Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Dental/Implant Alloys in Artificial Saliva

The corrosion behavior and passive film characteristics of various dental alloys such as Co-Cr, Ni-Cr, Cu-Ni-Al, and commercially pure Ti (c.p. Ti) were evaluated in artificial saliva medium by utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Tafel polarization, and cyclic polarization studies. EIS studies were carried out for various durations viz. 1 h, 1 day, and 7 days to evaluate the stability of passive film and change in corrosion characteristics with respect to time. Electrochemical parameters such as E_corr, i_corr, corrosion rate, passive film characteristics with respect to time were obtained from various studies mentioned above. The corrosion resistance decreased in the order Cu-Ni-Al > cp Ti > Co-Cr (Commercial) > Ni-Cr > Co-Cr (DRDO developed) in artificial saliva solution.     

Microstructure and Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Cr System Alloys as Substitutes for Ni-Based Brazing Filler Metal

Two new Fe-Cr system alloys,Fe-20Cr-43Ni-10P(mass%)and Fe-20Cr-20Ni-8P-5Si-2Mo(mass%),have been developed as substitutes for the expensive Ni-based brazing filler metal used in brazing exhaust gas recirculation coolers.The microstructures and melting properties of the alloys were analyzed by electron probe X-ray microanalyzer and differential scanning calorimetry.The electrochemical characteristics of the alloys were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization testing in an electrolyte solution made in accordance with the standards of the Automobile Manufacturers Association of Germany.Furthermore,the corrosion behaviors of the alloys were investigated by constant-potential polarization testing and surface characterization.It is found that both alloys are composed of solid-solution phases and phosphide phases.The solid-solution phases serve as the anode,and the phosphide phases serve as the cathode in the corrosion reaction for both alloys.Fe-20Cr-43Ni-10 P exhibits galvanic corrosion on the entire surface.In contrast,Fe-20Cr-20Ni-8P-5Si-2Mo is attacked at a few localized areas so that the cavities form on the surface.The corrosion potential(E_(corr)) is lower than that of Ni-29Cr-6P-4Si(mass%)for both alloys.This means that the Fe-Cr system alloys are more easily corroded than Ni-29Cr-6P-4Si.The corrosion rate and corrosion resistance cannot be investigated by the corrosion current density(i_(corr)) and polarization resistance(R_p),respectively,because of localized corrosion of the two alloys.     

Behavior of Dental/Implant Alloys in Commercial Mouthwash Solution Studied by Electrochemical Techniques

This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of the various dental materials: Paliag (Ag-Pd based), Wiron 99 (Ni-Cr based), Cp-Ti (commercial pure titanium), and experimental Ti12Mo5Ta alloy in commercial mouthwash solution with 500 ppm F^? (Oral B^®) and compares it with the behavior of the same dental materials in artificial saliva. Linear potentiodynamic polarization (LPP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are the electrochemical procedures of investigation. The passivation of all dental samples in artificial saliva and mouthwash solution occurred spontaneously at open circuit potential. The corrosion current density of all tested dental materials in mouthwash solution were low (1-2 μA/cm²). The results suggest a non-predominant fluoride effect on the passive layer formed on all samples at open circuit potential. No passivation could be established with Paliag alloy when polarized in mouthwash solution. The EIS results confirm that all dental sample exhibit passivity in mouthwash solution at open circuit potential (polarization resistance was around 5 × 10⁵ Ω cm²). For Paliag alloy after LPP in mouthwash solution the protectiveness passive layer was no more present. The corrosion resistances of four dental materials in mouthwash solution are in the following order: Ti12Mo5Ta > Cp-Ti > Wiron 99 > Paliag.     

热浸镀锌层界面的微区电化学腐蚀行为

目的 探究钢铁热浸镀锌的镀层/钢基体界面的微区电化学特性及腐蚀行为。方法 采用扫描电化学显微镜(SECM)分析技术,研究镀层/钢基体界面在0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液腐蚀过程中微区电流的演变过程,结合扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、3D显微镜以及X射线衍射技术(XRD)等分析腐蚀产物的物相组成与分布规律。结果 在腐蚀过程中,镀锌钢的腐蚀产物主要分布在热浸镀锌层界面处靠近钢基体的一侧,在镀锌层表面的分布较少,腐蚀产物主要由Zn5(OH)8Cl2、Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2与ZnO等物相组成。在腐蚀开始阶段,钢基体区域的SECM还原电流(I=1.2)大于镀锌层(I=1.1)。随着腐蚀时间的延长,镀层/钢基体界面处的SECM还原电流整体降低,同时在界面靠近钢基体一侧存在电流凹陷区(I=1.0),表明腐蚀产物主要沉积在此处,并对镀层的腐蚀起到保护作用。此外,在腐蚀过程中氧气的消耗主要发生在钢基体区域,随着腐蚀时间的增加,镀层和钢基体表面的溶解氧含量都逐渐降低。结论 在浸泡腐蚀过程中,镀锌层作为阳极,溶解生成Zn²⁺,并向钢基体区域扩散,同时钢基体表面消耗氧气,还原形成OH^–向镀锌层区域扩散。Zn²⁺与OH^–以及溶液中其他离子结合,生成腐蚀产物,在靠近镀层/钢基体界面处的钢基体一侧沉淀,对钢基体起到一定的保护作用。     

