Biooxidation of organic solutes in oil shale wastewaters

Biooxidation of nine retort waters was evaluated in batch culture. Because losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by volatilization could be extensive (up to 32%), biotreatment was evaluated in screw-capped shake-flasks that contained enough headspace to ensure aerobic conditions. Biological removals of DOC ranged only from 9 to 49% using bacteria subjected to extensive enrichment periods. A simple reverse-phase chromatographic fractionation scheme indicated that the majority of refractory DOC for each water resided in the lipophilic fraction (LpF); the polar fraction comprised most of the degradable carbon. The LpF organic nitrogen content did not change significantly after biooxidation, and LpF molar ratio of carbon to nitrogen was similar for each treated water. Molar C:N ratios ranging from 7 to 15 and high u.v. absorbances indicated that the malodorous and colored solutes, which are predominantly associated with the biorefractory LpF, primarily comprised aromatic nitrogenous compounds. Extracellular fluid that remained after exhaustive biooxidation of one wastewater was used in over 200 enrichment cultures, each of which failed to further remove DOC.     

Identification and treatability of organics in oil shale retort water

Analysis by GC-MS of the process water derived from Fischer Assay retoring of oil shale from Rundle, Australia has provided positive identification of the major organic constituents present. This is the first detailed analysis of retort water from Australian oil shales and showed that the compounds ranged from being highly biodegradable to highly inhibitory and resistant to biological oxidation. The major classes of compounds found in a composited sample included normal carboxylic acids, alkyl pyridines, quinolines and cyclic saturated and unsaturated ketones. Separation of the retort water into its acid, base and neutral fractions was brought about by solvent extraction using methylene chloride. A series of treatability studies on the retort water confirmed the hypothesis that only a portion of the organic carbon was amenable to biological treatment. In addition, high ammonia levels further inhibited biological action. Adsorption of the retort water with activated carbon proved most successful in removing the non-biodegradable fraction of the organic species. Chemical oxidation by ozone does not appear attractive because it lacks the specificity of adsorption.     

The effect of biofilter loading rate on the removal of organic ozonation by-products

The effect of biofilter loading rate on the removal of organic ozonation by-products (OBPs) was studied in three biofilters used for the pretreatment of drinking water. One of the biofilters contained plastic biofilm media (KMT) and the two others contained expanded clay aggregates (Filtralite). Tests were carried out with ozonated humic water at several OBP concentration levels using empty bed contact times (EBCTs) from 6.2 to 48 min. The sum of aldehyde (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal and methyl glyoxal) and acetone concentrations ranged from 21 to 77 μg l⁻¹ in the ozonated water. The total ketoacid (glyoxylic, pyruvic, and ketomalonic acids) concentrations varied from 92 to 521 μg l⁻¹. The results were modelled using a first-order model including parameter for minimum substrate concentration (S_min). The OBPs showed different sensitivities to decreasing EBCT. Formaldehyde and pyruvic acid had the highest specific removal rates and their removal was little affected by increased loading rate. Ketomalonic acid had the lowest specific removal rate and its removal efficiency was reduced most with decreasing EBCT. The other studied OBPs had specific removal rates close to each other. The ketoacids had higher S_min concentrations than aldehydes and the S_min concentrations were influenced by the influent OBP concentrations. The biofilter media did not have a significant effect on OBP removal efficiency. Generally, over 80% removal efficiency was obtained for OBPs at EBCTs over 20 min. The significance of OBP concentrations close to S_min for the biological stability of drinking water needs to be determined.     

Biodegradability of ozonation products as a function of COD and DOC elimination by the example of humic acids

Ozone pretreatment studies of humic acids were conducted to evaluate the effects of ozonation on the biodegradability of the oxidation products as a function of COD-, DOC-elimination, decrease of u.v.-absorbance and ozone consumption. A 50–60% decrease of the COD-value and a 30% decrease of the DOC-value lead to biodegradable products (BOD₅/COD = 0.4) in most cases independent of the pH-value and the initial concentration. To reach these results 3.4–4 mg ozone are consumed per mg initial DOC. With this ozone consumption complete decolorization of the solutions is achieved and the value of u.v./DOC decreases from 4 to 0.8 m² g⁻¹.     

