Detection by Time Reversal: Single Antenna

This paper studies the binary hypothesis test of detecting the presence or absence of a target in a highly cluttered environment by using time reversal. In time reversal, the backscatter of a signal transmitted into a scattering environment is recorded, delayed, energy normalized, and retransmitted through the medium. We consider two versions of the test-target channel frequency response assumed known or unknown-and, for each version, contrast two approaches: conventional detection (where no time reversal occurs) and time reversal detection. This leads to four alternative formulations for which we derive the optimal detector and the generalized likelihood ratio test, when the target channel frequency response is known or unknown, respectively. We derive analytical expressions for the error probabilities and the threshold for all detectors, with the exception of the time reversal generalized likelihood ratio test. Experiments with real-world electromagnetic data for two channels (free space with a target immersed in 20 scatterers and a duct channel) confirm the analytical results and show that time reversal detection provides significant gains over conventional detection. This gain is explained by the empirical distribution or type of the target channel frequency response-richer scattering channels induce types with heavier tails and larger time reversal detection gains     

Time Reversal in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radar

Time reversal explores the rich scattering in a multipath environment to achieve high target detectability. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is an emerging active sensing technology that uses diverse waveforms transmitted from widely spaced antennas to achieve increased target sensitivity when compared to standard phased arrays. In this paper, we combine MIMO radar with time reversal to automatically match waveforms to a scattering channel and further improve the performance of radar detection. We establish a radar target model in multipath rich environments and develop likelihood ratio tests for the proposed time-reversal MIMO radar (TR-MIMO). Numerical simulations demonstrate improved target detectability compared with the commonly used statistical MIMO strategy.      

Spatial diversity in radars-models and detection performance

Inspired by recent advances in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, this proposal introduces the statistical MIMO radar concept. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the statistical MIMO is being proposed for radar. The fundamental difference between statistical MIMO and other radar array systems is that the latter seek to maximize the coherent processing gain, while statistical MIMO radar capitalizes on the diversity of target scattering to improve radar performance. Coherent processing is made possible by highly correlated signals at the receiver array, whereas in statistical MIMO radar, the signals received by the array elements are uncorrelated. Radar targets generally consist of many small elemental scatterers that are fused by the radar waveform and the processing at the receiver, to result in echoes with fluctuating amplitude and phase. It is well known that in conventional radar, slow fluctuations of the target radar cross section (RCS) result in target fades that degrade radar performance. By spacing the antenna elements at the transmitter and at the receiver such that the target angular spread is manifested, the MIMO radar can exploit the spatial diversity of target scatterers opening the way to a variety of new techniques that can improve radar performance. This paper focuses on the application of the target spatial diversity to improve detection performance. The optimal detector in the Neyman-Pearson sense is developed and analyzed for the statistical MIMO radar. It is shown that the optimal detector consists of noncoherent processing of the receiver sensors' outputs and that for cases of practical interest, detection performance is superior to that obtained through coherent processing. An optimal detector invariant to the signal and noise levels is also developed and analyzed. In this case as well, statistical MIMO radar provides great improvements over other types of array radars.     

Time Reversal Imaging by Adaptive Interference Canceling

We develop the time reversal adaptive interference canceler (TRAIC) time reversal beamformer (TRBF), a new algorithm to detect and locate targets in rich scattering environments. It utilizes time reversal in two stages: (1) Anti-focusing: TRAIC time reverses and then reshapes the clutter backscatter to mitigate the clutter response; (2) Focusing: TRBF time reverses the residual backscatter to focus the radar image on the target. Laboratory experiments with electromagnetic radar data in a highly cluttered environment confirm the superiority of TRAIC-TRBF over conventional direct subtraction (DS) beamform imaging.     

机载光电设备对高空气球的光谱可见性分析

对高空气球与机载探测器所处环境特性进行分析,利用MODTRAN大气传输模型计算了相同时刻下不同探测点的背景噪声强度,和不同时刻下目标处的背景光亮度,采用反向蒙特卡罗法计算出空基探测点处接收到的高空气球的散射亮度,计算出探测数据的信噪比,并就目标的光谱可见性进行了分析。计算表明,机载探测时,当目标位置与探测高度固定的情况下,探测夹角越小,目标的太阳天顶角越大,则探测信噪比越高,越容易满足探测仪器的阈值并有利于探测谱段的选择。     

多径环境下海面低空目标检测技术研究

为了使雷达在多径环境下具有最佳检测低飞目标的能力,分析推导了不同环境下双门限（M-N）检测器的检测性能,得到了不同环境、不同虚警概率下M-N检测器具有最佳检测性能时的最佳第二门限（M）值。通过场景假定和环境特征分析,建立了雷达多路径散射模型;然后推导得到了多径环境下信噪比的概率分布函数和雷达检测概率表达式,仿真给出了多径环境下和自由空间中不同M-N检测器在不同虚警概率下的雷达检测概率曲线;最后总结出了在不同情况下雷达具有最佳检测性能时的最佳M值。     

微弱目标积累检测的包络移动补偿方法

利用长时间信号积累来提高低信噪比对微弱运动目标检测的性能是一种有效方法.在积累过程中目标回波有可能越距离单元走动,因此包络时延补偿是实现信号积累的首要问题.本文利用相控阵雷达可提供的波束驻留方式,提出一种基于距离拉伸和时频分析的包络移动补偿方法.该方法利用距离拉伸将不同单元中的目标回波作为暂态信号,通过时频联合处理来进行运动补偿和匹配相参积累,适用于存在越多普勒分辨单元走动的情况.给出了检测器的实现框图并进行了性能分析.仿真结果及对实测数据的处理验证了该方法的有效性.     

