复合材料帽型加筋壁板的失效机制分析与改进设计

为了准确预测复合材料帽型加筋壁板的后屈曲承载能力,针对压缩载荷下筋条端头斜削的复合材料帽型加筋壁板结构的失效机制及失效载荷进行了研究。首先利用物理试验,研究了端头斜削的复合材料帽型加筋壁板失效过程,然后构建了考虑蒙皮/缘条胶接界面以及复合材料层板失效的非线性损伤分析模型,详细地研究了损伤起始、扩展和失效的全过程。在此基础上,提出了包覆层对蒙皮/缘条界面进行增强的设计方案,并基于数值仿真和试验研究了包覆层对复合材料帽型壁板的破坏模式和承载能力的影响。数值分析和试验结果表明,包覆层设计能够明显提高结构的屈曲载荷和后屈曲承载能力,分析结果与试验值吻合良好,且预测的破坏模式也与试验结果一致。     

Numerical investigation on the failure phenomena of stiffened composite panels in post-buckling regime with discrete damages

The aim of this work is to investigate the final failure response of damaged composite stiffened panels in post buckling regime under compressive load, by using progressive failure analysis (PFA) methodology. The selected panel is characterized by T shaped stringers and it is representative of the upper skin panel, toward the wing tip, of the wing box of a typical regional aircraft. PFA methodology has been applied in order to predict in addition to the initiation of the local failure also its propagation up to the final collapse of the panel, in presence of local damage (barely visible impact damage, BVID) and in post-buckling regime. For this purpose, discrete damages have been considered in the skin of the panel. According to the indications contained in many guidelines finalized to the preliminary design of composite structures, a simplified design model of BVID has been considered in this work, in particular a hole 1/4 in. in diameter has been used to simulate this damage. The collapse load of the panel has been evaluated considering different locations of a single damage and also considering multi-damage maps (the latter are more representative of a real damage scenario). The results of PFA presented in this work illustrate the combined effect of the reduction of the panel stiffness and of the damage propagation, and the sensitivity of the buckling onset and of the residual strength of the panel with respect to different damage locations and damage density.     

脱胶缺陷尺寸对复合材料加筋板屈曲及后屈曲特性的影响

为确定脱胶缺陷对复合材料加筋板屈曲及后屈曲特性的影响,对含不同脱胶缺陷工型筋条的复合材料加筋板进行了压缩试验研究。结果表明,30 mm和50 mm的缺陷对试验件承载能力影响很小,当缺陷尺寸增至80 mm时,试验件后屈曲承载能力明显下降。借助超声检测技术对缺陷的扩展行为进行了监测,结果表明,当压缩载荷达到破坏载荷的85.3%时,预制缺陷的对角位置处出现扩展迹象。通过影像云纹法获得两半波和三半波失稳模态的形成过程。对失稳模态的监测结果还表明,随缺陷长度增加,该型加筋板的失稳模态从三半波向两半波转换。在试验基础上,利用ABAQUS软件建立有限元（FE）模型,依次进行了屈曲及后屈曲过程的数值模拟。屈曲分析用于获得试验件的失稳载荷及模态,在后屈曲分析中将失稳波形以几何扰动的形式引入FE模型,最终计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,表明该模型可以用于复合材料加筋板屈曲及后屈曲性能的预测。     

Progressive failure analysis for advanced grid stiffened composite plates/shells

A progressive failure methodology is developed to simulate the initiation and propagation of multi-failure modes for advanced grid stiffened (AGS) composite plates/shells on the basis of a stiffened element model. Failures of both skin and ribs are taken into consideration, which are matrix cracking, fiber failure, fiber–matrix shear failure, delamination in skin and fiber failure in rib. All these failures are defined using a set of 2-D stress-based polynomial failure criteria wherein the transverse shear stresses at centroid of the stiffened element are calculated by employing an integrated approach of finite element and finite difference method. Corresponding material and stiffness degradation behavior is introduced after the initiation of individual failure mechanisms. The progressive failure behavior of a composite orthotropic-grid curved panel with a centrally located cutout under compressive load is evaluated using the method.     