Energy efficiency for the removal of non-polar pollutants during ultraviolet irradiation,visible light photocatalysis and ozonation of a wastewater effluent

This study aims to assess the removal of a set of non-polar pollutants in biologically treated wastewater using ozonation, ultraviolet (UV 254 nm low pressure mercury lamp) and visible light (Xe-arc lamp) irradiation as well as visible light photocatalysis using Ce-doped TiO₂. The compounds tracked include UV filters, synthetic musks, herbicides, insecticides, antiseptics and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Raw wastewater and treated samples were analyzed using stir-bar sorptive extraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (SBSE–CG × GC–TOF–MS). Ozone treatment could remove most pollutants with a global efficiency of over 95% for 209 μM ozone dosage. UV irradiation reduced the total concentration of the sixteen pollutants tested by an average of 63% with high removal of the sunscreen 2-ethylhexyl trans-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), the synthetic musk 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyltetrahydronaphthalene (tonalide, AHTN) and several herbicides. Visible light Ce–TiO₂ photocatalysis reached ∼70% overall removal with particularly high efficiency for synthetic musks. In terms of power usage efficiency expressed as nmol kJ⁻¹, the results showed that ozonation was by far the most efficient process, ten-fold over Xe/Ce–TiO₂ visible light photocatalysis, the latter being in turn considerably more efficient than UV irradiation. In all cases the efficiency decreased along the treatments due to the lower reaction rate at lower pollutant concentration. The use of photocatalysis greatly improved the efficiency of visible light irradiation. The collector area per order decreased from 9.14 ± 5.11 m² m⁻³ order⁻¹ for visible light irradiation to 0.16 ± 0.03 m² m⁻³ order⁻¹ for Ce–TiO₂ photocatalysis. The toxicity of treated wastewater was assessed using the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Ozonation reduced the toxicity of treated wastewater, while UV irradiation and visible light photocatalysis limited by 20–25% the algal growth due to the accumulation of reaction by-products. Three transformation products were identified and tracked along the treatments.     

利用油页岩废渣制备墙体砖的研究

在对油页岩渣化学成分进行分析的基础上,研究了利用油页岩废渣制备免蒸免烧墙体砖的可行性,并从原料配方、挤压工艺参数等方面进行了试验研究,成功地采用挤压成型的方法将油页岩渣、粉煤灰等工业废渣用于制备墙体砖,为油页岩渣资源化利用开辟了一条有效途径。     

利用油页岩渣制备水泥胶凝材料的实验研究

探讨了利用油页岩渣制备水泥的配方,分别对油页岩渣作为水泥生料以及水泥熟料填料的力学性能进行了实验,结果表明：油页岩渣可作为水泥生料,油页岩渣作为熟料的填料比作为生料效果更好。     

茂名油页岩厂址比选分析

通过对茂名油页岩矿电联营项目电厂厂址选择的实践，对油页岩矿这种新型能源发电电厂选址工作的一般性和特殊性进行了阐述，并分析比较各方面的技术经济条伴，总结出油页岩矿电厂厂址选择的思路和方法，希望对厂址选择方面提供有益的启示。     

油页岩开采技术现状与展望

油页岩作为一种开发利用时间较早的非常规资源,开采方式长期以异地开采为主,对环境破坏严重。随着原位改造和开采技术的进步,占总资源量高达70%左右的埋深300～1500 m的中深层油页岩开发获得了新的发展契机。为梳理国内外油页岩原位开采的技术进展,了解油页岩原位开采现状,预测原位开采技术发展趋势,本文总结了现阶段油页岩原位开采技术发展特点,尤其是原位开采催化技术等下一代开发关键技术。目前原位加热有电加热、蒸汽加热、辐射加热、燃烧加热四种地层加热方式。催化剂的加入能有效提高原位开采的效率和油气品质,当前主要有金属盐类和黏土类催化剂。对比发现CoCl2·6H2O与蒙脱土混合制成的联合催化剂可使反应起始温度降低约70℃,能大幅提高反应效率。原位开采将是未来油页岩开发利用的主要模式,要力求在勘探方式上实现与物探、遥感等技术的结合,前期工作中重视数值模拟,催化剂设计上高效可循环,从而保证开发高效、生态稳定,实现油页岩开发的可持续发展。     

茂名油页岩废渣存在现状及应用的新途径探讨

广东茂名地区油页岩储量非常丰富,经过半个多世纪的开发,已经产生了大量油页岩废渣,废渣的堆积对茂名的环境造成很大污染,侵占了大量的土地资源.系统研究了茂名现存2类油页岩废渣的来源、现存形态、成分等.同时提出了利用废渣的新途径-利用油页岩废渣制取免蒸免烧砖.利用现存的2种不同种类的油页岩废渣分别制取了免蒸免烧砖,进行了力学性能测试,试验结果显示,油页岩废渣砖可以取代红砖,达到节约土地资源、节能利废的目的.     

