Antimicrobial finishing of cotton fabrics based on gamma irradiated carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol)/TiO2 nanocomposites

Synthesis of nanoparticles with antibacterial properties is of great interest for the development of textiles finishing, in general, and cotton fabric, in particular. In this work, TiO₂ nanoparticles at different concentrations were synthesized using nitric acid as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Cotton fabrics were first impregnated, to a pick-up of 100%, in colloidal solutions containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)/TiO₂ nanocomposites. After that, the coated fabrics were exposed to gamma irradiation to produce TiO₂ nanoparticles stabilized in cross-linked CMC/PVA hydrogel. The formation of TiO₂ nanoparticles was confirmed by ultra violet/visible (UV/vis) and transmission electron microscopy, and the particle size distribution of the nanoparticles was determined using the dynamic light scattering. The surface morphology of the finished fabrics was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs revealed that TiO₂ nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of cotton fibers. The antibacterial activity of the treated fabrics loaded with TiO₂ nanoparticles was evaluated against Escherichia coli (Gram -ve) bacteria.     

A novel multifunctional cotton fabric using ZrO2 NPs/urea/CTAB/MA/SHP: introducing flame retardant,photoactive and antibacterial properties

This study was aimed to investigate the possibility of producing multifunctional properties on cotton fabric using ZrO₂ nanoparticles along with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and urea. Maleic acid was also used as a cross-linking agent in the presence of sodium hypophosphite as the catalyst to stabilize fabric from creasing and nanoparticles on the fabric surface. The flame retardant properties of the treated samples were examined using char length and thermogravimetry analysis. The self-cleaning properties of treated cotton fabrics were also analyzed based on the discoloration of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. The antibacterial activities of treated fabrics were examined against Escherichia coli through counting method. The surface of the treated cotton and microstructure of nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Introducing urea as a nitrogen source enhanced both the flame retardant and photoactivity of the nano-ZrO₂-treated fabric. Moreover, incorporating CTAB in the finishing formulation exhibited the satisfactory antibacterial properties on the treated fabrics.     

Studying the magnetic,antibacterial, and catalytic activity properties of DBD/iron oxide nanoparticle-treated cotton fabric

In this study, the cotton fabrics were modified with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Untreated and DBD-treated cotton fabrics were printed with magnetic nanoparticles (γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles). Argon was used as the working gas. The crystal structure, morphology, and magnetic nature of printed fabrics were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The catalytic activity of the treated samples for wastewater treatment was studied. The effect of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles on the antibacterial activity of DBD-treated cotton fabric was also investigated. The results showed that DBD-treated samples can absorb more nanoparticles than untreated samples. The antibacterial activity of the DBD/γ-Fe₂O_3-treated samples, which was analyzed by the bacteria counting test, was increased considerably.     

Sonoloading of nano-TiO2 on sono-alkali hydrolyzed polyester fabric

This study presents alkali hydrolysis of polyester fabric surfaces in an ultrasound bath allowing the loading of nano-TiO₂ by wet chemical technique. The loaded fabrics showed a significant photo-activity under day light irradiation in normal conditions which discolored persistent stains of methylene blue as a cationic dye. The discoloration of stain on the fabric loaded with TiO₂ was monitored quantitatively to define the effect of hydrolysis as a surface pre-treatment on the photo-activity of finished fabrics. The SEM images confirmed more TiO₂ nanoparticles entrapped in the voids created by the alkali hydrolysis of the fabrics. All nano-treated samples showed acceptable antibacterial properties against pathogenic micro-organisms including E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive) as the rate of bacteria growth inhabitation was higher for sono-alkali hydrolyzed samples rather than the others.     

In situ synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles on plasma treated cotton fabric utilizing durable antibacterial activity

In this research work, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were in situ synthesized by the sonochemical method at room temperature on both untreated and plasma pre-treated cotton woven fabric. Air plasma was used for pre-functionalization of cotton fabric. And the effect of plasma pre-functionalization on the adhesion properties between ZnO nanoparticles and the cotton surface were studied.

The results show that nanoparticles with average sizes of 20–90 nm with different morphologies have been created on the surface of samples. Characterization studies were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Inductive coupled plasma (ICP). The antibacterial activities of the fabrics were assessed by the colonies count method. The results show that the finished fabric demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the antibacterial test. The wash fastness of both untreated and plasma pre-treated samples after 30 times of washing was investigated. The results showed that the parameters of plasma reactor play a very important role in improving the antibacterial durability.     

