SIMULATIONS OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TOTAL DISSOLVED GAS SATURATION DOWNSTREAM OF SPILLWAYS UNDER UNSTEADY CONDITIONS

Dams are often operated in a way to discharge over the spillways, which would cause a high dissolved concentration of air and be harmful to fish. The bubble transfer and the water surface transfer play an important role in affecting the concentration of the Total Dissolved Gas (TDG). Based on recent numerical simulations of the total dissolved gas saturation, in this article, a two-phase TDG transport equation is adopted to develop an unsteady three-dimensional (3-D) two-phase flow Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, including a number of parameters such as water depth, pressure and air volume entrained. This model is used to predict the hydrodynamics and the TDG distribution under unsteady discharge conditions. Good agreement between measured and numerical results is obtained for a case study.     

A parameter analysis of a two-phase flow model for supersaturated total dissolved gas downstream spillways

A high concentration of the total dissolved gas(TDG) in a flow downstream high dams may cause the gas bubble disease in fishes.To better understand the spatial distribution of a supersaturated TDG,a numerical simulation approach for determining the TDG concentration is shown to be effective and convenient; however,the determination of the model parameters relies to a great extent on the observed field data,which are scarce but are very sensitive to the accuracy of the simulation.In this regard,determining the source parameter in the TDG transport equation is the primary concern of this paper.Observed field data from six different spillways in China are used to calibrate the source parameter.A relationship between the source parameter and the hydrodynamic characteristics is established.The inclusion of this relationship in the predictive relationship will enable an accurate and rapid estimation of the source parameter and may help in developing mitigation measures for the TDG supersaturation downstream the spillways.     

坐标变换方法在过饱和气体计算中的应用研究

在水库开闸泻水过程中,高速水流掺气以及消能过程中水流的强烈碰撞会卷吸大量气体形成溶解气体过饱和现象,进而引起鱼类患气泡病死亡。此文引入气体向气泡界面和水体表面传质的机理,利用坐标变换对自由水表面边界进行特殊处理,在三维紊流两相流模型的基础上模拟气泡在水中的运动和溶解,从而计算过饱和气体的浓度分布,并将此模型运用在对葛洲坝饱和气体模拟预测中,还和实测值进行了比较。结果表明:运用坐标变换方法后的模型能更准确地模拟饱和气体浓度。     

高坝下游水中总溶解气体过饱和研究进展

随着水电工程的不断兴起,高坝建设引起的过饱和水体问题日渐突出。总结了近年来国内外的的研究成果,从鱼类的耐受性、鱼类对过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)的规避效应以及过饱和TDG对鱼类的致死机理3方面分析了过饱和TDG与下游水生生物之间的相互作用,并提出了一些研究思路和想法。此外,还重点论述了促进过饱和TDG释放速率方面取得的进展和不足之处,指出实际工况条件下过饱和TDG的释放易受河流形态等周边环境影响,而实验条件下无法准确反映实际工况,今后室内试验和原型观测需进一步加强。而如何在安全行洪的前提下实现快速高效的TDG释放是该领域下一步研究的重点。     

Microanalysis of supersaturated gas release based on wall-attached bubbles

Supersaturation of dissolved gases in natural water, due to spillage from high dams and other factors, may cause fish mortality. In previous experiments, the dissipation coefficient has been used to denote the degassing process of total dissolved gas(TDG) saturation. These experiments mainly analyzed supersaturated TDG dissipation from a macroscopic view. To precisely clarify the mechanism of supersaturated TDG release, this study investigated bubble adsorption at a wall surface from a microscopic view. The experiment was conducted in a Plexiglas-wall container filled with supersaturated TDG water. A model that calculates the adsorption flux of supersaturated TDG by a solid wall, and helps describe construction for a contact angle at a three-phase intersection, was developed according to Young's equation. This model was used to investigate the formation process of bubbles adsorbed on a solid polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) surface in supersaturated TDG water. The adsorption effect of a solid wall on TDG release was analyzed based on the experimental data. The modeling results were compared with observations under different wall area conditions, and it was found that TDG release tended to increase with wall area. This study helps improve our understanding of the mechanisms of supersaturated TDG release and provides an important theoretical method for accurate calculation of the release process. The adsorption flux model of the solid wall provides mitigation measures to combat the adverse effects of TDG supersaturation,which will be beneficial to the protection of aquatic organisms in hydropower-regulated rivers.     