带口盖加筋复合材料壁板剪切性能

采用试验和有限元方法研究了带口盖加筋复合材料壁板的剪切性能。在带口盖加筋复合材料壁板有限元模型的基础上, 去掉口盖, 对不带口盖的大开口加筋复合材料壁板进行了有限元模拟分析, 以此研究口盖对带口盖加筋复合材料壁板的影响。试验和数值计算结果表明: 当达到屈曲载荷时, 带口盖加筋复合材料壁板各个区域同步发生屈曲, 最终破坏位置位于加强筋条以外的复合材料壁板区域; 去掉口盖后, 结构的刚度以及承载能力降低, 结构的应力集中点以及损伤起始位置均发生变化, 破坏时失稳形式无明显变化, 均为局部失稳。      

Investigations on Buckling Behaviour of Laminated Curved Composite Stiffened Panels

In Industrial applications structural efficiency is primary concern, this brings about the need of strong and lightweight materials. Due to their high specific strength, fibre reinforced polymers find wide application in these areas. Panels made of composite materials are widely used in aerospace structures, automobile, civil, marine and biomedical industries because of their good mechanical properties, impact resistance, excellent damage tolerance and also low fabrication cost. In this Paper, buckling and post-buckling analysis was performed on composite stiffened panel to obtain the critical load and modes of failures, with different parameters like ply-orientation, different composite materials, and stiffeners and by changing the number of stiffeners was derived. To analyze the post buckling behaviour of composite stiffened panels the nonlinear finite element analysis is employed and substantial investigations are undertaken using finite element (FE) model. Effect of critical parameters on buckling behaviour is studied and parametric studies were conducted with analytical tool to understand the structural behaviour in the post buckling range.     

含切口复合材料加筋板的压缩剩余强度研究

通过对含穿透切口的复合材料加筋板轴向压缩试验以及有限元渐进损伤模拟分析,研究了加筋板离散源损伤的扩展模式与破坏特征。结果表明,切口前端出现了非常明显的应变集中且最先发生破坏,沿切口方向未切断筋条的屈曲和壁板边缘的突然压溃导致了加筋板的最终破坏。基于最大应变判据和Hashin判据的三维有限元渐进损伤模拟有效的表达了含切口复合材料加筋板的损伤扩展,计算结果与试验吻合较好。     

侧边边界条件对复合材料加筋板轴压载荷下屈曲和后屈曲性能的影响

为研究侧边边界条件对复合材料加筋板压缩稳定性能的影响,首先采用有限元软件对压缩载荷作用下的复合材料加筋板进行建模数值计算,得到加筋板在侧边简支和自由2种边界条件下的屈曲载荷和形式,然后采用工程计算方法对加筋板轴压承载能力进行了估算,参考计算结果,分别对侧边有支持和侧边自由2组加筋板进行轴向压缩试验,分析侧边边界条件对试验件的屈曲形式、屈曲载荷以及后屈曲破坏过程的影响。试验结果表明：侧边支持条件会影响加筋板的屈曲形式和破坏形式。对于侧边有支持的试验件,屈曲后整体变形较小,筋条的压缩断裂是主要的破坏形式;而侧边自由的试验件屈曲后会逐渐出现整体弯曲变形,变形引起的筋条脱粘和弯曲断裂则是主要的破坏形式,且筋条脱粘会显著降低结构的承载能力。有限元计算结果与试验结果较吻合,验证了有限元模型的合理性。采用工程计算方法对侧边有支持的加筋板承载能力进行估算具有较好的精度。     

Compressive Behavior of 3D Woven Composite Stiffened Panels: Experimental and Numerical Study

The structural behavior and damage propagation of 3D woven composite stiffened panels with different woven patterns under axial-compression are here investigated. The panel is 2.5D interlock woven composites (2.5DIWC), while the straight-stiffeners are 3D woven orthogonal composites (3DWOC). They are coupled together with the Z-fibers from the stiffener passing straight thought the thickness of the panel. A “T-shape” model, in which the fiber bundle structure and resin matrix are drawn out to simulate the real situation of the connection area, is established to predict elastic constants and strength of the connection region. Based on Hashin failure criterion, a progressive damage model is carried out to simulate the compressive behavior of the stiffened panel. The 3D woven composite stiffened panels are manufactured using RTM process and then tested. A good agreement between experimental results and numerical predicted values for the compressive failure load is obtained. From initial damage to final collapse, the panel and stiffeners will not separate each other in the connection region. The main failure mode of 3D woven composite stiffened panels is compressive failure of fiber near the loading end corner.     

Buckling and postbuckling of composite structures

The postbuckling behaviour of a flat, stiffened, carbon fibre composite compression panel has been studied, theoretically and experimentally. The panel had a collapse load in excess of three times the buckling load. An initial failure mechanism leading to eventual explosive collapse of the panel is identified and the damaging stress resultant is measured in the panel and predicted from a finite element analysis.     