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Exhaustion on Cotton Fabric Simultaneously Using Laser Ablation Method

ABSTRACT

In this experimental research, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized on cotton fabric using laser ablation method in the same bath. Also the effects of the size of silver nanoparticles (NPs) on the structural and antibacterial properties of silver NP-coated cotton fabric have been investigated experimentally. A pulsed laser beam was used for synthesis of Ag NPs on cotton fabric. Pulses of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser of 1064 nm wavelengths at 7 ns pulse width and different fluencies was employed to irradiate the Ag target in deionized water in the presence of cotton fabric. Four samples were prepared using different laser fluencies. The amount, size, morphology, and structure of produced NPs were studied using their spectrum in the range of UV to IR, and scanning electron microscopy methods. Fabrics were polluted by gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The colony counting method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of prepared cotton samples. Results show that laser ablation for synthesis of Ag nanoparticles on cotton fabric is an inexpensive fast method for producing antibacterial fabrics.     

Outdoor usage performances of woven fabrics dyed with self-cleaning dyes

In this study, woven fabrics with cotton, polyester and cotton/polyester blend were dyed with commercial, including nano-sized TiO₂, pigment dye via pad-dry-cure method. These fabrics are designed for outdoor usage such as beach furniture, sunshade for prams, awnings, etc. To evaluate the self-cleaning action of modified fabrics, coffee, sour cherry and ink stains were introduced onto fabrics. Under sun light exposure, the stains were partially decolourised. The effects of TiO₂ on the main functions of fabrics were investigated by measurement of UV penetration and protection, colour fastness to dry and wet rubbing and also strength properties before and after sun light exposure. All treated fabric types performed excellent resistance against UV radiation and dry and wet rubbing. Pigment dyeing with rutile phase TiO₂ caused an increase in breaking strength of treated fabrics. The sun light exposure decreased the breaking strength of both treated and untreated fabrics.     

In situ synthesis and exhaustion of nano TiO2 on fabric samples using laser ablation method

Abstract

In this research work, TiO₂ nanoparticles were in situ synthesized on cotton fabrics using laser ablation method. For producing the TiO₂ nanoparticles, the Ti plate were irradiated with Nd:YAG pulsed laser operating at 1064?nm in deionized water medium. Simultaneously, the cotton samples were placed near Ti plate in ablation container. Laser fluence was 1, 2 and 3?J/cm² for samples 1–3 to make nanoparticles with different sizes. The morphology and size of prepared nano particles were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmition electron microscope (TEM). The concentration, structure and crystalinity of synthesized nano TiO₂ was studied using absorption spectrophotometry and X-Ray diffraction method. The morphology changes of cotton samples after laser ablation and in situ synthesizing the TiO₂ nanoparticles was compared using SEM. The hydrophilicity changes of cotton were determined by water absorption time method. Finally the cotton samples were stained by one ml of diluted methylene blue and the color changes of samples after daylight irradiation were studied with reflective spectrophotometry. Results show that, by increasing the laser fluence, the concentration and size of synthesized TiO₂ nano particles increases. The self-cleaning and photocatalytic activity increases by increasing the concentration of TiO₂ nanoparticles.     

Development of multifunctional cotton fabric using atmospheric pressure plasma and nano-finishing

The possibility of using atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment for textile surface activation to facilitate deposition of nano TiO₂/SiO₂ onto cotton fabric is investigated. It is aimed to develop a multifunctional cotton textile using plasma and nanotechnology. The treated fabric is evaluated through measuring the ultraviolet protection factor, antimicrobial activity, and flame retardancy as functional finishes. Surface morphology (Scanning electron microscopy, SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical properties were also studied. SEM shows deposition of nanoparticles onto the fabric. He–O₂ plasma pretreatment improves the flame retardancy, antibacterial activity, and thermal stability of the samples were compared with the untreated samples.     

Preparation and characterization of a temperature-sensitive nonwoven poly (propylene) with antibacterial properties

In this study, a temperature-sensitive fabric with antibacterial properties was prepared by the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on nonwoven poly (propylene) (PP) grafted with poly (N-iso-propylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm-PP). First, PNIPAAm was grafted onto corona-treated nonwoven PP. Afterwards, silver nanoparticles were synthesized on the temperature-sensitive hydrogel layer grafted to the surface of nonwoven PP by the reduction of silver ions (Ag⁺). Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy confirmed the presence of PNIPAAm on the nonwoven PP. scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to investigate surface morphology and the presence of silver particles in the samples. Inductively coupled-plasma atomic emission spectroscopy revealed that the Ag content in Ag-functionalized PNIPAAm-PP was significantly higher than Ag-functionalized corona-treated PP with the same concentration of silver solution. Moreover, the results of the swelling rate experiment confirmed that PNIPAAm-PP maintained temperature-sensitive properties after functionalizing with Ag. The results showed that the formation of AgNPs with enhancement in antibacterial property was possible onto PNIPAAm-PP.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic,antibacterial, and ultraviolet-blocking cotton fabric

