An investigation of high operating temperatures in mechanical vapor-compression desalination

It is common practice to operate mechanical vapor-compression (MVC) seawater desalination systems at temperatures lower than 80°C. This study presents the detail engineering and economics of a MVC system operating at 172°C. The literature indicates that high overall heat transfer coefficients for the evaporator are possible at high temperatures with dropwise condensation on the steam side and pool boiling on the liquid side. Employing high operating temperature delivers the following advantages: (1) low compression work, (2) small latent heat transfer area, and (3) small compressor. These advantages potentially reduce operating costs and capital investment. The disadvantages follow: (1) pretreatment required to prevent fouling of heat exchangers, (2) careful selection of materials to prevent corrosion, and (3) larger sensible heat transfer area is required. A desalination plant is designed herein to produce 37,854 m³/d (10 mil gal/day), which is financed with a 5%, 30-y municipal bond. To maximize energy efficiency, combined-cycle cogeneration is employed. For the US ($5.00/GJ energy), the product water selling price is estimated to be $0.49/m³ ($1.86/thous gal). For the Middle East ($0.50/GJ energy) the product water selling price is estimated to be $0.38/m³ ($1.44/thous gal). These are attractive prices relative to competing technologies.     

H型翅片管湿烟气对流冷凝传热的数值模拟研究

通过数值计算对湿工况下的H型和圆型翅片管换热器通道内充分发展段的对流冷凝传热特性进行模拟研究。计算采用压力与速度耦合的SIMPLER算法,湿烟气流速范围为1~5 m/s,水蒸气质量分数范围为5%~13%。讨论了不同入口速度、水蒸气质量分数对H型翅片管和圆型翅片管传热传质系数、传热量、冷凝水流量和翅片效率的影响,并进行定量比较分析。计算结果表明,H型翅片管的传热能力强于圆型翅片管,但冷凝生成量较圆型翅片管小,同时H型翅片管的总翅片效率和潜热翅片效率小于圆型翅片管。     

Bestimmung von Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten mit Hilfe des Wilson‐Plot‐Verfahrens

The heat transfer coefficient on the service side of a double‐pipe heat exchanger is determined with the Wilson‐plot method. Condensing hexanol vapor is used as heating medium and water in single phase counter current flow on the product side. In addition to the Wilson‐plot, two alternative methods are used for calculating the service side film heat transfer coefficient: the Nusselt theory for film condensation and the extraction from an overall heat transfer coefficient based on an energy balance and employing the Gnielinski equation for the tube side heat transfer. As the result, heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as a function of the transferred heat flux employing the Wilson‐plot.     

Simulation of a forward feed multiple effect desalination plant with vertical tube evaporators

In recent years, vertical tube falling film evaporators have been widely used in desalination industries. In this paper mathematical modeling of a multiple effect evaporators (MEE) system has been carried out for brackish water desalination. The system includes a set of forward feed vertical tube evaporators with thermal vapor compression (TVC) and a condenser. Modeling has led to calculation of several parameters such as overall heat transfer coefficients, entrainment ratio and recovery of the process which is restricted by scale formation. A scaling prediction chemical model has been employed to calculate the allowable rate of recovery for prevention of scale formation. Physical properties of streams have been assumed as functions of temperature and salinity. A code has been developed for simulation of the process based on mass and energy balance equations. Results showed maximum allowable recovery of 74% for the treated brackish water sample with total dissolved solid (TDS) of 14,761 ppm is achievable. Dealing with mentioned sample under specified set of conditions, it was concluded that changing the number of effects from 3 to 8, enhances gained output ratio (GOR) value from 3.8 to 7.5. However, specific heat transfer surface is increased from 215 to 1052.     

风洞真空排气系统直接接触传热过程

某风洞真空排气系统在运行过程中,会产生大量含水蒸气的混合气体。为了提高排气效率降低能耗,本文引入冷凝塔工艺,采用直接接触换热冷凝方式使来流含水蒸气的混合气体降温冷凝。基于微元塔高传质模型,对进入冷凝塔的热流气体与冷却水直接接触换热过程分析,推导出传质系数数学方程表达式。结合实验数据考察了进气压力与冷凝降温排出气体中水蒸气含量的影响,并拟合得到一定温度下进气压力与该气体水蒸气含量的数学表达式;也考察了冷却水质量通量和气液比变化对传质系数、体积传热系数、出气温度的影响,在此基础上拟合得到针对风洞气流直接接触换热气液比与体积传热系数数学关系式,并计算出最优气液比。实验得出的规律对风洞气流的直接接触换热优化设计和应用起到了指导作用。     