考虑屈曲的复合材料加筋壁板铺层顺序优化

提出了一种考虑屈曲的复合材料加筋壁板铺层顺序优化方法。基于复合材料加筋壁板屈曲载荷求解的能量法,系统推导了轴压载荷作用下复合材料加筋壁板蒙皮、筋条局部屈曲载荷的显示表达式,考虑了加筋壁板各板元之间的弹性支持作用及筋条下缘条的影响,引入工程法求解了加筋壁板整体屈曲载荷。基于国产自主结构分析软件HAJIF中的复合材料铺层工程数据库,以铺层参数为中间变量,利用本文提出的复合材料加筋壁板屈曲载荷求解方法,构建了考虑屈曲的复合材料加筋壁板铺层顺序优化设计流程并完成程序实现,将最小二乘法用于最优铺层顺序与工程铺层数据库的匹配。相比于传统有限元计算方法,本文提出的复合材料加筋壁板屈曲载荷求解方法具备较好的求解精度及求解效率。复合材料加筋壁板优化算例表明,采用本文提出的加筋壁板屈曲载荷分析及其优化方法,在结构重量不变的前提下,屈曲载荷提高约17%,且铺层顺序优化结果可直接从铺层工程数据库中提取并用于工程实际。      

含离散源损伤复合材料加筋板的拉伸特性

通过对含有离散源损伤的复合材料加筋板的拉伸试验和有限元模拟,研究了离散源损伤的损伤扩展与破坏特性。结果表明:复合材料加筋板的离散源损伤用穿透蒙皮切断桁条的切口来模拟是合适的,蒙皮上的穿透切口前端有很高的应力集中,桁条被切断导致加筋板传力路线改变;基于Hashin失效准则的渐进损伤有限元数值模拟方法,可以有效地模拟含切口加筋板的宏观损伤扩展和破坏过程,计算结果与试验值吻合较好。      

航空复合材料加筋板剪切稳定性及后屈曲承载性能

开展了复合材料加筋板剪切稳定性试验,研究了加筋板在承剪状态下的屈曲载荷、屈曲模态、后屈曲承载性能及破坏模式。试验结果表明,加筋板在剪切屈曲载荷下形成的屈曲波长轴线与加强件轴线夹角约45°,当屈曲比达到1.2时,存在二次屈曲行为,最终破坏载荷约为屈曲载荷的1.28倍;加筋板在二次屈曲失稳前,加强件几乎保持直线,起"屈曲分隔"的作用。结合试验现象,进行了加筋板剪切屈曲及后屈曲性能理论分析,得出的理论屈曲载荷与试验屈曲载荷的相对误差为7.2%,后屈曲阶段的理论载荷-应变曲线与试验结果的相对误差在10%以内,并确定了后屈曲角随屈曲比的变化规律。     

Positioning of Embedded Optical Fibres Sensors for the Monitoring of Buckling in Stiffened Composite Panels

A numerical/experimental study on the monitoring of the skin buckling phenomenon in stiffened composite panels by embedding optical fibres is presented in this paper. A numerical procedure has been introduced able to provide the most efficient embedded optical fibre path (with minimum length) fulfilling the grating sensors locations and directions requirements whilst satisfying specific embedding/integrity constraints for the optical fibre. The developed numerical procedure has been applied to a stiffened composite panel under compression load. The best location and direction of the grating sensors and the optimal optical fibre path for the monitoring of the skin buckling phenomenon have been found by performing respectively non-linear FEM analyses and optimization analyses. The procedure has been validated by means of an experimental testing activity on a stiffened panel instrumented with embedded optical fibres and back-to-back strain gauges which have been positioned according to the numerically estimated grating sensors locations and directions.     

