部分的等效电路,利用等效电路求取了在任意等效截面处的等效机械阻抗,进而推导出全波压电超声换能器各部...     

圆台型自聚焦超声压电换能器研究

对圆台型自聚焦超声压电换能器辐射声场分布进行了数值计算,分析了圆台换能器几何参数小端半径b、大端半径a以及高度h对轴向声场以及焦平面声场分布的影响。结果表明:圆台型自聚焦超声换能器轴向声场为振荡分布,声强平均值较高,存在一组最佳参数对应于最佳的聚焦效果,而径向声场分布比较均匀,焦平面有效半径小,受参数影响较小。     

Equilibrium piezoelectric potential distribution in a deformed ZnO nanowire

The equilibrium piezoelectric potential distribution in a deformed ZnO semiconductive nanowire has been systematically investigated in order to reveal its dependence on the donor concentration, applied force, and geometric parameters. In particular, the donor concentration markedly affects the magnitude and distribution of the electric potential. At a donor concentration of N _D>10¹⁸ cm⁻³, the piezopotential is almost entirely screened. Among the other parameters, a variation in the length of the nanowire does not significantly affect the potential distribution.      

Investigation of a new wide-band transducer with piezoelectric layered ring

A type of transmitting transducer with a piezoelectric layered ring is described. It is wide band, applicable to low-frequency operation, and has horizontal nondirectivity. Theoretical analysis and structural design are both discussed. Experimental results show: (1) the flat and smooth transmitting frequency response of the experimental transducer ranges from 9 to 20 kHz with the fluctuation not exceeding +/-1 dB; (2) within this wide band the electroacoustic efficiency reaches 30%-60%; and (3) when a small signal is used as excitation, the theoretical frequency response curve coincides very well with the experimental curve.