甘薯淀粉动力学特性及其回生机理探讨

采用流变仪和差示扫描量热仪考察了甘薯淀粉在不同保持时间下的回生过程,发现甘薯淀粉糊化后,在4℃下,支链淀粉结晶、直链淀粉-脂肪复合结晶物和纯直链淀粉结晶的形成和完善是一个动态变化的过程,其动力学模型可用Avrami方程表达.短期回生以直链淀粉结晶为主体,长期回生以支链淀粉结晶为主体,并伴随着直链淀粉链结晶的进一步完善和稳定.     

普鲁兰酶对甘薯淀粉糊化回生特性影响研究

采用普鲁兰酶对甘薯淀粉进行酶解脱支处理,通过单因素试验分别考察酶解时间、酶解pH、酶解温度、酶添加量对淀粉回生值以及直链淀粉含量的影响。并根据单因素试验结果设计正交试验,结果表明:最佳酶解条件为酶解时间15h,酶解pH 4.5,酶解温度55℃,酶添加量48ASPU/g。该条件下酶解淀粉的回生值达到最高为1 925cp,直链淀粉含量达到最高为25.21%。通过与原淀粉比较得出:淀粉凝胶强度、破裂强度都显著增大(P0.05),峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均有降低,衰减值增大。     

甘薯粉丝生产中添加剂对甘薯淀粉回生的影响

目的:研究粉丝生产中各种添加剂对甘薯淀粉短期回生和长期回生的影响,为改善甘薯粉丝品质提供理论依据.方法:用快速黏度仪(RVA)测定升降温过程中甘薯淀粉与各种添加剂共混体系的黏度变化来考察体系糊化和短期同生特性:用质构仪测定共混体系的凝胶强度,差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定共混体系结晶后的To、Tp、Tc和△H来考察添加剂对甘薯淀粉长期回生特性的影响;最后评价各种添加剂对甘薯粉丝质构品质的改善效果.结果:各种添加剂的加入使甘薯淀粉的RVA参数和其相应粉丝的质构品质指标在不同程度上有所提高,其中依次明矾、沙蒿胶、魔芋胶和黄原胶为最强.多糖胶加入甘薯淀粉中使回生的混合体系在DSC温度扫描中出现一个支链淀粉熔融峰和一个多糖胶分子与甘薯直链淀粉分子重新结合引起的放热峰(87～105℃).结论:多糖胶使甘薯淀粉回生后的熔融温度或降低或升高:但同生后热焓值有所增加.出现放热峰推测为多糖胶分子在此温度下再一次熔融成自由状态,与甘薯淀粉中微量的脂质竞争,抢先参与与甘薯直链淀粉分子的重新结合,形成稳固的体系.魔芋胶和沙蒿胶按0.95:0.05的比例复配、总添加量为甘薯淀粉量的1%,能使甘薯粉丝品质接近绿豆粉丝和添加明矾甘薯粉丝的水平.     

大米糊化特性及回生机理研究

采用显微观察和DSC差热分析方法对样品进行颗粒特性分析及大米糊化特性研究.当米粉(质量记为100%)的水分含量分别为80%、100%、150%时,其晶体融化的起始温度T0、顶点温度Tp和终点温度Tc基本相同,米粉的融化热焓逐渐升高;水分含量在50%时,其晶体融化的起始温度T0、顶点温度Tp和终点温度Tc基本不变,相对于其他水分含量的样品明显偏低,水分难以与米粉充分混合并完全糊化;水分含量在200%时,其晶体融化的起始温度T0、顶点温度Tp和终点温度Tc有显著降低,米粉的融化热焓亦降低.糊化米粉的结晶熔融起始温度To、顶点温度Tp及终止温度Tc基本不随时间而变化;而回生度则在4℃下冷藏时间越长,其值越大.     