复合材料加筋板低速冲击损伤的数值模拟

建立了复合材料加筋板在横向低速冲击载荷作用下的渐进损伤有限元模型。该模型考虑了复合材料加筋板受低速冲击时的纤维断裂、基体开裂及分层脱粘等五种典型的损伤形式, 在层内采用应变描述的失效判据, 结合相应的材料性能退化方案, 通过编写VUMAT用户自定义子程序以实现相应损伤类型的判断和演化。在层间以及筋条与层板间加入界面元, 模拟层间区域的情况, 结合传统的应力失效判据和断裂力学中的能量释放率准则来判断分层损伤的起始和演化规律。通过对数值模拟结果与实验数据的比较, 验证了模型的合理性和有效性。同时探讨了不同位置、不同冲击能量以及含初始损伤(脱粘)等因素对复合材料加筋板低速冲击性能的影响。     

复合材料加筋结构后屈曲的自开发程序

针对复合材料层合加筋结构的后屈曲问题,开发出自编Fortran程序,并嵌入Patran进行前后处理。采用该程序计算出线性屈曲模态,将其作为后屈曲非线性计算的初始挠度;采用增量迭代技术、弧长控制及能量收敛准则求解非线性方程;最后引入复合材料Tsai-Hill失效准则,对单元的损伤进行判断及刚度折减。采用复合材料加筋板的压缩试验对该系统进行初步验证。针对不同加载方式、选材及结构型式的机翼盒段,利用该系统进行后屈曲计算和分析,数值结果与试验数据吻合较好。     

长桁-翼肋连接对复合材料单加筋板压缩性能的影响

采用试验和有限元方法研究了复合材料含翼肋单加筋板试验件的压缩性能,试验件包括带有长桁-翼肋连接和不含长桁-翼肋连接2种类型。试验和数值计算研究结果表明:与不含长桁-翼肋连接的试验件相比,带有长桁-翼肋连接的试验件具有较高的刚度和较高的临界屈曲失稳载荷,在后屈曲承载过程中具有较小的形变和较小的最终破坏载荷。试验件的最终破坏模式总是长桁与蒙皮间的界面脱粘,这表明长桁-翼肋连接对加筋板试验件的最终破坏模式无影响。在复合材料翼面结构设计中,需要综合考虑长桁-翼肋连接对加筋板初始临界失稳载荷、后屈曲变形和结构承载能力等方面的影响。     

A robust numerical approach for the simulation of skin–stringer debonding growth in stiffened composite panels under compression

In this paper, a numerical study on skin–stringer debonding growth in stiffened composite panels has been carried out. A novel numerical methodology is proposed here to investigate the compressive behaviour of a stiffened composite panel in the presence of skin–stringer partial separation. The novel numerical methodology, able to overcome the mesh size and time increment dependency of the standard Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT), is an evolution of a previously developed and tested numerical approach for the circular delaminations growth. The enhancements, with respect to the previously developed approach, rely mainly in the capability to deal with the different defect shapes characterising a skin–stringer debonding. The proposed novel methodology has been implemented in a commercial finite element platform and tested over single stiffener composite panels. The effectiveness of the suggested numerical methodology, in predicting the compressive behaviour of stiffened panels with skin stringer debondings, has been preliminary confirmed by comparisons, in terms of load versus applied displacement and debonding size at failure, with literature experimental data and numerical results obtained with the standard VCCT approach.     

Experimental and Numerical Post‐buckling Analysis of Thin Aluminium Aeronautical Panels under Shear Load

In this work, a novel multi‐hinged test fixture, which can apply a pure shear load to thin panels, is presented. The new device has been used to perform several experimental tests on the shear behaviour of aluminium alloy panels. Four different test configurations have been considered: stiffened and not stiffened panels, with and without a central rectangular cut‐out. The specimens, made of Al 6082 T6, are tested under shear load boundary conditions up to buckling and post‐buckling occurrence. Furthermore, finite element analyses have been performed in order to simulate the four panel configurations tests. The new test fixture has shown the capability to buckle a panel attaining very large out‐of‐plane displacements, if compared to the outcomes of a traditional picture frame test fixture, under the same external load. Numerical and experimental results are finally compared, showing a satisfactory agreement.     

In-plane compression of sandwich panels with debonds

The post failure behaviour of sandwich panels loaded in in-plane compression is studied by considering the structural response of such panels with symmetrically located edge debonds. A parametric finite element model is used to determine the influence of different material and geometrical properties on the failure progression, i.e. after initiation of damage. The investigated failure modes are buckling of the debonded face sheets, debond propagation and face sheet failure. The postbuckling failure mode is mainly determined by the fracture toughness of the core and the bending stiffness and strength of the face sheets. The presented approach and results can be used to determine how sandwich panels should be constituted, or not, to promote damage progression favourable for efficient energy absorption during in-plane crushing. The prolonged damage propagation is very complex as it is strongly non-linear and depends on a combination of stiffness, strength and geometry of the constituent materials.