The effects of temperature and hydrodynamics on the CO2 corrosion of 13Cr and 13Cr5Ni2Mo stainless steels in the presence of free acetic acid

This paper describes the effects of temperature and hydrodynamics on the CO₂ corrosion of two stainless steels in the presence of free acetic acid. The experimental set-up developed in this work was able to evaluate the corrosion behavior of 13Cr and 13Cr5Ni2Mo stainless steels in static conditions with a flow velocity of 1 m s⁻¹ at temperatures of 125, 150 and 175 °C. Electrochemical tests of impedance and linear polarization resistance have been carried out, as well as mass loss tests and surface analysis.     

Characterization of Corrosion Product Layers from CO2 Corrosion of 13Cr Stainless Steel in Simulated Oilfield Solution

The influence of temperature and flow rate on the characterization and mechanisms of corrosion product layers from CO₂ corrosion of 13Cr stainless steel was carried out in simulated oilfield solution. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization method as well as weight loss tests in autoclave were utilized to investigate pitting corrosion behavior at various temperatures. Weight loss tests were performed at 100 and 160 °C under dynamic and static flow conditions. At the same time, the significant pitting parameters such as E _corr, E _pit, E _pp, ∆E, and I _pass in cyclic polarization curves at various temperatures were analyzed and compared for revealing the pitting behavior of 13Cr stainless steel. The surface measurement techniques such as SEM, XRD, and XPS were used to detect the corrosion product layers. The results showed that both temperature and flow rate had significant effects on characterization of corrosion product layers or passive films formed on 13Cr stainless steel in CO₂ corrosion system. At high temperature, lots of pits were formed at the localized corrosion areas of metal surfaces. Corrosion rates under the condition of 5 m/s were higher than those under the static condition regardless of the test temperatures.     

Influence of chromium additions on corrosion resistance of Co75·5Si13·5B9 Nb3Cu1 metallic glass in marine environment

Abstract

This study addressed the influence of Cr concentration on the corrosion resistance of Co_73·5Si_{13 ·5}B₉Nb₃Cu₁ metallic glass in simulated marine atmospheres with 1000 ppm of chlorides. Anodic and cyclic polarisation measurements were carried out to study the susceptibility to passivation and localised corrosion. The corrosion kinetics were analysed using dc electrochemical techniques. Every test was conducted using the same material in different states: amorphous, nanocrystalline and crystalline. The study also focused on changes in the magnetic properties of the material as a result of Cr addition and exposure to an aggressive medium. These properties depend mainly on the Cr concentration and the material state (amorphous, crystalline or nanocrystalline).     

The corrosion of Fe3Al alloy in liquid zinc

A systematic study of the isothermal corrosion testing and microscopic examination of Fe₃Al alloy in liquid zinc containing small amounts of aluminum (less than 0.2 wt.%) at 450 °C was carried out in this work. The results showed the corrosion of Fe₃Al alloy in molten zinc was controlled by the dissolution mechanism. The alloy exhibited a regular corrosion layer, constituted of small metallic particles (diameter: 2-5 μm) separated by channels filled with liquid zinc, which represented a porosity of about 29%. The XRD result of the corrosion layer formed at the interface confirmed the presence of Zn and FeZn_6.67. The corrosion rate of Fe₃Al alloy in molten zinc was calculated to be approximately 1.5 × 10⁻⁷ g cm⁻² s⁻¹. Three steps could occur in the whole process: the superficial dissolution of metallic Cr in the corrosion layer, the new phase formation of FeZn_6.67 and the diffusion of the dissolved species in the channels of the corrosion layer.     

The stress corrosion cracking of high strength CrMnSiNi and CrMo steels

Practically all constructional steels are working under applied loads and environments. Below some stress levels the deterioriation of the material occurs by typical corrosion modes. Modern constructions are often loaded with enough high stresses to promote catastrophic failures due to stress corrosion crack propagation. Actually the whole range of metallic materials used in reliable constructions which are exposed to corrosive environments should be tested for their sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking. By measuring the material constant K_ISCC (critical stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking) it is possible to construct the reliable parts working in a safe range of stresses, which cannot be computed knowing yield strength of the material only. For measuring K_ISCC values of high strength CrMnSiNi and CrMo steels, original stands were built and long-term (> 10³h) tests applied by means of the cantilever beam method. Sensitivity of tested steels to stress corrosion cracking was expressed as a ratio K_ISCC:K_IC. Some other observations concerning kinetics of crack propagation and other properties of the materials have been carried out.     