Effects of low- or medium-pressure ultraviolet lamp irradiation on Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena variabilis

A pure culture of Microcystis aeruginosa or Anabaena variabilis, the representatives of water blooming algae, was exposed to low-pressure (LP) or medium-pressure (MP) UV lamps. Irradiated pure culture suspension was subsequently incubated for 7d under white light fluorescent lamps. During incubation, profiles of the number of cells, DNA damage and photosynthetic activity were determined. When UV fluence was 600mJ/cm(2), M. aeruginosa cell numbers decreased throughout the 7-d incubation period, to produce 1.5log reduction (LP) or 1.2log reduction (MP) compared with control. The amount of DNA damage was 2.02x10(-4) ESS/base (LP) and 3.42x10(-4) ESS/base (MP) just after UV irradiation, which became 0.05x10(-4) ESS/base and 0.23x10(-4) ESS/base, respectively, after 3d incubation. However, cell number kept decreasing, even after DNA repair. Photosynthetic activity decreased by 1.5log within 1d (LP) or 3d (MP). Thus, reduction in photosynthetic activity could contribute to the reduction in M. aeruginosa cell numbers. A. variabilis cell numbers reduced by 2.3log (LP) or 2.2log (MP) during the 7-d incubation period; however, after DNA damage repair, cell number began to increase. The amount of DNA damage was 6.07x10(-4) ESS/base (LP) and 4.48x10(-4) ESS/base (MP) just after UV irradiation, which became 0.23x10(-4) ESS/base and 0.40x10(-4) ESS/base, respectively, after 3d incubation. No reduction was observed in photosynthetic activity/cell. Therefore, DNA damage is the main contributor of the reduction in cell number of A. variabilis.     

高温三轴应力作用下油页岩的渗透特征各向异性演化规律实验研究

油页岩各向异性渗透率影响热解油气和对流加热流体在油页岩岩层中的运移速度和范围。因此,研究高温下油页岩渗透率的各向异性特征对于原位注热开采油页岩具有重要意义。采用实时高温三轴稳态法渗透测试系统研究了不同温度不同层理方向的油页岩的渗透率的演化规律。研究表明,垂直层理方向的渗透率在20℃～450℃在10^-20 m²之下,超出了稳态法渗透测试系统测试范围,处于超低渗阶段;当温度超过450℃之后,渗透率处于2.5×10^-19～1.17×10^-17 m²范围,450℃称之为垂直层理渗透率演化的阈值温度。平行层理的渗透率在20℃～400℃范围,都处于较低渗透率阶段,为2.3×10^-19～2.9×10^-18 m²,当温度高于400℃,平行层理方向的渗透率急剧增加,量级在10^-16～10^-15范围,因此400℃被称为平行层理渗透率演化的阈值温度。然后利用高温三轴瞬态法渗透测试系统,测得了...     

油页岩渣-矿渣土聚水泥技术经济性能的研究

研究了利用油页岩渣和矿渣制备土聚水泥的方法.分析了油页岩渣-矿渣土聚水泥的强度指标和经济性能,以及蒸汽养护和蒸压养护对土聚水泥强度的影响.结果表明,油页岩渣-矿渣土聚水泥具有较高的性价比;油页岩渣掺量为50%,激发剂掺量为7.5%-15.0%,其水泥强度分别相当于复合水泥的32.5级和硅酸盐水泥的62.5级:蒸汽养护90℃、恒温4h的抗压强度为28 d标养强度的95%左右:蒸压养护1.0 MPa、恒压4h的抗压强度为28 d标养强度的1.5倍左右.     

Factors controlling the leaching of major and minor constituents from processed rundle oil shale

The chemical characteristics of leachates from columns of processed oil shale from the Rundle resource, Queensland, were determined and the factors controlling the rate of release of the major and minor constitutents were delineated. The studies were carried out in two types of laboratory columns and a weathering column (lysimeter) exposed to prevailing weather conditions. The flow in the laboratory columns was maintained in an unsaturated mode in order to simulate the flow conditions found in the field.The major constitutents leached from Rundle spent shale are the sulphates and chlorides of Ca, Mg, K and Na. Most of these salts are eluted in the first few pore volumes of leachate. The only major constituents significantly constrained by solubility factors are Ca and SO₄, this being due to solution saturation with respect to gypsum (CaSO₄ · 2H₂O). Chemical equilibria with respect to the ion pairs CaSO₄^o and MgSO₄^o are important in determining the rate of release of Ca, Mg and SO₄.Ion exchange and sorption phenomena are significant in controlling the leaching rate of both the major cationic metal species and the minor (or trace) elements. Many of these minor elements are probably in the anionic form (e.g. As, Se and V), yet are still absorbed by the shale which exhibits no significant anion exchange capacity. Weathering reactions appear to play a significant role in the continued slow leaching of the major and minor species which is observed even after many pore volumes of liquid have eluted.     