磷酸酯化改性对玉米杂交种淀粉糊化过程中热力学性质的影响

采用湿法在实验室条件下提取18种玉米杂交种淀粉,并制备了磷酸酯淀粉.采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了原淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的糊化过程中的热力学性质.结果表明:磷酸酯化改性显著降低了所有玉米杂交种淀粉的热焓值,小幅度降低了起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度,平均降幅分别为15.1%、6.3%、4.8%和1.7%.但磷酸酯化改性对不同的玉米杂交种淀粉热力学性质的影响程度明显不同,即热力学性质各参数的降幅在杂交种间存在显著差异,热焓值、起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度及终止糊化温度的降幅的变化范围分别为0 7%～37 0%、3 3%～10 2%、2 6%～7 8%、0 2%～6 4%.     

提高甘薯淀粉中抗消化淀粉含量的技术研究

抗消化淀粉是一种具有保健功能作用的淀粉,老化淀粉是制备抗消化淀粉最主要的方法.本文研究了酶水解预处理和冷冻解冻循环处理对甘薯老化淀粉中抗消化淀粉形成的影响,得到了提高甘薯淀粉中抗消化淀粉含量的适宜的工艺路线和参数,即：先用300U/g淀粉的普鲁兰酶水解2h,再用10U/g淀粉的α-淀粉酶水解0.5h,浓度为12%的酶处理淀粉胶在4℃条件下老化20h后,再经冷冻（-20℃,2h）-解冻（50℃,30min）-老化（4℃,6h）循环处理3次,淀粉中RS含量可达31.21%.实验结果表明,甘薯淀粉通过普鲁兰酶和α-淀粉酶复合水解处理和冷冻解冻循环处理能明显提高老化淀粉中抗消化淀粉的含量.     

甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯的制备及凝沉性质的研究

以甘薯淀粉为原料与混合正磷酸盐作用,采用湿法工艺制备甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯。利用五因素二次正交旋转组合试验法研究了淀粉磷酸单酯制备的工艺条件并得出回归方程,直观地揭示了取代度与诸因素之间的数量关系。甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯是很好的食品添加剂,在应用中淀粉糊的凝沉性质对食品的外观和品质有着重要影响,因此本文专门对甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯的凝沉特性进行了研究。结果表明,酯化反应导致了淀粉糊凝沉性降低,透明度和冻融稳定性提高;而NaCl的加入可显著增加糊的凝沉倾向,蔗糖则有减弱凝沉倾向的作用。     

甘薯淀粉糊透明度及凝沉性初探

为了解甘薯淀粉糊的性质,采用分析方法对甘薯淀粉糊的透明度和凝沉性进行探索性研究,初步考察蔗糖、氯化钠、柠檬酸和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)等对甘薯淀粉透明度和凝沉性的影响。结果表明,它们对甘薯淀粉透明度和凝沉性的影响不同,其中蔗糖、柠檬酸能提高甘薯淀粉糊的透明度,改善其凝沉性;氯化钠降低甘薯淀粉的透明度,加速其初期凝沉速度;CMC-Na对甘薯淀粉糊的透明度影响不大,但明显改善其凝沉性。     

Cellulose Derivatives Effects on Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Sweet Potato Starch

Effects of physically or chemically modified celluloses on gelatinization and retrogradation of sweet potato starch were examined by Theological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. The mixture of sweet potato starch and four modified celluloses (powdered microcrystalline cellulose, alkaline soluble fibrous cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and methylcellulose) in the ratio of 9 to 1 was used as a model, because that ratio of starch to cellulose is about the same for sweet potato root. Cellulose derivatives generally did not show important effects on gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization. Cellulose derivatives which are not water-soluble increased starch retrogradation, while water-soluble methylcellulose unexpectedly prevented retrogradation.     