The direct laser deposition of AISI316 stainless steel and Cr3C2 powder

The laser deposition of AISI316 powder blended with Cr₃C₂ over austenitic stainless steel plate was carried out as part of an investigation aimed at determining the feasibility of applying localized reinforcement to stainless steel components. The chromium carbide powder dissolved in the process to produce a range of carbides which reinforced and increased the hardness of the material. The results of optical microscope metallography and SEM/EDX and XRD analysis as well as microhardness measurements are reported. Surfaces produced by deposition of the powder blend were machine-ground and subjected to pin-on-disc and corrosion tests. The tests indicated an improvement to sliding wear resistance and a good resistance to salt spray and pitting corrosion conditions.     

Effect of different micro-plasma arc welding (MPAW) processes on the corrosion of AISI 316L SS tubes in LiBr and H3PO4 solutions under flowing conditions

This work studies the corrosion under flowing conditions of four kinds of AISI 316L materials welded by the micro-plasma arc welding technique in different media: a basic (LiBr) and an acidic (H₃PO₄) solution by means of polarization measurements. Sensitization tests, galvanic corrosion evaluation, microstructural analyses and microhardness tests have been also carried out. Corrosion parameters revealed that, among the materials welded with backing gas, the alloy which presented better corrosion behaviour was the one welded without filler alloy. However, this kind of material could undergo several corrosion problems if a crack is formed or due to an inadequate joint penetration.     

Application of polyaniline to galvanic anodic protection on stainless steel in H2SO4 solutions

A stand-alone polyaniline (PANI) film electrode was made and then applied to protect 1Cr13 stainless steel (a type of stainless steel typically used in China, 0–15% C, 13% Cr) from corrosion in highly acidic solution, up to 5 M H₂SO₄. The stand-alone PANI electrode and 1Cr13 were coupled to study their galvanic interactions. PANI is a cathode while 1Cr13 is an anodic. The results indicate that PANI with a certain area can quickly passivate the stainless steel and effectively maintain the steady passive state for a long period of time. This specific method of PANI preventing 1Cr13 from corrosion is called galvanic anodic protection (GAP). Moreover, the efficiency, mechanism, and security of GAP were discussed. The results demonstrate that the stand-alone PANI electrode may have a potential application to galvanic anodic protection on stainless steel in highly corrosive H₂SO₄ solutions.     

Inhibition of copper corrosion by isatin in aerated 0.5 M H2SO4

The corrosion inhibition of commercial copper by means of isatin was studied in aerated 0.5 M H₂SO₄ in the temperature range 25-55 °C using weight-loss, potentiodynamic and spectrophotometric tests, and determination of double layer capacitance. Inhibition efficiencies up to 94% in the concentration range of 1×10⁻⁴-7.5×10⁻³ M of isatin were obtained. The corrosion rates estimated with weight-loss measurements were higher than those correspondingly determined with the potentiodynamic test, especially at higher concentrations of inhibitor. This is in accord with other researches that have pointed out the limitation of the Tafel line extrapolation method in the determination of corrosion rates. The kinetics of cuprous and cupric ion formation and UV-visible spectra support the formation hypothesis of a complex between copper and isatin. The adsorptive behaviour of isatin on copper 0.5 M H₂SO₄ was also investigated.     

