Computational fluid dynamic simulations on liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe☆

The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding and the transition of flow pattern when flooding happened. The influences of the surface tension and liquid viscosity were specially analyzed. Comparisons of the calculated velocity at the onset of flooding with the available experimental results showed a good agreement. The calculations verify that the fluctuation frequency and the liquid film thickness are almost unaffected by the superficial gas velocity until the flooding is triggered due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. When flooding triggered at the superficial liquid velocity larger than 0.15 m·s?1, the interfacial wave developed to slug flow, while it developed to entrainment flow when it was smaller than 0.08 m·s?1. The interfacial waves were more easily torn into tiny droplets with smaller surface tension, eventual y evolving into the mist flow. When the liquid viscosity increases, the liquid film has a thicker holdup with more intensive fluctuations, and more likely developed to the slug flow.     

Gas dispersion and solid suspension in a three-phase stirred tank with triple impellers

The hydrodynamics is still not fully understood in the three-phase stirred tank equipped with multi-impeller due to the intensive interaction between phases. In this work, the solid critical suspension speed(NJSG), relative power demand(RPD) and overall gas holdup(ε_G) were measured in an air–water–glass beads stirred tank equipped with multi-impeller, which consists of a parabolic blade disk turbine below two down-pumping hydrofoils. Results show that either the NJSGor the specific power consumption increases when increasing the volumetric solid concentration or superficial gas velocity. RPD changes less than 10% when solid volumetric concentration ranges from 0 to 15%. ε_G decreases with the increase of solid concentration, and increases with the increase of both superficial gas velocity and the total specific power consumption. The quantitative correlations of NJSG,RPD and εGwere regressed as the function of superficial gas velocity, specific power consumption, Froude number and gas flow number, in order to provide the reference in the design of such three-phase stirred tank with similar multi-impellers.     

非牛顿流体中垂直上升油气水三相泡状流及段塞流的动力学特性非线性检验(英文)

Based on the conductance fluctuation signals measured from vertical upward oil-gas-water three-phase flow experiment, time frequency representation and surrogate data method were used to investigate dynamical characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows. The results indicate that oil-in-water type bubble flow will turn to deterministic motion with the increase of oil phase fraction f o and superficial gas velocity U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture Q mix . The dynamics of oil-in-water type slug flow becomes more complex with the increase of U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture. The change of f o leads to irregular influence on the dynamics of slug flow. These interesting findings suggest that the surrogate data method can be a faithful tool for characterizing dynamic characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows.     

上升管中严重段塞流的流型和压力波动特性

During the exploitation of offshore oil and gas, it is easy to form severe slugging which can cause great harm in the riser connecting wellheads and offshore platform preprocessing system. The flow pattern and pressure fluctuation of severe slugging were studied in an experimental simulation system with inner diameter of 0.051 m. It is found that severe slugging can be divided into three severe slugging regimes: regime I at low gas and liquid flow rates with large pressure fluctuation, intermittent flow of liquid and gas in the riser, and apparent cutoff of liquid phase, regime II at high gas flow rate with non-periodic fluctuation and discontinuous liquid outflow and no gas cutoff, regime III at high liquid flow rate with degenerative pressure fluctuation in form of relatively stable bubbly or plug flow. The results indicate that severe slugging still occurs when the declination angle of pipeline is 0˚, and there are mainly two kinds of regimes: regime I and regime II. As the angle increases, the formation ranges of regime I and regime III increase slightly while that of regime II is not affected. With the increase of gas superficial velocity and liquid superficial velocity, the pressure fluctuation at the bottom of riser increases initially and then decreases. The maximum value of pressure fluctuation occurs at the transition boundary of regimes I and II.     

水平管内气液段塞流液塞发展特性实验研究

Slug initiation and subsequem evolution along a 5.0 cm ID, 16m long horizomal pipe are experimentally studied. The transient characteristics of interfacial structures are described by using simultaneous measuremeres of the liquid height at multiple locations along the pipe. Various effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities and pressure oscillation on the slug initiation and evolution along the pipe are illustrated. It is found that the slug is initiated by a deterministic orocess with reolenishmem and deoletion of liquid near the inlet for the superficial gas velocity USG〈3.0m·s^-1 and by a stochastic process with wave coalescence along the pipe for USG〉3.0m·s^-1.The evolution of the slugs is strongly attected by superhclal gas and liquid veloclties for USG〈3.0m·s^-1 but weakly affected by the superficial gas velocity for USG〉3.0 m·s . The suppression of pressure oscillation at the pipe inlet significantly delays the onset of slugging, with slugs forming postponed further downstream. The slug frequency at the outlet is, however, not affected by the variation in the pressure oscillation.     