Inspired by the superhydrophobic behavior of lotus leaf, a simple coating method was developed which could facilitate bionic creation of superhydrophobic surfaces on cotton textiles with a new functional properties. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a high deposition density were formed on the surface of cotton fabric through an alkali pre-activation followed by in situ reduction of silver nitrate. The Ag-coated fabric was then reacted with octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) to form a low surface energy layer on the fiber surface. The fabrics were characterized by ultraviolet-visible reflectance spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. Hydrophobicity properties were assessed by contact angle (CA) goniometry and shedding angle (SHA) technique. Antibacterial activity was measured against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, and UV-blocking ability was measured using the AATCC method. SEM images showed the formation of AgNPs which were distributed uniformly on the fibers’ surface with a high coating density. Superhydrophobicity property of the treated fabric was confirmed with the CA of 156° and SHA of 8°. High antibacterial activity was observed without the reduction of inhibition size after coating with the OTES. The fabric also showed excellent UV-blocking with the ultraviolet protection factor of 266.01.     

改性活性棉织物的纳米银原位组装抗菌整理

为实现纳米银在棉织物上的定向原位组装,以及纳米银抗菌纺织品的绿色、简便、高效、可循环的加工工艺,通过对棉织物进行氧化处理并接枝"核-壳"结构的改性聚酰胺超支化聚合物,制备了具有主动捕捉银离子、还原银离子、控制纳米银粒径、固着纳米银功能的活性棉织物。利用改性活性棉织物进行纳米银原位组装,对整理后的棉织物进行了表征,测试了其抗菌性能及耐洗性。结果表明:通过氧化、接枝处理能够将聚合物接枝到棉织物上,并且棉织物的活性改性处理对织物的力学性能影响不大。改性后的活性棉织物能够进行连续加工整理,整理过程实现零排放。整理后的棉织物纤维表面分布着大量5~25 nm的纳米银颗粒,其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌率均在99.9%以上,且具有优异的耐洗牢度。     

纤网型缝编非织造材料结构性能初探

纤网型缝编技术采用织针勾取纤网中的纤维束形成线圈并编织,从而将纤网加固成纤网型缝编非织造材料,可作为室内装饰和产业用织物。通过实验研究了纤网型缝编非织造材料的纤网结构、拉伸性能、顶破强度等,并与针织物、针刺非织造材料进行了对比,探讨了影响纤网型缝编非织造材料基本性能的因素。     

聚酯长丝/棉复合纱斜纹织物的保形性及服用性能

为研究聚酯(PET)长丝/棉复合纱斜纹织物的保形性及服用性能,利用PET长丝与纯棉纱开发了3种线密度为9.8 tex的纱线,并以二上二下斜纹组织织造了4种织物。对织物进行了折皱回复性、免烫性、尺寸稳定性、悬垂性等保形性能,强伸性、拉伸弹性、顶破性等抗变形性测试,以及手感风格、透湿性、透气性等服用性能测试。对比分析了纯棉纱织物与复合纱织物的保形性与服用性能。结果表明:PET长丝/棉复合纱可改善纯棉织物的折皱回复性、悬垂性,提高免烫等级,同时又不影响织物的服用性能;包芯纱织物比包缠纱织物有更好的保形性,更高的免烫等级,是免烫衬衫面料的理想选择。     

芦荟银掺杂纳米氧化锌合成及对织物的功能整理

一浴法赋予棉织物抗菌、抗紫外的性能,满足人们对功能纺织品的需求。通过正交试验制备最佳工艺的芦荟提取液,以其作为封端剂及还原剂制备芦荟银掺杂纳米氧化锌。探讨硝酸锌浓度、硝酸银浓度、织物焙烘温度等因素对织物抗菌、抗紫外性能的影响,通过扫描电镜、能谱、X-衍射及热重分析等科学手段对织物进行表征。试验表明:芦荟提取液最佳工艺条件为料液比1:1、超声时间1 min、超声频率60 Hz、间隔时间8 s。芦荟银掺杂纳米氧化锌复合材料最佳制备条件如下:硝酸锌和硝酸银浓度均为0.08 mol/L、焙烘温度为140℃。通过扫描电镜及能谱测试发现,织物表面纳米颗粒分散均匀,且其表面含有Ag、Zn元素,说明纳米复合材料成功地整理在织物表面。同时,X-衍射谱图分析证明,织物上存在纳米银及纳米氧化锌。经过功能整理,织物结晶度及热性能基本不受影响。     

Study of wicking behavior of water on woven fabric using magnetic induction technique