内壁填充环状金属泡沫的管内流动凝结换热

通过采用在圆管内壁填充环状金属泡沫的方法强化管内对流凝结换热,实验研究了制冷剂R134a在内壁填充环状金属泡沫管内的流动凝结的压降和换热,克服了完全填充金属泡沫管流动阻力大的缺点。用于计算传热系数的管壁温度通过热电偶测量得到。综合分析了质量流速和两相流体干度对流动凝结压降及传热系数的影响。研究结果表明内壁填充环状金属泡沫管压降远大于光管,压降随质量流速和干度的增加而迅速增大且呈非线性。通过壁面温度分布和温度波动对内壁填充环状金属泡沫管内的两相流型进行判别,发现影响该类强化管凝结换热的两种主要流型：分层流和环状流。内壁填充环状金属泡沫管的凝结传热系数大于光管,且随着质量流速和干度的增加传热系数增大,该类强化管流动凝结传热系数是光管的2倍左右。     

微尺度通道内R134a的冷凝传热实验研究

建立采用射流冲击进行制冷剂冷却的冷凝传热实验系统,对当量直径为0.63 mm矩形微尺度通道内制冷剂R134a的冷凝传热特性进行研究。实验参数范围是制冷剂干度0~1,质量流率115~290 kg/(m²·s）,饱和压力0.35~0.5 MPa,实验获得了不同工况下微尺度通道的局部冷凝传热系数,并分析了制冷剂各参数对冷凝传热的影响。实验结果表明：冷凝过程中沿制冷剂流动方向,局部冷凝传热系数会随着干度减小而减小;在一定饱和压力下,局部冷凝传热系数与局部热通量相对应;冷凝传热系数随着饱和压力减小而增大。基于实验数据,整理出适用于本实验工况下微尺度通道内R134a的冷凝传热计算公式。     

新型太阳能海水淡化技术研究进展

总结了微纳尺度下毛细驱动的局域热法太阳能海水淡化的相关机制,包括毛细驱动水分传输、太阳能热量传递机理。叙述了界面太阳能局域热法光蒸汽系统最近发展,并归纳了在1个太阳辐照下突破单级产水量理论极限的新型研究思路,指出了太阳能局域热法海水淡化的当前挑战,包含盐分结晶和蒸汽冷凝效率低等问题。认为界面太阳能局域热法海水淡化技术在效率和成本上都具有极大的优势,系统材料制备简单、结构紧凑、系统创新明显,特别适用于偏远山区和海岛地区电力缺乏的家庭生活淡水制备。随着研究者更多地转向保证蒸汽高效凝结和收集、水蒸汽潜热回收利用,预计这种新型海水淡化技术的未来应用范围将不断扩大。     

横管降膜蒸发-凝结回热循环太阳能海水淡化装置实验研究

基于横管降膜蒸发-凝结机理，设计了带有回热循环的太阳能海水淡化装置，并对其进行了试验研究。结果表明，横管降膜蒸发-凝结大大强化了传热、传质过程，在较低的驱动温度下实现了海水的有效蒸发，从而缩短了装置的瞬态运行时间；回热循环吸收了大部分的水蒸气潜热及浓海水显热，大大提高了系统能量的利用率，对于太阳能等低品位能的利用具有重要的意义。     

A simulation model and parametric study of MED–TVC process

The present work summarizes the MED–TVC (multi effect desalination with thermal vapor compression) technique associated with the state of the art of modern desalination. In addition, a computer simulation model for all types of evaporation processes is presented. This program provides engineers with cost-effective tools for designing, developing and optimizing thermal desalination plants. It is the objective of this article to develop a mathematical model which would predict the influence of all factors on heat transfer coefficients, temperature and pressure, total capacity and performance ratio of the system under design and operating conditions. The transient nature of temperature during the seasons is modeled by ordinary differential equations based on mass and energy balance. Heat exchangers and thermo-compressor are designed based on the results of mass and energy balance. The validated model is further used to test the effect of variations in certain parameters in the process in order to investigate their influence on the total capacity of the plant. By means of parametric study, the computer simulation tool developed will help designers to achieve the best setting for the desalination process to minimize energy consumption. The comparison between the simulation results and experimental data well proves the program validity.     