不同加热-冻融循环处理对甘薯淀粉结构及物化特性的影响

本文研究了不同温度下(75、95和121℃)重复的加热-冻融循环处理对甘薯淀粉结构及物化特性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射、差示量热扫描仪及快速黏度测定仪对甘薯淀粉的结构、结晶性质、热特性和糊化特性进行分析,并测定了其膨胀势、溶解度和体外消化性。75、95和121℃加热-冻融循环处理均使甘薯淀粉颗粒形态破坏或消失,呈不规则块状;75℃加热-冻融循环处理导致了甘薯淀粉结晶吸收峰及热吸收峰强度减弱,焓值降低、糊化温度升高且范围变小,而经95和121℃加热-冻融循环处理后,甘薯淀粉结晶型由A型向B型转化,热吸收峰消失;此外,甘薯淀粉溶解度随着加热-冻融循环次数的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,各黏度特征值降低,回生趋势减弱,慢速消化淀粉(SDS)含量有所增加,121℃一次加热-冻融循环处理(RGR-1)后含量最高,可达29.25%。     

Dynamic Rheological and Thermal Properties of Acetylated Sweet Potato Starch

Dynamic rheological and thermal properties of acetylated sweet potato starch (SPS) pastes (5%, w/w) were evaluated as a function of the degree of substitution (DS). The transition temperatures (T_o, T_p and T_c) and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) of acetylated SPS, which were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, were lower than those of native starch, and significantly decreased with an increase in DS. Magnitudes of storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G′′) and complex viscosity (η*) of acetylated SPS pastes were determined using a small‐deformation oscillatory rheometer. Dynamic moduli (G′, G′′ and η*) values of acetylated SPS pastes except for 0.123 DS were higher than those of native starch, and they also decreased with an increase in DS. The tan δ (ratio of G′′/G′) values (0.37–0.39) of acetylated SPS samples were lower than that (0.44) of native starch and no significant differences were found among acetylated SPS samples, indicating that the elastic properties of SPS pastes were affected by acetylation but did not depend on DS. The G′ values of acetylated SPS during aging at 4°C for 10 h were much lower than those of native starch, showing that the addition of acetyl groups produced a pronounced effect on the retrogradation properties of SPS.     

Amino Acid Additives Effects on Sweet Potato Starch Thermal Properties

This study assessed the effects of amino acid additives, aspartic acid, leucine, lysine, and methionine, on the thermal characteristics of white‐fleshed and orange‐fleshed Beauregard sweet potato starches. The orange‐fleshed sweet potato (OFSPS) starch began to gelatinize at a lower temperature (56.8°C) than the white‐fleshed sweet potato starch (WFSPS) (70.1°C), but the two starches needed the same amount of energy to gelatinize. Lysine increased the gelatinization temperature of the OFSPS. The addition of leucine, aspartic acid, and methionine had no apparent impact on the OFSPS. The addition of lysine or aspartic acid increased the gelatinization temperatures of the WFSPS. Overall, the two starches used were more affected by charged amino acids than by the neutral ones.     

紫薯淀粉理化性质的研究

以制得的紫薯淀粉为原料,研究了紫薯淀粉的化学组分、颗粒表面结构、结晶结构、凝胶质构、热力学性质和流变学特性,并与马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和甘薯淀粉进行比较.结果显示:干基紫薯淀粉含量为98.78％,直链淀粉含量为19.74％;其淀粉颗粒平均粒径为17μm,属中粒淀粉,晶型为C型;淀粉凝胶弹性和咀嚼性高,硬度适中,为3.095×102 g,黏着性适中,为24.72 g·s;糊化温度范围为61.5℃到78.0℃,峰值温度为72.6℃;紫薯淀粉糊为有屈服应力的非牛顿型流体.     

磷酸酯化对甘薯淀粉凝沉性质的影响

对甘薯淀粉的磷酸酯化制备条件及产物的凝沉性质进行了系统研究，结果表明，甘薯淀粉磷酸单酯的最适制备工艺为：NaH2PO4：Na2HPO4=3：l；反应温度130℃～140℃：反应时间2～3h，pH5．5～6．0，催化剂用量为淀粉千基重的4％～6％。甘薯淀粉经过磷酸酯化反应后可能在脱水葡萄糖单元上引入了磷酸基团，从而导致了淀粉凝沉性质的变化，使得淀粉糊的凝沉趋势降低，透明度增高，冻融稳定性提高。