An apparatus for measuring the wicking rise of water in fabrics has been developed and several types of fabrics were examined. The method is based on the electromagnetic field induction due to wicking penetration of water into capillary spaces of fabric samples. The measuring system is coupled with a personal computer, and the distance of water rise as a function of time is determined. Plain woven fabric samples with different weft yarn counts, density, and type of fiber in blend yarn were examined. The results obtained by wicking measurement were compared with water vapor permeability index data and the test method for wettability of textile fabrics on the same samples. The average wicking rise of water decreases with the increase of weft yarn density. The wicking of water along the cotton–polyester blend weft yarn is higher than 100% cotton weft yarn samples. The relation of water vapor permeability (WVP) index and the test method for wettability of the same fabric samples show the same behavior as the wicking rise. The equivalent geometric factor neglecting the Earth’s gravitational field is calculated by the average slope L ²/t from the experimental data of wicking of water into the samples. The radii of open channels in the woven fabric sample tends to decrease as a result of increasing weft yarn density.     

Functional finishing of cotton fabrics using graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles

This study examined an innovative approach for imparting multi-functional properties, i.e. self-cleaning, electrical conductivity, ultraviolet (UV) blocking as well as antimicrobial properties onto cotton fabric. Graphene oxide/TiO₂ nanocomposites were successfully prepared, by a simple method of mixing and sonication, and used for multi-functional treatment of cotton fabrics by dip-drying technique. The physicochemical properties of the prepared samples were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Self-cleaning performance, electrical resistance, antimicrobial properties, and UV blocking activity of treated fabrics were also assessed. The coated cotton fabrics with graphene oxide/TiO₂ nanocomposite showed excellent photocatalytic self-cleaning activity measured by degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. Results showed that the electrical conductivity of the graphene oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposite-coated fabrics was improved significantly after sunlight irradiation. Moreover, the nanocomposite finished cotton fabric demonstrated proper antimicrobial properties and UV blocking activity.     

Simultaneous dyeing and functional finishing of cotton fabric using reactive dyes doped with TiO2 nano-sol

A new approach for simultaneous salt-free dyeing and functional finishing, i.e. UV protection and antibacterial properties of cotton fabric were studied. In this study, cotton fabric was cationized with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride. Two types of reactive dyes (CI Reactive red 120 and CI Reactive yellow 145) were doped with different amounts (0.035, 0.053, and 0.07 mol) of TiO₂ nano-sol by sol–gel method and applied on cationized cotton fabric using pad–dry–steam method without the addition of salt. The chemical and morphological structures of the dyed fabrics were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. Different properties were investigated such as color strength, fixation, fastness properties (washing, rubbing, and light), UV blocking, antibacterial activity, and tensile strength. Samples dyed with titanium dyeing solutions exhibited better antibacterial efficacy and durable UV protection, with minimal impact on color depth and tensile strength compared with the samples dyed with commercial reactive dyes.     

Novelty of bamboo fabric

Fabric samples using 100% cotton, 100% viscose rayon, 100% regenerated bamboo viscose fibre and cotton/bamboo viscose blend (60/40) were produced and characterised for hand value and health care applications. The present study shows the results of these woven fabrics in terms of antibacterial, absorbency, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), static characteristics, moisture vapour permeability (MVTR) and handle and dust catchability. Bamboo fabrics (100%) give better results compared to 100% cotton and 100% viscose fabric in terms of antibacterial property and absorbency i.e. wettability. Bamboo fabric (100%) also shows slightly higher moisture vapour transmission rate than cotton fabric. In the case of UPF, 100% cotton and 100% bamboo give excellent-rated UPF. There is no significant difference between these fabric samples in terms of time to lapse half saturated voltage. Total hand value is higher in the case of viscose and bamboo fabric than cotton fabric. The studies also show that breaking load and extension of bamboo gauze bandages are higher than cotton bandages. Sinking time is faster but absorptive capacity is lower in the case of bamboo gauze bandage than cotton gauze bandage.     

Investigation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of tufting carpets containing metal composite yarns

In this research, antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) properties of tufting carpets containing metal/texturized polyester composite yarns were investigated. Carpet contains different yarn groups such as pile yarns, ground warps and wefts. Backing fabric’s warp and weft yarns are suitable for gaining antimicrobial activity because of their placement and low usage amount. Thus, textured polyester yarns were commingled with copper, stainless steel metal wires and silver metalized polyamide yarn. Backing fabrics were produced with four different placements by composite yarns. Antibacterial activity tests were applied to carpet samples according to AATCC 100 standard against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus bacteria. AATCC 30 – Part 3 standard was used for determining antifungal activity against A. niger. Results show that the antibacterial activity increases with increasing in the amount of metal composite yarn in unit area. Carpet samples which include copper or metalized silver composite yarn in all warps showed antibacterial activity about 99%. Moreover, antifungal activity can be provided against A. niger when copper and metalized silver composite yarn is used in all warps of carpet samples.