鱼类在TDG过饱和含沙水体中的耐受性

为探讨高坝泄洪引起的总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和含沙水体对鱼类的影响,以岩原鲤和鲢鱼为研究对象,开展TDG过饱和含沙水体对不同鱼类的急性暴露试验,根据鱼类受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫后的异常行为和死亡率、半致死时间等指标来分析不同鱼类受胁迫后的耐受性和差异性。试验结果表明:试验初期,试验用鱼出现较明显异常行为和气泡病症状,且岩原鲤早于鲢鱼;相同TDG饱和度下,随着含沙量的增加,试验用鱼半致死时间缩短,且岩原鲤半致死时间短于鲢鱼,表明鲢鱼比岩原鲤具有更强的适应能力和耐受能力;当TDG饱和度较高时,即使含沙量低,也会造成试验用鱼的大量死亡;过饱和TDG是导致试验用鱼死亡的主要原因,但不能忽略泥沙对试验用鱼死亡的促进作用。     

Experimental study on total dissolved gas supersaturation in water

More and more high dams have been constructed and operated in China. The total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam discharge leads to gas bubble disease or even death of fish. Through a series of experiments, the conditions and requirements of supersaturated TDG generation were examined in this study. The results show that pressure (water depth), aeration, and bubble dissolution time are required for supersaturated TDG generation, and the air-water contact area and turbulence intensity are the...     

水库泄水总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类的危害

水库建设促进了库区渔业养殖的发展，但高坝大库泄水导致的总溶解气体（Total Dissolved Gas, TDG）过饱和可能导致下游河道尤其下一梯级水库的鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡。为探究TDG过饱和对鱼类的胁迫效应，以金沙江梯级电站溪洛渡至向家坝江段为研究对象，构建立面二维TDG动态模型，推求库区控制断面的安全水深阈值，结合库区主要鱼类生活习性和网箱养殖深度，研究TDG过饱和对野生鱼类和网箱养殖鱼类的胁迫效应。结果表明:梯级电站库区的野生鱼类具有足够的垂向空间进行深度补偿以规避TDG过饱和的危害，其生活习性以及利用深度补偿的能力决定了受过饱和TDG胁迫的程度；但养殖鱼类受网箱限制难以自由下潜至安全水深，为保证养殖鱼类的安全，网箱深度至少应大于安全水深阈值，在TDG过饱和胁迫期，鱼类的游泳水深应持续限制在安全水深阈值以下。对于具有利用深度补偿能力的鱼类，梯级电站的库区比最后一个梯级的下游河道更安全，需要对最后一级电站实施比中间梯级更严格的坝下近区TDG饱和度限制标准。     

潮流河段温排水影响的平面二维数值模拟

 为研究电厂温排水对受纳水体的温升影响,基于无结构的三角形网格,采用有限元算法,建立了平面二维非恒定流温排水数学模型。该模型建立在非恒定水动力学模型基础上,考虑了源汇项的作用,因此能适应于各种恒定与非恒定河道水流中的温排水计算,并能适应于喇叭形和蘑菇头形等多种排水形式。该模型在多项电厂程温排水问题研究中得到了成功应用,以位于长江下游感潮河段中的南京马渡电厂为例进行了计算分析,并采用实体模型试验成果对数学模型计算结果进行了对比检验。开发研制了数学模型的后处理软件,实现了温排水运动过程的动态演示。     

Tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of the rare and endemic fish of the upper Yangtze River to total dissolved gas supersaturation by hydropower stations

Several superhigh dams (greater than 200 m in height) and many high dams have been built in the upper Yangtze River basin in recent years, and these dams have made total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation a serious environmental problem. A few studies have examined the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of rare and endemic fish in TDG‐supersaturated water in the upper Yangtze River over the past 10 years. These studies focused on specific species and specific sizes and did not identify a regular pattern that can be applied to all resident fish in the upper Yangtze River. However, elucidating this type of pattern is crucial for fishery management and dam operations in the upper Yangtze River. Data on the median lethal time (LT₅₀), horizontal avoidance percentage, and vertical water depth of three rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River from previous studies were used in the current work. An exponential relationship was found between LT₅₀ of fish and TDG supersaturation. The avoidance percentage of fish has a linear relationship with TDG supersaturation. Fish in the upper Yangtze River can use depth compensation to avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is 130% or above but rarely avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is less than 125%. We also described the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of fish in a TDG‐supersaturated river downstream from a super‐high dam. When the dam discharged a two‐year flood, the LT₅₀ values of fish downstream ranged from 9.1 to 27.5 hr regardless of depth compensation. The avoidance percentage of resident fish ranged from 8.4 to 44.8%. The resident fish swam to a water depth of 2.43–3.33 m to avoid the threat of TDG.     