水平管气液两相弹状流液弹频率的水动力学新模型

The prediction of slug frequency has important significance on gas-liquid two-phase flow. A hydrodynamic model was put forward to evaluate slug frequency for horizontal two-phase flow, based on the dependence of slug frequency on the frequency of unstable interfacial wave. Using air and water, experimental verification of the model was carried out in a large range of flow parameters. Six electrical probes were installed at different positions of a horizontal plexiglass pipe to detect slug frequency development. The pipe is 30 m long and its inner diameter is 24 ram. It is observed experimentally that the interracial wave frequency at the inlet is about i to 3 times the frequency of stable slug. The slug frequencies predicted by the model fit well with Tronconi (1990) model and the experimental data. The combination of the hydrodynamic model and the experimental data results in a conclusion that the frequency of equilibrium liquid slug is approximately half the minimum frequency of interfacial wave.     

A Hydrodynamic Modei for Slug Frequency in Horizontal Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

The prediction of slug frequency has important significance on gas-liquid two-phase flow. A hydrody-namic modei was put forward to evaluate slug frequency for horizontal two-phase flow, based on the dependence of slug frequency on the frequency of unstable interfacial wave. Using air and water, experimental verification of the modei was carried out in a large range of flow parameters. Six electrical probes were installed at different positions of a horizontal plexiglass pipe to detect slug frequency development. The pipe is 30m long and its inner diameter is 24 mm. It is observed experimentally that the interfacial wave frequency at the inlet is about l to 3 times the frequency of stable slug. The slug frequencies predicted by the modei fit well with Tronconi (1990) modei and the experimental data. The combination of the hydrodynamic modei and the experimental data results in a conclusion that the frequency of equilibrium liquid slug is approximately half the miniraum frequency of interfacial wave.     

Simultaneous measurement of velocity profile and liquid film thickness in horizontal gas–liquid slug flow by using ultrasonic Doppler method

Horizontal gas–liquid two-phase flows widely exist in chemical engineering, oil/gas production and other important industrial processes. Slug flow pattern is the main form of horizontal gas–liquid flows and characterized by intermittent motion of film region and slug region. This work aims to develop the ultrasonic Doppler method to realize the simultaneous measurement of the velocity profile and liquid film thickness of slug flow. A single-frequency single-channel transducer is adopted in the d...     

垂直管内气液两相弹状流含气率研究

In order to investigate the influence of the entrance effect on the spatial distribution of phases, the experiments on gas-liquid two-phase slug flow in a vertical pipe of 0.03m ID were carried out by using optical probes and an EKTAPRO 1000 high speed motion analyzer. It demonstrates that the radial profile of slug flow void fraction is parabolic. Influenced by the falling liquid film, the radial profile curve of liquid slug void fraction in the wake region is also parabolic. Since fully turbulent velocity distribution is built up in the developed region,the void fraction profile in this region is the saddle type. At given superficial liquid velocity, the liquid slug void fraction increases with gas velocity. The radial profiles of liquid slug void fraction at different axial locations are all saddle curves, but void fraction is obviously high around the centerline in the entrance region. The nearer the measuring station is from the entrance, the farther the peak location is away from the wall.     

气液界面摩擦因子对分层流向段塞流过渡的影响

根据气液两相流段塞稳定性理论,结合分层流理想化模型,对直径2.54 cm水平管内空气-水两相流出现段塞流时的各相临界表观速度和临界液层高度进行了理论预测,并且分析了气液两相界面的摩擦因子对于预测流型转变的影响.由于在不同的气相流速范围内,段塞流由不同形式的界面波形成,当气相表观速度小于 4 m(s(1时,由大振幅波形成段塞流,而当气相表观速度大于 4 m(s(1,段塞流由小波长的滚动波合并而成,因而根据实测数据对界面摩擦因子的计算进行了补充修正,并且应用到对应的气相流速范围.基于所给出的计算方法解得发生分层流向段塞流转变的临界表观速度和临界液层高度,并和实验数据进行了比较. 结果表明所做的修正可以避免以往理论预测中出现的低估情况,求得的各临界特征参数值和实验结果吻合得较好.     

水平管道油气二相段塞流稳态流动特性

使用通过自行设计并搭建的实验装置,对水平管道油气二相段塞流稳态流动特性进行了实验研究。采用压力信号互相关方法测量了段塞流平均液塞速度,通过分析得到了液塞速度、液塞长度和液塞频率随气、液相折算速度的变化规律。结果表明,当液相折算速度恒定时,随着气相折算速度的增大,液塞速度基本上呈线性增大,而液塞长度呈双曲线减小;当气相折算速度恒定时,随着液相折算速度的增大,液塞频率基本呈线性增大,而液塞长度呈双曲线减小。     

气液两相流差压测量波动信号的符号序列统计分析

将符号时间序列分析方法应用到两相流测量波动信号分析,并讨论了关键参数对符号统计量影响问题。在此基础上,利用垂直上升管中采集到的80组气液两相流差压动态波动信号,提取了时间不可逆转性Tfb及χ2fb统计量。当气相表观速度小于002 m·s-1时,随着气相表观速度增加,泡状流随机可变的运动特征逐渐加剧,其动力学特性变得相对复杂;当气相表观速度大于002 m·s-1时,在流型从泡状流向段塞流转变过程中,随着气相表观速度增大,流型演化的动力学特性逐渐变得相对简单;在流型从段塞流向混状流转变过程中,随着气相表观速度增加,混状流的动力学特性逐渐变得愈加复杂。研究结果表明,时间不可逆转性Tfb及χ2fb统计量两个符号是表征气液两相流流型的敏感特征量,考察这两个统计量随两相流流动参数变化规律有助于更好地理解两相流流型动力学特性。     