Corrosion behaviour of MoSx-based coatings deposited onto high speed steel by magnetron sputtering

MoS_x-based films were deposited using magnetron sputtering from a pure MoS₂ target. Alloying was accomplished by “co-deposition” from separate targets onto substrates having a two-fold rotation. An additional experiment had also a Cr⁺-ion etch for surface preparation, followed by a Cr adhesion layer, made using a Cr target mounted on a cathodic arc evaporation source. MoS_x and Al- and Ti-alloyed MoS_x coatings have been deposited onto high speed steel (HSS) and glass substrates for corrosion investigations.The coatings were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, hardness and adhesion measurements. The corrosion behaviour of the samples was electrochemically measured by open-circuit-potential (OCP) measurements and by potentiodynamic corrosion tests in 0.8 M NaCl solution (pH 7). Additionally the MoS_x-based coatings on HSS have been exposed to salt spray tests. The corrosion investigations revealed that the addition of Al and Ti to MoS_x shifts the open-circuit-potential of about 80 to 110 mV to lower values, i.e. the alloying elements make the MoS_x coating a little bit less noble. In agreement with the OCP measurements, the corrosion potential E_corr in potentiodynamic corrosion tests was the highest for non-alloyed MoS_x coatings on HSS substrates. After the potentiodynamic corrosion tests, a strong corrosive attack could be observed for all coated samples. In salt spray tests the lowest number of corrosion pits was found for the MoS_x-Al (Cr⁺) coating on HSS.     

Corrosion behaviour of the amorphous Mg65Y10Cu15Ag10 alloy

The corrosion behaviour of the amorphous Mg₆₅Y₁₀Cu₁₅Ag₁₀ alloy as well as of its crystalline multiphase counterpart was studied in alkaline electrolytes and compared with that of the amorphous Mg₆₅Y₁₀Cu₂₅ alloy. Electrochemical investigations were carried out in 0.3 M H₃BO₃/Na₂B₄O₇ buffer solution with pH=8.4 and in 0.1 M NaOH solution with pH=13. Tafel plots were recorded and cyclic potentiodynamic polarisation tests were conducted, transients were measured at anodic potentials. Potentiostatically formed surface layers were characterised by Auger electron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Changes in the corrosion behaviour were noticed which are attributed to the presence of silver. The passive layers formed in the two electrolytes were quite different in the composition as well as in morphology. The layer growth mechanisms also showed some variation presumably mainly due to the presence of silver, though copper still seems to play a dominant role in the passivation of this alloy in the weakly alkaline solution. The amorphous alloys displayed superior corrosion behaviour compared to the crystalline alloy, because of the absence of the heterogeneties existing in crystalline alloys.     

On the resistance of duplex steel to stress corrosion cracking

The paper gives the results of tests carried out into the stress corrosion cracking in duplex stainless steel (Type 02Cr22Ni5Mo3N, W.Nr. 1.4462); this grade is characterized by high resistance to intergranular corrosion, while resistance to stress corrosion cracking may be impaired by temperature and mode of loading. This behaviour requires special attention. The tests included testing in 35% MgCl₂ solution under constant load at 120°C, the drop evaporation test using a 0.1 mol · 1^? NaCl solution and the slow strain rate test in 35% MgCl₂ solution at 120°C.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF CORROSION SCALES ON LOW--CHROMIUM X65 STEELS IN CO2 ENVIRONMENT

利用高温高压CO₂腐蚀模拟实验以及ESEM, EDS, XPS和SEM等分析技术, 研究了4种不同含Cr量的X65管线钢的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形态和腐蚀产物膜结构特征. 结果表明: 含Cr量高的钢平均腐蚀速率小, 无Cr和含1\%Cr的钢的腐蚀形态为局部腐蚀, 含3%和5%Cr的钢的腐蚀形态为全面腐蚀. 在高温高压CO₂腐蚀环境中, 含Cr钢的腐蚀产物膜为FeCO₃和Cr(OH)₃竞争沉积形成的多层结构, 其中1Cr-X65和3Cr-X65的腐蚀膜具有3层结构, 5Cr-X65的腐蚀膜是双层结构. Cr在腐蚀产物膜层中出现局部富集, 远高于基体中的Cr含量. 高含Cr量使腐蚀产物膜中的Cr(OH)₃含量高, 并提高了腐蚀膜的保护性能, 从而引起腐蚀形态发生转变, 腐蚀速率降低. FeCO₃和Cr(OH)₃共沉积层膜对低铬钢的抗CO₂腐蚀性能具有关键的影响.     