总溶解气体过饱和对胭脂鱼耐受性和回避性的影响现场试验

为真实反映水电工程天然河道中总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas, TDG)过饱和对鱼类影响的实际情况,选用胭脂鱼幼鱼和成鱼作为研究对象,开展大坝泄洪期间总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类影响的现场暴露试验,探究不同水深条件下鱼类对总溶解气体过饱和的水体耐受性和回避特性。结果表明:天然河道中,TDG饱和度为115%~117%时,胭脂鱼幼鱼在0~0.3,0.3~1.3,1.3~2.3,0~2.3 m 4个水层死亡率分别为42.5%,30%,7.5%,15%;低TDG饱和度水体也可导致胭脂鱼幼鱼死亡。但随着水深的增加,死亡率呈明显下降趋势,说明补偿水深能有效缓解TDG过饱和水体对胭脂鱼幼鱼的伤害。此外,研究结果也表明胭脂鱼幼鱼具有利用补偿水深来回避TDG过饱和伤害的能力;而胭脂鱼成鱼利用补偿水深逃避TDG过饱和伤害的行为并不明显。研究结果可为鱼类保护措施的制定提供参考依据。     

过饱和总溶解气体释放过程预测

通过室内试验,研究泄流水体中过饱和总溶解气体的释放过程,分析了影响气体从水中释放的主要因素。利用原型观测资料对已有的过饱和总溶解气体释放的数学模型进行验证,同时对释放系数公式进行了修正。在此基础上预测了金沙江某电站下游河段过饱和总溶解气体的沿程释放规律。     

A COUPLED MODEL OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND WATER QUALITY FOR YUQIAO RESERVOIR IN HAIHE RIVER BASIN

In order to simulate the characteristics of hydrodynamic field and mass transport processes in the Yuqiao Reservoir （YQR）, a 2-D coupled model of hydrodynamics and water quality was developed, and the water-quality related state variables in this model included CODMn, TN and TP. The hydrodynamic model was driven by employing observed winds and daily measured flow data to simulate the seasonal water cycle of the reservoir. The simulation of the mass transport and transformation processes of CODMn, TN and TP was based on the unsteady diffusion equations, driven by observed meteorological forcing and external loadings, with the fluxes form the bottom of reservoir and the plant photosynthesis and respiration as internal sources and sinks. A finite volume method and Alternating Direction Implicit （ADI） scheme were used to solve these equations. The model was calibrated and verified by using the data observed from YQR in two different years. The results showed that in YQR, the wind-driven current was an important style of lake current, while the concentration of water quality item was decreasing from east to west because of the external pollutant loadings. There was a good agreement between the simulated and measured values, with the minimal calculation error percent of 0.1% and 2.6% and the mean error percent of 44.0% and 51.2% for TN and TP separately. The simulation also showed that, in YQR, the convection was the main process in estuaries of inflow river, and diffusion and biochemical processes dominate in center of reservoir. So it was necessary to build a pre-pond to reduce the external loadings into the reservoir.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾不同异重流下水温分层模式研究

三峡水库蓄水后支流库湾水体的水动力条件发生变化,水温在垂向上的分布也呈现出了不同模式。为了分析不同类型的倒灌异重流条件下水体的水温分布情况,对香溪河库湾不同断面的水温进行原位监测,并构建库湾水体的水温水动力数学模型(CE-QUAL-W2)。研究结果表明:水库正常运行的不同时期,香溪河库湾水体的主要水动力条件和水温分布结构均不同,在水库运行时的泄水期,库湾水体水动力主要为表层倒灌异重流,水温呈现传统的分布模式;在水库汛期低水位运行时,库湾水体水动力主要为中层倒灌异重流,水温呈“双混斜”式分布;在水库蓄水期,库湾水体水动力主要为底部倒灌异重流,水温呈“半U”型分布。研究成果可为揭示香溪河水流水温特性、营养盐迁移及水华预测预报提供相关的理论支持和技术支撑。     

