变转速500mm叶片的强度振动有限元分析

应用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用单片及整圈结构的三维实体,以及采用围带、凸台接触面干摩擦作用模型对变转速给水泵汽轮机末级500mm叶片的静应力和整圈振动特性进行计算分析。围带和凸台接触紧力的计算为确定机组的工作转速范围提供了依据。计算表明,在工作转速范围内,该叶片有3个节径的三重点共振点应做进一步的动力响应分析。     

围带结构对整圈自锁叶片振动特性的影响

从围带结构的基本参数(围带的厚度、宽度、倾斜角、相邻围带接触面之间的接触角和接触间隙)入手,采用数值分析方法探讨了整圈自锁阻尼叶片的振动特性,得到了围带结构各参数对振动特性的影响,其中围带厚度方面的结论与试验测量结论一致.分析结果表明,围带结构的基本参数对整圈叶片结构的三重点共振点的影响具有一定的规律性;叶片振动特性分析对整圈自锁叶片的设计具有指导作用.     

拱型围带整圈连接叶片组固有频率计算和调频探讨

采用有限元法计算拱型围带的刚度并识别其与叶片连接处的边界条件，沿用叶片弯扭耦合振动和整圈连接传递矩阵理论，建立了拱型围带和拱型围带加松拉筋结构整圈连接叶片组固有频率计算模型方法。并比较了实物动，静频的计算和实测结果，表明二者吻合较好。对此类结构叶片的调频作了深入的研究，提出了调频方法。     

汽轮机自带围带叶片整圈连接的接触分析

建立了汽轮机自带围带叶片整圈连接的数学模型,提出了计算围带接触"紧度"的模型与方法.以某1 029m叶片为例,借助通用有限元软件ALGOR,用接触分析方法对不同转速下围带之间的接触"紧度"进行了计算和分析,考察了离心力对围带接触"紧度"的影响;着重考察了在额定转速下初始间隙δ、围带接触面与周向的夹角α对围带紧度的影响.分析结果表明,随着α的增加接触紧度减小,初始间隙和离心力对接触紧度的变化起主要作用.为整圈连接阻尼叶片的设计及优化提供了理论指导.     

加工装配对整圈自锁阻尼叶片频率影响的研究!

目前在应用CAE/FEA软件对汽轮机整圈自锁叶片进行结构分析时,加工装配对频率结果的影响程度一直没有得到确认。从整圈自锁阻尼叶片的有限元分析方法入手,着重对不同相邻围带间隙对频率结果的影响进行探讨,并将有限元数值模拟的结果和试验结果进行了对比;通过分析加工装配对整圈自锁阻尼叶片的影响,将叶片加工装配后的相邻叶片围带间隙测量结果放入有限元计算模型中,解决了长期以来有限元计算结果与试验结果的偏差问题,对指导动频试验有非常积极的作用。     

叶片整圈振动特性分析及调频优化

为了避免叶片在运行过程中发生共振现象,针对某汽轮机低压次末级动叶片,采用全三维有限元分析方法对整圈叶片-叶轮模型进行振动特性分析。结果表明：初始围带厚度下1阶8节径振型在工作转速范围内出现“三重点”共振,不满足频率避开率要求,容易发生共振,需要进行调频改进;通过改变叶片围带厚度和围带接触面长度进行调频优化,并通过试验验证了调频后“三重点”转速与工作转速避开率满足要求,调频方案有效。     

汽轮机末级钛合金长叶片围带接触力分析

大型汽轮机末级钛合金叶片的自锁阻尼围带在运行中会发生接触面磨损的现象,减小了接触面之间的接触紧力,导致叶栅整体性和刚性削弱,对叶栅的阻尼减振效应产生了负面影响.为更好地分析和了解这一问题,建立了末级长叶片整圈阻尼围带的接触力分析模型,可对不同结构、不同磨损状态的长叶片围带接触紧力进行定量分析.用有限元方法对该模型进行了...     

长叶片考虑约束预扭的扭转恢复计算

传统的长叶片扭转恢复计算是以自由叶片为模型的，它已不适合目前应用较广的整圈连接叶片结构。建立了适合围带和拉筋整圈连接结构的长叶片考虑约束预扭的扭转恢复计算模型，给出了各种约束条件的求解方法和典型算例。     

1 200mm叶片的非线性摩擦减振特性

根据国内外同行多年设计经验,综合考虑安全性、经济性与工艺性,设计了1200mm长叶片的结构,其中静叶为变截面空间三维弯扭联合成型叶片;动叶为考虑大变形、附加动应力最小的变截面空间反扭成型叶片;动叶的拉筋和围带设计成自带凸台拉筋和自带围带整圈软联接;叶根方案确定为斜四齿枞树型。在此基础上采用固定界面模态综合法计算了整圈叶片的非线性振动响应。设计与计算结果表明:采用自带凸台拉筋和自带围带整圈软联接结构形式的1200mm长叶片,在外激振力作用下,具有良好的摩擦减振性能。     

300MW机组调节级叶片优化设计与试验研究

优化了 30 0MW汽轮机的调节级 ,采用了子午面端壁收缩的弯曲叶栅 ,动叶为自带围带三销钉三联叶片 ,再用铆接围带形成整圈联结叶片。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.