Thermodynamic and kinetic consideration on the corrosion of Fe, Ni and Cr beneath a molten KCl-ZnCl2 mixture

Thermogravimetric (TG) experiments have been carried out to study the kinetics of hot corrosion of Fe, Cr and Ni, covered by a molten KCl-ZnCl₂ mixture of a composition close to the eutectic (50 mol% KCl-50 mol% ZnCl₂). Furthermore binary and ternary phase diagrams were calculated in order to describe the corrosion process. The tests were conducted at a temperature of 320 °C in an atmosphere consisting of argon and oxygen. For iron different stages are observed in a TG curve. They can be attributed to the different reaction steps of iron chloride formation (incubation phase), oxide precipitation (linear stage) and scale formation (parabolic or logarithmic stage). Based on these observations a model, described by Spiegel [A. Spiegel, Molten Salt Forum 7 (2003) 253], is confirmed. For Cr and Ni these stages are not observed. At 8 vol% O₂ only slight oxidation of Cr and Ni was observed accompanied by evaporation of the salt deposit. At 16 vol% O₂ the rate of oxidation increases and the experiments yield a curve that is either parabolic or logarithmic for both Ni and Cr. As a result it is shown that the solubility of iron chloride in the KCl-ZnCl₂ melt is higher than the solubility of nickel chloride and chromium (III) chloride in the KCl-ZnCl₂ melt. This enables a higher diffusibility of iron chloride to the upper region of the melt where a higher oxygen partial pressure (p(O₂)) is present leading to a higher oxidation rate of iron.     

Effect of ZrO2 on corrosion behaviour of chromium coatings

To study the effect of ZrO₂ particles on corrosion behaviour of Cr coating, steel samples were plated in Cr(VI) baths without and with ZrO₂. The corrosion behaviour of plated samples was studied at different exposure times in a solution containing 0.01 mol l⁻¹ H₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol l⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The equivalent circuit model R_e(Q_cR_pore)(Q_s[OR_s]) was proposed to fit the corrosion process and the parameters Y₀(Q_c),Y₀(Q_s) and R_pore reflecting corrosion behaviour of samples were evaluated. From the results, it was found that samples plated in bath containing ZrO₂ exhibited improved protective properties as a result of the structural characteristics of the coatings obtained; namely, the size and shape of pores.     

Electrochemical characterization of Ni47.7Ti37.8Nb14.5 shape memory alloy in artificial saliva

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the studied Ni_47.7Ti_37.8Nb_14.5 (NiTiNb) shape memory alloy was investigated for dental applications. An equiatomic NiTi alloy was used in some tests as reference material. Electrochemical techniques such as anodic potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed. Experiments were carried out using artificial saliva. Very low passive current densities were obtained from the anodic polarization curve, indicating a typical passive behaviour for NiTiNb alloy. Over the surface of the NiTiNb alloy uniform corrosion appears, while in case of the NiTi alloy surface pitting corrosion is developed. The role that Nb plays as an alloying element is by increasing the resistance of NiTi alloy to localized corrosion. The EIS results exhibited high impedance values (order of 10⁶ Ω cm²) obtained from medium to low frequencies which are indicative of the formation of a highly stable passive film on NiTiNb alloy in the artificial saliva.     

Li4SiO4 氚增殖陶瓷的制备及其与14Cr-ODS钢的腐蚀界面行为

Li₄SiO₄小球与ODS钢的化学相容性对聚变反应器的安全运行具有重要意义。研究了在500、600、700 ℃的氩气环境中保温300 h后ODS钢与小球接触界面组织和成分的变化。结果表明,在600~700 ℃时,Li₄SiO₄小球与ODS钢的界面发生了严重的元素互扩散和反应。在Li₄SiO₄小球表面,由于ODS钢中Fe和Cr的扩散,出现了一层薄薄的反应层,这也导致了密度的增加,破碎负荷从51 N （500 ℃）下降到32 N（700 ℃）。XRD图谱显示,ODS钢表面出现了LiCrO₂和LiFeO₂新相,说明Li₄SiO₄小球中的Li和O原子可以扩散到ODS中,与Fe、Cr元素在高温下发生反应形成腐蚀层。在700 ℃时,腐蚀层可分为2个氧化层。最外层是LiFeO₂和LiCrO₂的混合物,下一层主要是LiFeO₂。在ODS钢的表面,700 ℃/300 h条件下氧扩散系数为2.2×10^-14 cm²/s,这说明ODS钢作为一种包层结构材料,在未来的包层设计中需要一层耐腐蚀涂层。     