一种新的FSK最佳相干解调器

本文讨论在信号各频率振幅受到的衰减不一致并存在有色加性高斯噪声(IGDF-ACGN)信道条件下,FSK信号的最佳相干解调问题。基于矢量表示系统模型的方法,导出了最佳解调器的结构。从理论分析和计算机模拟实验结果都证明了所导得的最佳解调器,不仅在IGDF-ACGN信道条件下是最佳的,而且在加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道条件下也是最佳的。文中还导出了相应的误码率公式,给出了误码率数值计算和计算机模拟曲线。     

新型MFSK最佳相干解调器

本文推广了作者在1999年提出的方法和结论[1],讨论了在信号各频率振幅受到的衰减不一致并存在有色加性高斯噪声(IGDF-ACGN)信道条件下,M进制FSK(MFSK)信号的最佳相干解调问题。导出了最佳解调器的结构,说明了该解调器中有关参数的估计方法,以及实现时遇到的矢量、矩阵运算的有关快速算法。从理论和计算机模拟实验两方面说明了所导得的最佳解调器,不仅在IGDF-ACGN信道条件下是最佳的,而且在加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道条件下也是最佳的。文中给出了误码率的计算机模拟曲线。     

Optimal coherent detection of FSK signals with imbalance amplitudes in the presence of colored gaussian noise

The problem of optimal coherent detection of frequency-shift keying (FSK) signals transmitted over an additive colored Gaussian noise channel with imbalance gains in different frequencies (IGDF-ACGN channel) is studied. The structure of the optimal coherent detector is derived. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation results show that the detector is optimal in either additive colored Gaussian noise environment or additive white Gaussian noise environment.     

线列探测器非均匀性对点目标检测的影响

为了向点目标检测系统的非均匀性校正提供指标依据,从数学上推导并分析了线列探测器非均匀性对点目标检测的影响,同时提出了一种仿真实验方法,得到了非均匀性对点目标信噪比和检测概率的影响程度数据.实验结果表明,在信噪比小于3的情况下,非均匀性每增加10%,点目标信噪比下降约3.6%,检测概率平均下降约90.8%.在信噪比大于3的情况下,非均匀性每增加10%,点目标信噪比下降约3.5%,检测概率平均下降约34.8%.     

极化空时自适应匹配滤波检测器

针对极化空时自适应处理时目标极化状态和杂波协方差矩阵未知等实际瓶颈问题,提出了一种适应于机载极化阵列雷达的极化空时自适应匹配滤波(PST-AMF)检测算法.该检测算法先利用回波数据估计目标的极化状态,然后再将估值代入似然比得到了新的检验统计量,进一步推导了检测器虚警概率和检测概率的解析表达式,从理论上证明了该检测方法具备恒虚警(CFAR)特性.该检测器计算量比极化空时广义似然比检测器(PST-GLRT)少,易于工程实现.最后,仿真验证了在检测慢速运动目标时,其性能优于单个通道的空时自适应匹配滤波检测器(ST-AMF),具备较强的稳健性.     

乘性噪声环境下基于局部最佳检测器的伪码捕获方法

扩频系统常常工作在多径环境中,伴随着加性噪声的同时往往还存在着乘性噪声。该文提出了一种乘性噪声环境下伪码捕获方法,将伪码捕获等价为假设检验问题,利用局部最佳检测算法推导出乘性噪声环境下的伪码捕获检测统计量,文中给出了基于局部最佳检测算法的捕获结构,并与传统的平方和检测器进行了性能仿真对比,结果表明该文所提出的捕获方法在乘性噪声环境下检测性能较平方和检测器有较大幅度的提高,而在无乘性噪声的环境下检测性能只较传统的平方和检测器检测性能稍有降低。     

Electromagnetic Time-Reversal Source Localization in Changing Media: Experiment and Analysis

An experimental study is performed on electromagnetic time reversal in highly scattering environments, with a particular focus on performance when environmental conditions change. In particular, we consider the case for which there is a mismatch between the Green's function used on the forward measurement and that used for time-reversal inversion. We examine the degradation in the time-reversal image with increasing media mismatch, and consider techniques that mitigate such degradation. The experimental results are also compared with theoretical predictions for time reversal in changing media, with good agreement observed     

A Cooperative Transmission and Receiving Scheme for IDMA with Time-Reversal Technique