基于机械蒸汽压缩蒸发的油田污水脱盐系统及分析

针对油田污水污染物成分复杂、污染性强不适合膜法脱盐的特点,提出用机械蒸汽压缩蒸发（MVC）技术对油田污水进行脱盐处理的技术方案。建立了基于MVC的油田污水脱盐系统的工艺流程设计计算模型,系统分析了降膜蒸发器传热温差、油田污水温度和蒸发温度的影响。结果表明：传热温差是影响系统装置规模和运行电耗的控制因素,减小传热温差可以明显降低压缩机比电耗,付出的代价是系统比传热面积的增大;MVC系统的热力完善度高,无废热排放,油田污水温度越高,系统比传热面积减小;在其他条件允许的条件下,提高系统的运行温度有利于改善系统的性能。     

Solar desalination with a humidification-dehumidification cycle: performance of the unit

The closed air cycle humidification-dehumidification process was used for water desalination using solar energy. The circulated air by natural or forced convection was heated and humidified by the hot water obtained either from a flat plate solar collector or from an electrical heater. The latent heat of condensation was recovered in the condenser to preheat the saline feed water. Two units of different sizes were constructed from different materials. The productivity of these units was found to be much higher than those of the single-basin stills. Moreover, these units were capable of producing a large quantity of saline warm water for domestic uses other than drinking. No significant improvement in the performance of the desalination units was achieved using forced air circulation at high temperatures. While at lower temperatures, a larger effect was noticed. This can be related to the low heat and mass transfer coefficients at low temperatures and to the non-linear increase in the water vapor pressure with temperature.     

高宽比对矩形通道内蒸汽冷凝传热特性及流型影响的研究

通过可视化流型观测及实验测量,研究了单边换热矩形小通道的高宽比对两相流型、平均冷凝传热系数及两相流动阻力的影响,采用高速摄像机拍摄了环状流、环波状流、波状流、弹状流、塞状流及泡状流6种典型流型。研究表明,高宽比为1：2及1：3的通道内出现流型种类较为全面,而在高宽比为1：5通道内基本无弹状流、塞状流及泡状流。1：5通道内环状流所占区域较1：2及1：3通道大,随入口蒸汽质量流速的增加,差值逐步减小。随着通道高宽比的减小,平均冷凝传热系数逐渐增大;不同高宽比通道中平均冷凝传热系数间的差值随入口蒸汽质量流速的增加而减小;蒸汽质量流速足够高时,高宽比对传热系数基本无影响。通道内两相流压降随通道高宽比的减小而增大;随着入口蒸汽质量流速的增加,不同比例通道内的两相流动压降差距逐渐增大。     

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CHANNELS OF PLATE CONDENSERS

An analysis is presented for the main factors which control the intensity of vapor condensation in plate condenser channels, such as heat transfer both in single-phase stream of the coolant and in the condensate film, heat and mass transfer in gas-vapor phase, thermal resistance of fouling at heat transfer surface and pressure drop in condensing stream. On the basis of a relationship between the heat transfer and the wall shear stress, an approximate equation is obtained for calculating heat transfer from the pressure drop data. For calculation of heat transfer in condensate film during the condensation of high speed vapor, an analogy between heat and momentum transport has been used. An analysis of fouling deposition on heat transfer surface has been performed and an equation is presented for calculating the reduction of the fouling thermal resistance as compared with shell and lube heat exchangers. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical results. These data have shown the improvement of all the mentioned factors, which determine the intensity of the whole condensation process compared to the same factors in shell and tube condensers. Under the equal conditions, the required area of the heat transfer surface is reduced by 1.6 to 3 limes for the plate condenser, as compared with conventional shell and tube units.     

采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统性能分析

面对严重的能源与环境问题,开发节能与环保的新技术一直都是国内外特别重视的研究热点。采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统结合了高温热泵与自然工质水的优势,不仅可以有效地回收低品位热能,而且绿色环保,是理想的下一代高温热泵技术。从理论计算以及实验验证两方面对采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统进行了性能分析研究。结果表明,负压条件下蒸发、正压条件下冷凝的水蒸气闭式热泵循环系统是可行的,同时实验结果表明当压缩机吸气温度为80℃,排气饱和温度从117℃提高到133℃,系统压比从3.47升高到5.94时,采用自然工质水的高温热泵系统COP从5.6下降到3.7。其中压缩机的排气饱和温度为120℃,压比为4.2时,热泵系统的COP接近于5,性能优越,在工业生产中具有较大的推广应用价值。     