宽浅型水库水体更新时间数值模拟研究

水体中污染物的迁移、扩散与水体更新时间密切相关。基于EFDC建立了宽浅型水库水动力三维数学模型,并用水库实测资料对模型精确性进行了验证。首先利用验证后的数学模型模拟了宽浅型水库365d流速场和水体更新时间,得到了其水动力特性;然后模拟了无风工况下的水体更新时间,通过对比得到了风对宽浅型水库水体更新时间的影响。研究成果可为宽浅型水库的生态调度提供理论依据。     

二滩水库水温结构及其影响因素研究

应用MIKE 3建立三维水温模型,对二滩水库水温结构进行数值模拟,发现该水库水温垂向分布呈现单温跃层和双温跃层两种型式。 气象要素、库区来水流量和水体温度、水库出流位置及流量大小等是影响水温结构的主要因素。夏季二滩水库随着上游来水水温的升高,水库水温相应升高,但在温度异重流和紊流扩散的双重作用下,是水库中层均温层水体温度同步升高。大坝出水位置的改变,将使库区流态发生变化,随着出水口位置的下移,水库来水和出流形成的纵向水流随之向库底下潜,水库中层均温层垂向厚度增加,对库底水温的干扰增强。     

一维垂向水温分布模型在隔河岩水库中的应用与检验

分析国内外水库水温研究的发展情况 ,并以湖北省清江隔河岩水利枢纽为对象 ,研究深水型水库的垂向水温分布的模拟问题。采用一维垂向水温分布模型 ,用有限差分法计算隔河岩水库的垂向水温分布 ,并将计算结果与实测值比较 ,其吻合效果良好。该方法可用于深水型水库垂向水温分布的预测。     

强降雨过程中入库面源污染对库区水质的影响

为分析强降雨导致面源污染入库对库区水质的影响,以大伙房水库为例,构建库区三维水动力及水质模型,分析了强降雨过程中库区三维水动力及污染物浓度空间变化特征。结果表明:当入库流量较大时,库区水流场主要受吞吐流影响。污染团在水流输移作用下向下游迁移扩散,最大浓度及影响范围随时间先增加后逐步减小。当入库流量逐步减小时,吞吐流的影响逐步减弱,水流场变化受吞吐流和风生流共同支配。污染团在迁移过程中受此影响,浓度在三维方向呈现相应变化特征。研究结果可为制定更为切实可行的面源污染治理措施提供技术参考。     

Does swimming activity influence gas bubble trauma in fish?

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation from sources such as hydroelectric dams can cause harmful bubble growth in the tissues of aquatic animals, known as gas bubble trauma (GBT). Locomotion is known to exacerbate bubble growth in tissues during decompression under certain conditions (such as in diving animals), possibly because of increased bubble nucleation. As with decompression sickness, GBT is caused by the supersaturation of tissues with gas, and thus we hypothesize that locomotion promotes bubble nucleation in the tissues of fish exposed to TDG supersaturation. Many previous laboratory studies have tested the effects of TDG on fish exposed to low-velocity, non-directional flow, whereas fish in field conditions are exposed to higher-velocity flows and are likely more active. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of locomotion on GBT to apply laboratory results to active fish in field conditions. We exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to either control (100% TDG) or TDG supersaturation (123% TDG) in either static or flowing water conditions (1.8 Bl/s) and recorded time to 50% loss of equilibrium (LOE). We observed no statistically significant difference in time to 50% LOE between flow conditions. Given the lack of statistically significant difference between static and flowing water, our findings indicate that results from GBT experiments on rainbow trout in non-directional flow are applicable to more active individuals.     

基于立面二维水动力-水温耦合模型的水库水温分布

建立了考虑浮力影响的立面二维水动力-水温耦合数学模型,对温差异重流进行了研究,分析了浮力流的水流结构和温度分层的形成、发展过程,利用水库物理模型的试验数据对模型进行了验证,再将该模型应用于一拟建水库,模拟预测了该水库建成后夏季典型条件下库区的流场及温度场分布,研究了不同高程放流洞放水对库区流场、温度场及下泄水温的影响。