用统计方法研究未充分发展弹状流动

在一内径19 mm、长2 m的垂直有机玻璃管内,采用自制的电导探针对未充分发展的气-液二相弹状流中的弹状气泡上升速度、液塞上升速度、弹状气泡长度和液塞长度进行了测量。得到了各自随表观气速或表观液速的变化规律。结果表明:在未充分发展的弹状流状态下,弹状气泡的上升速度略高于液塞的上升速度:弹状气泡长度随表观气速的增大而增大,随表观液速的增大而减小。文章对弹状气泡长度进行了统计分析。未充分发展弹状流中弹状气泡长度符合正态分布律。     

Effect of tube diameter on two‐phase flow patterns in mini tubes

The effect of tube diameter on two‐phase flow patterns was investigated in circular tubes with inner diameters of 0.6, 1.2, 1.7, 2.6, and 3.4 mm using air and water. The gas and liquid superficial velocity ranges were 0.01–50 and 0.01–3 m/s, respectively. The gas and liquid flow rates were measured and the two‐phase flow pattern images were recorded using high‐speed CMOS camera. The flow patterns observed were dispersed bubbly, bubbly, slug, slug‐annular, wavy‐annular, stratified, and annular flows. These flow patterns were not observed in all the test diameters, but were found to be unique to particular tube diameters, confirming the effect of tube diameter on the flow pattern. The data obtained were compared to existing experimental data and flow regime transition maps which show generally reasonable overall agreement at the larger diameters, but significant differences were observed with the smaller diameter tubes.     

壁面润湿性对微通道内二氧化碳-水两相流流动及传质性能的影响

在1 mm×1 mm矩形截面下微通道内,以二氧化碳-水为工作流体,研究壁面润湿性和气液表观流速对气-液两相流型和气液传质的影响,并研究了气、液表观流速对弹状流流体力学性质的影响。在亲水微通道中观测到了泡状流、泡状-弹状流、弹状流;在疏水微通道中观测到了非对称弹状流、拉长的非对称弹状流、分层流。实验表明亲水微通道中弹状流区域下气泡长度大体上随气相表观流速的增大而增大,随液相表观流速的增大而减小;液弹长度大体上随气相表观流速的增大而减小,随液相表观流速的增大先增大后减小;液侧体积传质系数k_La均随气、液相表观流速的增大而增大,随通道壁面润湿性的增强而增大。     

矩形截面螺旋管内气液两相流型转换数值模拟

采用CLSVOF(coupled level set and volume of fluid method)方法,以空气和水为介质对矩形截面螺旋管内气液两相流动进行数值模拟,气相折算速度U_G为0.1～2.5 m·s^-1,液相折算速度U_L为0.09～4.5 m·s^-1.研究螺旋直径、螺旋升角对流型转换边界的影响,并绘制了不同螺旋直径、不同螺旋升角下的流型图.数值结果表明,与传统VOF方法相比,CLSVOF可以得到更精确的相界面;随着螺旋升角的增加,塞状流向泡状流的转换边界向U_L减小的方向进行,但是幅度很小,塞状流向弹状流的转换边界向U_L减小的方向进行;随着螺旋直径的增加,塞状流向泡状流的转换边界向U_L减小的方向进行,塞状流向弹状流的转换边界向U_L减小、U_G增大的方向进行;与Murai流型图相比,流型转换边界有所差异.     

利用一维波和段塞稳定性模型预测分层流向段塞流的转变

利用气液二相流一维波模型和段塞稳定性模型,对直径2.54 cm水平管内空气-水二相流出现段塞流时的各相临界表观速度和临界液层高度进行了理论预测。计算中发现,2种模型分别适用于不同的流速区域,在较低的气相流速下,一维波模型的预测结果比较理想,但是在较高的气速条件下不太适合,而利用段塞稳定性模型可以较好地获得高流速下分层流向段塞流的流型转变条件。因此,结合这2种模型对发生流型转变时的临界参数作了分析,并且应用于40 mm和50 mm水平管道的油气二相流实验。将理论计算的结果和实验测得的流型数据进行了对比,并且对影响流型的管径、流速等因素作了分析,结果表明计算得到的特征参数和实验数据比较吻合。     

油井伞集流油气水三相流流动参数的软测量方法

基于伞集流涡轮流量计与放射性持水率-密度计组合仪在油气水三相流流动环中的动态测量特性,建立了三相流总流量及分相含率的人工神经网络软测量模型.由于集流伞存在流体非线性漏失,集流后测量通道内流型复杂多变,在软测量模型中考虑了油水流型特性的影响.人工神经网络训练与学习采用了Levenbery-Marquardt非线性阻尼最小二乘算法,模型检验结果表明：对泡状流及段塞流流型,利用该模型可以实现较高精度的总流量及分相含率预测,为伞集流油气水三相流测井信息处理提供了一种有效方法.