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CHANNELS OF PLATE CONDENSERS

An analysis is presented for the main factors which control the intensity of vapor condensation in plate condenser channels, such as heat transfer both in single-phase stream of the coolant and in the condensate film, heat and mass transfer in gas-vapor phase, thermal resistance of fouling at heat transfer surface and pressure drop in condensing stream. On the basis of a relationship between the heat transfer and the wall shear stress, an approximate equation is obtained for calculating heat transfer from the pressure drop data. For calculation of heat transfer in condensate film during the condensation of high speed vapor, an analogy between heat and momentum transport has been used. An analysis of fouling deposition on heat transfer surface has been performed and an equation is presented for calculating the reduction of the fouling thermal resistance as compared with shell and lube heat exchangers. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical results. These data have shown the improvement of all the mentioned factors, which determine the intensity of the whole condensation process compared to the same factors in shell and tube condensers. Under the equal conditions, the required area of the heat transfer surface is reduced by 1.6 to 3 limes for the plate condenser, as compared with conventional shell and tube units.     

机械蒸汽再压缩蒸发系统的性能分析

机械蒸汽再压缩（MVR）蒸发系统是一种新型高效节能蒸发技术。它有多个单元设备组成,每个操作节点的控制都对系统运行的稳定性和节能效率至关重要,其中包括进料温度、蒸发压强、蒸汽压缩比、冷凝液温度等。若操作条件不当,不仅会大大降低蒸发效率而且会对设备和管路造成损害。本文建立了一套充分利用能源的MVR蒸发工艺流程,并通过理论分析对每个操作节点进行了质量和能量衡算,同时利用Aspen Plus模拟软件建立了系统的流程模拟图。通过对操作单元的变量控制,研究了循环蒸汽量、补充水的量与进料温度、冷凝液温度、蒸汽压缩比以及蒸发压强等之间的变化关系。由数据分析可得：原料在饱和液体时进料最佳,冷凝液的温度应保持与蒸发温度的有效温差在5～8 ℃时较好,压缩机的蒸汽压缩比控制在1.8～2.2较为合理。同时可利用冷凝液和浓缩液的余热对原料预热,补充水也可从冷凝液中直接取用。     

润湿性对纳米多孔陶瓷膜输运性能的影响

为了实现复杂环境中高效回收水资源,采用先进的膜技术,基于建立的半连续超临界相反应改性实验装置对纳米多孔陶瓷膜分别进行亲水和疏水表面改性,通过接触角测量、微观结构观测等方法对润湿改性前后的纳米多孔陶瓷膜进行表征。基于单管管外水蒸气冷凝传热实验系统,对润湿改性前后的纳米多孔陶瓷膜进行了冷凝液输运特性的实验研究,揭示了混合气体温度、冷却水流速、跨膜压差和水蒸气体积分数等典型运行参数对纳米多孔陶瓷膜的冷凝液输运通量的影响规律与机理。同时,采用分子动力学方法,构建了水在不同润湿性纳米孔内输运模拟体系,研究水分子在不同润湿性纳米孔内的输运规律。     

界面剪切力对蒸汽垂直下流膜状凝结传热的影响分析

界面剪切力对小径管中的蒸汽垂直下流凝结传热有重要影响.采用VOF模型数值模拟了蒸汽垂直下流凝结传热,分析了界面剪切力对局部凝结传热系数的影响.模拟中冷凝管壁面温度采用耦合计算冷却水的对流换热获得.计算得到了速度、界面剪切力和局部凝结传热系数的分布.计算结果表明:界面剪切力沿蒸汽流动方向逐渐减小,它对局部凝结传热系数的强...     

内置折边扭带管内高湿气体对流凝结换热与流动特性

对高湿气体在内置折边扭带管内对流凝结换热与流动特性进行了实验研究。分析了壁面温度、水蒸气含量、进口温度、气流速度等对高湿气体对流凝结换热的影响,降低壁面温度、提高水蒸气含量对流和凝结换热均提高,但对强化凝结换热尤其明显。引起扭带管内冷凝液膜状态变化的参数有扭曲比y和扭带与管壁间隙b。y越低气流旋转越强,导致液膜加厚而引起传热量降低和流动阻力增加;b较小时液膜积存在扭带端部,不仅降低传热面积而且无气流穿越扭带端部,b较大时旋转气流能穿越扭带端部,减薄管表面液膜厚度,强化凝结换热。