三唑酮在油菜及土壤中的残留动态

为评价三唑酮可湿性粉剂在油菜上使用后的残留行为及环境安全性，采用GC测定方法，对三唑酮在长沙和杭州两地的油菜及土壤中的残留进行了研究，结果表明：1)：三唑酮在长沙油菜、土壤中的半衰期分别为3．43d和8．35d；2)三唑酮在杭州油菜、土壤中的半衰期分别为2．98d和6．92d；3)三唑酮在正常使用剂量下，有效成分在两地油菜籽和土壤巾的最终残留都低于0．15mg／kg，保证了油菜籽食用的安全性。     

40%毒死蜱乳油在稻田土壤中的消解动态

对４０％毒死蜱乳油在稻田土壤中的消解动态进行研究。经过两年两地的田间试验表明,其在稻田土壤中的半衰期为６．７０￣１６．１１天,消解较快。４０天以后土壤中的残留量基本低于０．００５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

毒死蜱在桑叶和土壤中的消解动态及养蚕安全间隔期

[目的]研究毒死蜱在桑叶和土壤中的消解动态,评价毒死蜱在桑树上使用的安全性,并根据消解曲线方程推测施药后的养蚕安全间隔期。[方法]分别以1500 mg a.i./L和1 m L/m~2毒死蜱药液喷施桑树和土壤后,采用气相色谱法分析桑叶和土壤样品中的残留量变化情况,并建立其消解曲线方程。[结果]毒死蜱在桑叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为1.9~4.0、8.4~9.4 d,浙江和广东两地毒死蜱施药后桑叶中残留量0.2 mg/kg时的家蚕安全饲养间隔期分别为35、18 d。[结论]毒死蜱在桑叶和土壤中易被降解,其降解速率受环境条件的影响。因此,需根据施药地不同的环境条件来确定其家蚕饲养安全间隔期。     

咪鲜胺在粤浙两地水稻和土壤中残留动态

为了评价咪鲜胺在水稻上使用后的残留动态及环境安全性，在广东、浙江两地同时进行了咪鲜胺在水稻上的残留动态试验。结果表明：在广东地区，咪鲜胺在植株中的半衰期为2．59d，在土壤中的半衰期为2．46d，在稻田水的半衰期为0．46d；在浙江地区，咪鲜胺在植株中的半衰期为3．08d，在土壤中的半衰期为1．89d，在稻田水的半衰期为1．52d。收获的水稻糙米中咪鲜胺最终残留量均低于0．5mg／kg。     

毒死蜱、联苯菊酯在室内和室外土壤中的消解动态及土壤化学屏障研究

[目的]探讨毒死蜱和联苯菊酯在室内外土壤中的消解动态,并预测2种农药作为土壤化学屏障防治白蚁的有效期。[方法]采用气相色谱法测定不同时期土壤中毒死蜱和联苯菊酯的残留量并采用土壤穿透法测定2种农药在土壤中的生物活性。[结果]毒死蜱在室内和室外的半衰期分别为51.3、39.5 d,联苯菊酯在室内和室外的半衰期分别为31.3、44.5 d。毒死蜱和联苯菊酯抗白蚁穿透的最低有效质量分数分别为6.15、5.78 mg/kg,并结合消解动态方程预测出毒死蜱和联苯菊酯作为土壤化学屏障中有效成分的有效期在室内分别为195、29.1 d,在室外则分别为158.4、56.1 d。[结论]得到的白蚁防治有效期结果较好,为白蚁的化学防治提供理论依据。     

6％甲萘威·四聚乙醛在小白菜及土壤中残留分析方法及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱法研究了甲萘威在长沙、广州两地的小白菜和菜园土壤中的残留分析方法及消解动态。结果表明：采用二氯甲烷-丙酮混合溶液（体积比60：5）提取小白菜植株中的甲萘威,弗罗里硅土柱纯化,浓缩后用反相液相色谱进行检测,方法回收率在85．11％～109．98％之间,变异系数在3．61％-9．36％之间,其在长沙、广州的小白菜植株中消解动态分别符合一级动力学方程;相关系数分别为0．8743、0．9346;半衰期分别为2．69、O．50d。菜园土壤中的甲萘威采用丙酮提取,浓缩后用反相液相色谱进行检测,方法回收率在93．68％一109．31％之间,变异系数在0．69％～3．40％之间,其在长沙、广州的菜园土壤中消解动态分别符合一级动力学方程;相关系数分别为0．9584、0．9322;半衰期分别为7．08、1．13d。     

精-异丙甲草胺在大豆及土壤中的残留动态

为了评价精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态及环境安全性,在天津、吉林两地同时进行了精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态试验.结果表明,天津地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为19.1 d,在土壤中的半衰期为27.9 d;吉林地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为21.4 d,在土壤中的半衰期为34.1 d.收获的大豆籽粒中精-异丙甲草胺最终残留量均为未检出.     

50％醚菌酯水分散粒剂在苹果及土壤中的残留动态

为了评价醚菌酯在苹果上使用后的残留动态及环境安全性,在天津、西安两地同时进行了醚菌酯在苹果上的残留动态实验.结果表明:在天津地区,醚菌酯在苹果上的半衰期为10.2 d,在土壤中的半衰期为12.6 d;在西安地区,醚菌酯在苹果上的半衰期为7.3 d,在土壤中的半衰期为11.6 d.施药后间隔14 d和21 d的苹果中醚菌酯的残留量均低于0.2 mg/kg.     

申嗪霉素在辣椒和土壤中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法,在国内外首次研究了申嗪霉素在辣椒及其栽培土中的残留动态,为科学评价该药在作物上的持久性及环境安全性提供可靠依据.实验结果表明,申嗪霉素在辣椒上的半衰期为5.4～6.6 d,在土壤中的半衰期为8～8.7 d.所测得的申嗪霉素在辣椒中最终残留量的最大值为0.044 mg/kg.     

肟菌酯在辣椒和土壤中的消解动态

[目的]建立肟菌酯在辣椒和土壤中的残留分析方法,研究肟菌酯在辣椒和土壤中的残留消解动态。[方法]采用乙腈提取,盐析法净化,GC-ECD检测,外标法定量。[结果]当添加质量分数为0.03~1.00 mg/kg时,肟菌酯在辣椒和土壤中的回收率为89.9%~104.9%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~5.1%。消解动态试验表明,肟菌酯在辣椒和土壤中的消解动态曲线符合一级动力学方程,其在长沙、青岛和杭州3地的辣椒和土壤中的半衰期为4.08~17.33 d,均小于30 d。[结论]肟菌酯属易降解农药。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。