In this paper, we propose an efficient uplink and downlink cooperative transmission and receiving scheme for interleave-division multiple access (IDMA) systems with time-reversal (TR) technique. We refer this system as TDR-IDMA, since the time- division duplexing (TDD) mode is used in this transceiver system. In TDR-IDMA systems, the time-reversed version of the channel impulse responses obtained from the uplink is used to process the received signal before the elementary signal estimator in the receiver of base station (BS). Due to the weak correlations of multi-path for different users, the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) at the beginning of turbo-like detection of TDR-IDMA can be increased significantly. Compared with conventional IDMA system, much less iterations is needed for signal detection in TDR-IDMA systems. Thus, the proposed scheme effectively reduces the multi-user detection (MUD) computation load for the uplink, which is the bottleneck for IDMA system. TR processing is also applied in the transmitter of BS to reduce the complexity of user ends (UEs). Simulation and analysis results show that TDR-IDMA can achieve the same performance of the traditional IDMA system with fast processing speed and simple UEs.     

基于改进广义Steiner估计的MC-CDMA系统空时多用户检测

研究了频率选择性瑞利衰落信道中的同步MC-CDMA系统上行链路空时信道估计及多用户检测算法。考虑对应于子载波的衰落系数是信道冲激响应的离散傅里叶变换,通过在两个数据块之间插入训练序列(midamble)进行所有用户的联合信道估计。首先采用广义Steiner估计器(GSE)来进行阵列天线信道冲激响应的初始估计,然后提出一种简单有效的适用于均匀线阵的互相关波达方向(CCDOA)估计算法,用以改进阵列天线信道冲激响应的估计,从空间的角度降低了信道响应中的噪声。在估计出所有用户空时信道参数的基础上,构造最大比合并(MRC)、解相关检测和最小均方误差检测(MMSE)来进行信号检测。仿真结果表明基于互相关DOA估计的改进信道估计算法与广义Steiner估计器相比在系统性能上有显著的改善。     

高精度光离子化传感器的设计

针对当前国产光离子气体传感器因精度较小、成本较高而一直无法广泛应用的技术难点问题,提出了一种通过改进结构将射频紫外灯驱动模块和微弱电流检测模块分离的方法。基于光离子化和抗电磁干扰的机理,深入探讨了传感机制和减弱噪声的方法,设计研制电源模块、紫外灯驱动模块和微弱电流检测模块等解调电路模块。设计特殊的外壳结构,使之在屏蔽外界干扰的同时,也降低了高压交流电给微弱电流检测模块带来的噪声干扰,进而提高了传感器的测试精度。构建了整体传感器的测试与标定系统。理论与实验结果表明:该传感器线性度良好,重复性为1.8%,在室温下工作稳定,可以应用到环境测量中。同时,所设计的传感器因其体积小、灵敏度高和响应快等优点,为其使用的便捷性和测量的实时性提供了可靠的解决方案。     

Polarimetric adaptive detection of range-distributed targets

We address the problem of polarimetric adaptive detection of range-spread targets in Gaussian noise with unknown covariance matrix. At the design stage, we model the target echo from each polarimetric channel as a deterministic signal known up to a scaling factor (possibly varying from cell to cell), which accounts for the polarimetric scattering properties of the target. We first show the failure of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) procedure to deal with this kind of problem, and thus, we propose a fully adaptive detector based on the method of sieves. We also derive the analytical expression for the probability of false alarm and show that the newly introduced receiver can be made bounded constant false alarm rate (CFAR). Finally, we present simulation results highlighting the performance gain that can be achieved by resorting to polarization diversity in conjunction with high resolution.     

乘性噪声环境下基于符号秩统计量的非参伪码捕获方法

扩频系统常常工作在多径环境中,伴随着加性噪声的同时往往还存在着乘性噪声.该文提出了一种乘性噪声环境下基于符号秩统计量的非参伪码捕获方法,将伪码捕获等价为假设检验问题,利用局部最佳检测算法推导出了乘性噪声环境下基于符号秩的检测统计量,通过简化记分函数进一步给出了局部次佳秩检测器.将局部次佳秩检测器与局部最佳检测器和平方和检测器的性能进行了仿真对比,结果表明该文所提出的捕获方法在乘性噪声环境下检测性能接近于乘性噪声环境下的局部最佳检测器,而较平方和检测器则有较大幅度的提高.     

光波导相控阵激光雷达接收系统设计

针对光波导相控阵扫描角度大、速度高的特点,设计了光波导相控阵激光雷达的接收系统。该系统采用大视场凝视型的单孔径接收望远镜和APD阵列探测器,进行目标信号的接收转换与目标角度测量;同时采用微透镜阵列（MLA）以弥补APD阵列产生的探测视场空白,提高回波信号能量利用率。首先给出了设计的总体方案,选择并设计了系统的具体参数;针对选择的器件参数,根据激光雷达方程对系统的性能进行了分析。研究结果表明:所设计的接收系统具有体积小、结构紧凑的特点,性能指标可满足相控阵激光雷达的探测需要。