Self-healing mechanism of a protective film prepared on a Ce(NO3)3-pretreated zinc electrode by modification with Zn(NO3)2 and Na3PO4

Self-healing mechanism of a protective film against corrosion of zinc at scratches in an aerated 0.5 M NaCl solution was investigated by polarization measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA). The film was prepared on a zinc electrode by treatment in a Ce(NO₃)₃ solution and addition of aqueous solutions containing 9.98 or 19.9 μg/cm² of Zn(NO₃)₂ · 6H₂O and 55.2 μg/cm² of Na₃PO₄ · 12H₂O. After the coated electrode was scratched with a knife-edge crosswise and immersed in the NaCl solution for many hours, polarization measurements, observation of pit formation at the scratches, XPS and EPMA were carried out. This film was remarkably protective and self-healing against zinc corrosion on the scratched electrode. The cathodic and anodic processes of zinc corrosion were markedly suppressed by coverage of the surface except for scratches with a thin Ce₂O₃ layer containing a small amount of Ce⁴⁺ and the surface of scratches with a layer composed of Zn₃(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O, Zn(OH)₂ and ZnO mostly.     

Corrosion behavior of Cr/Cu-coated Mg alloy (AZ91D) in 0.1 M H2SO4 with different concentrations of NaCl

An electroplating process was proposed for obtaining a protective Cr/Cu deposit on the two-phase Mg alloy AZ91D. The corrosion behavior of Cu-covered and Cr/Cu-covered AZ91D specimens was studied electrochemically in 0.1 M H₂SO₄ with different NaCl concentrations. Experimental results showed that the corrosion resistance of an AZ91D specimen improved significantly after Cr/Cu electrodeposition. The corrosion resistance of Cr/Cu-covered AZ91D decreased with increasing NaCl concentration in 0.1 M H₂SO₄ solution. After immersion in a 0.1 M H₂SO₄ with a NaCl-content above 3.5 wt.%, the surface of Cr/Cu-covered AZ91D suffered a few blisters. Cracks through the Cr deposit provided active pathways for corrosion of the Cu and the AZ91D substrate. Formation of blisters on the Cr/Cu-covered AZ91D surface was confirmed based on the results of an open-circuit potential test, which detected an obvious potential drop from noble to active potentials.     

Structure, morphology and chemical composition of sputter deposited nanostructured Cr-WS2 solid lubricant coatings

WS₂ and Cr-WS₂ nanocomposite coatings were deposited at different Cr contents (approximately 15-50 at.%) on silicon and mild steel substrates using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the structure of Cr-WS₂ coatings and the bonding structure of the coatings was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization of different phases present in Cr-WS₂ coatings was carried out using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The XPS and Raman data indicated the formation of a thin layer of WO₃ on the surface of Cr-WS₂ coatings and the intensity of the oxide phase decreased with an increase in the Cr content, which was also confirmed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis results. The surface morphologies of WS₂ and Cr-WS₂ coatings were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy. It has been demonstrated that incorporation of Cr in WS₂ strongly influences the structure and morphology of Cr-WS₂ coatings. The XRD and FESEM results suggested that increase in the Cr content of Cr-WS₂ coatings resulted in a structural transition from a mixture of nanocrystalline and amorphous phases to a complete amorphous phase. The cross-sectional FESEM data of WS₂ coating showed a porous and columnar microstructure. For the Cr-WS₂ coatings, a mixture of columnar and featureless microstructure was observed at low Cr contents (≤ 23 at.%), whereas, a dense and featureless microstructure was observed at high Cr contents. Detailed cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of Cr-WS₂ coatings prepared at Cr content ≤ 23 at.% indicated the presence of both nanocrystalline (near the interface) and amorphous phases (near the surface). Furthermore, high-resolution TEM data obtained from the nanocrystalline region showed inclusion of traces of amorphous phase in the nanocrystalline WS₂ phase. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicated that the corrosion resistance of Cr-WS₂ coatings was superior to that of the uncoated mild steel substrate and the corrosion rate decreased with an increase in the Cr content.