东营凹陷页岩油双甜点录井解释评价方法研究

页岩油双甜点评价是衡量页岩油是否具有开采价值的有效方法。基于录井的岩屑、岩心实物观察,气测录井、岩石薄片、岩石热解、碳同位素、核磁共振、QemSCAN、显微荧光薄片、XRF、XRD及试油资料,研究确定了东营凹陷沙三下亚段、沙四上纯上亚段两套页岩油类型和岩相类型。源岩沉积厚度大,有机质丰度较高,处于成熟演化阶段;储集空间主要为孔隙和微裂缝,含油气丰度高、地层压力系数高、流体可流动性好。从裂缝发育程度、脆性矿物的含量等方面评价了页岩油工程甜点。优选了气测全烃、TOC、孔隙度、碳同位素分馏程度、地化S1、脆性矿物指数等录井特征参数,实现了录井地质甜点和工程甜点的定性及定量“四性”评价,建立了东营凹陷页岩油双甜点录井解释评价方法。该方法对东营凹陷页岩油双甜点录井解释评价具有一定的指导意义。     

微波作用下脂肪族高效减水剂的合成及其性能研究

在微波作用下,以甲醛、丙酮和无水亚硫酸钠为原料合成脂肪族高效减水剂（SAF）,通过单因素试验,得出了最佳合成条件,合成的脂肪族减水剂在掺量0．75％时减水率达26．5％,同时还缩短了合成时间,其中缩合时间仅需25min,整个合成过程不足2．5h,充分显示了微波作用在合成中的优势。     

采油废水回注处理技术的现状及展望

阐述了目前采油废水回注处理的技术及工艺现状 ,重点探讨了膜分离技术在采油废水回注处理中的研究及应用情况 ,分析了目前各技术存在的问题 ,并展望了采油废水回注处理技术的发展趋势     

油水二相体对油污染土电阻率特性的影响

为研究油类污染粉质黏土的电阻率特性,室内分别拌制了不同含水率、不同含油率的柴油、煤油污染土试样,采用四电极方法对不同状态下的污染土体电阻率进行了测试。试验结果显示,两种油污染土有相似的变化规律,即在相同的含水率下,均表现为电阻率随着含油率的增加而线性增大;在相同的含油率下,随着含水率、水饱和度的增加而呈幂函数关系减小。为了分析油、水二相体对电阻率的影响,引入了体积含湿率、油水饱和度两个指标,发现在相同的水饱和度下,电阻率随体积含湿率的增加而线性增大;在相同的体积含湿率下,电阻率随油水饱和度的增加而幂函数关系减小。进一步分析表明,电阻率与体积含湿率间存在线性相关关系,与油水饱和度间存在幂函数相关关系,两种油污染土的电阻率与体积含湿率、油水饱和度间的关系可以用同一公式表达。     

Effects of low doses of short-term gamma irradiation on growth and development through two generations of Pisum sativum

The effects of short-term gamma radiation on pea plants were investigated by exposing 5-day-old seedlings with doses ranging from 0 to 60 Gy, and studying plant growth and development over two generations after irradiation. Doses higher than 6 Gy significantly inhibited the G1 plant growth and productivity, and no seedling survived irradiation with 40 Gy and above. These effects were transmitted and were even more severe in the next generation, G2. Irradiated G1 (> or =10 Gy) and G2 (> or = 0.4 Gy) plants were significantly smaller than controls. The mean number of pods produced per plant was reduced by at least 20% at all doses in both G1 and G2. In parallel, the mean numbers of ovules and normally developed seeds per pod were significantly reduced after 10 Gy in G1 and after 0.4 Gy in G2, leading to a significant drop in seed production. This effect was correlated with a linear decrease in male fertility linked to abnormal meiosis (tetrads with micronuclei) as a function of doses from 0 to 10 Gy, in G1 and G2 plants. These long-term changes in plant development demonstrate a genomic instability induced by irradiation. However, there were neither quantitative nor qualitative changes in storage proteins in G1 seeds at any of the irradiation doses tested from 0 to 10 Gy.