Fe基非晶及纳米晶合金的制备和电化学腐蚀行为

分别采用单辊甩带法和非晶晶化退火法制备出非晶及纳米晶合金Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1;利用DSC、XRD和TEM对该非晶合金的晶化行为进行了分析;并用电化学极化曲线的方法和电化学阻抗技术研究了该非晶合金经不同温度退火后在1mol/LHCl溶液里的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明,该非晶合金的晶化过程出现2个阶段。当退火温度为500℃时,合金尚未晶化,仍保持非晶态;当温度达到550℃时,出现了晶化衍射峰,晶粒平均直径约13nm;当温度达到600℃时,晶粒平均直径约为15nm。经过退火得到的纳米晶合金的腐蚀电位大于未退火的非晶,且阳极电流密度变得更低,表明纳米晶状态时的耐腐蚀性能比非晶状态的更好。该非晶合金未退火、550℃退火和600℃退火时的EIS均由单一容抗弧构成,具有一时间常数;且随着退火温度升高,电化学反应电荷转移电阻在增大。     

Localized Corrosion Behavior of Al-Si-Mg Alloys Used for Fabrication of Aluminum Matrix Composites

The relationship between microstructure and localized corrosion behavior in neutral aerated chloride solutions was investigated with SEM/EDAX, conventional electrochemical techniques, and with scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) for two custom-made alloys with Si/Mg molar ratios of 0.12 and 0.49. In this order, Al₃Fe, Al₃Mg₂, and Mg₂Si intermetallics were identified in the first alloy and Al(FeMn)Si and Mg₂Si particles in the second one. Anodic polarization curves and corrosion morphology showed that the alloy with higher Si/Mg molar ratio exhibited a better corrosion performance and evidence was shown that it had a more corrosion-resistant passive film. The corrosion process for both alloys in aerated 0.1 M NaCl solutions was localized around the Fe-rich intermetallics. They acted as local cathodes and produced dissolution of the aluminum matrix surrounding such particles. Mg₂Si and Al₃Mg₂ exhibited anodic behavior. SKPFM was successfully used to map the Volta potential distribution of main intermetallics. The localized corrosion behavior was correlated with a large Volta potential difference between the Fe-rich intermetallics and the matrix. After immersion in the chloride solution, such Volta potential difference decreased.     

两种铝合金在3%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀特性

采用线性极化法和循环极化法,比较两种铝合金在不同pH值的3%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速度、点蚀敏感性与蚀点发展趋势和它们的腐蚀特性.运用扫描电镜观察了铝合金的显微组织,比较铝合金的组织成分,分析杂质元素对耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,除pH=9.5外,其它试验条件下铝合金ZL102(A)的腐蚀速度均小于铝合金LF6(B);铝合金A的点蚀敏感性较铝合金B小;铝合金B的蚀点发展趋势总体大于铝合金A;铝合金B中含多种杂质元素导致其耐点蚀性能较铝合金A差.     

Stress Corrosion Cracking Study of Aluminum Alloys Using Electrochemical Noise Analysis

Stress corrosion cracking studies of aluminum alloys AA2219, AA8090, and AA5456 in heat-treated and non heat-treated condition were carried out using electrochemical noise technique with various applied stresses. Electrochemical noise time series data (corrosion potential vs. time) was obtained for the stressed tensile specimens in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature (27 °C). The values of drop in corrosion potential, total corrosion potential, mean corrosion potential, and hydrogen overpotential were evaluated from corrosion potential versus time series data. The electrochemical noise time series data was further analyzed with rescaled range (R/S) analysis proposed by Hurst to obtain the Hurst exponent. According to the results, higher values of the Hurst exponents with increased applied stresses showed more susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking as confirmed in case of alloy AA 2219 and AA8090.     

纯Ni和Ni基合金在ZnCl2—KCl盐膜下的腐蚀

考察了表面涂有ZnCl2-KCl盐膜的纯Ni和M38G,GH864两种Ni基合金在450℃纯氧气氛中的耐蚀性。结果表明：3种材料均发生了加速性腐蚀,形成的表面产物膜十分疏松并与基体的粘附性较差;合金中较高的Cr含量并没有提供良好的保护性,其腐蚀速度高于纯Ni。分析了NiO与Cr2O3氧化膜在该环境中具有不同热力学稳定性的原因,并讨论了材料的加速腐蚀机理。     

Localized Corrosion Characteristics of Nickel Alloys:A Review

There are a great variety of commercial nickel alloys mainly because nickel is able to dissolve a large amount of alloying elements while maintaining a single ductile austenitic phase.Nickel alloys are generally designed for and used in highly aggressive environments,for example,those where stainless steels may experience pitting corrosion or environmentally assisted cracking.While nickel alloys are generally resistant to pitting corrosion in chloride-containing environments,they may be prone to crevice corrosion attack.Addition of chromium,molybdenum and tungsten increases the localized corrosion resistance of nickel alloys.This review on the resistance to localized corrosion of nickel alloys includes specific environments such as those present in oil and gas upstream operations,in the chemical process industry and in seawater service.     

High Temperature Corrosion of Ni-Based Alloys SCA425+ and IN792

This paper reports the high temperature corrosion of two Ni-base superalloys: a newly developed alloy, SCA425+, and the extensively used IN792. The composition of the two materials is quite similar, but SCA425+ contains more Cr and Al (17.1 and 10 at.% compared to 13.9 and 7.4 at.% in IN792). The results from exposures at 900 °C in SO₂ (3,000 ppm) + O₂ (69 vol%) + H₂O (31 vol%) mixed gas for 260 h using 65 h/cycle are compared with those obtained from tests in laboratory air. The microstructure of the formed oxide scales was studied using several techniques, such as XRD, SEM, FIB, EDX, STEM and XPS. It is shown that in IN792 severe internal oxidation takes place after both types of exposures. On the other hand, the newly developed SCA425+ has the tendency to form an alumina layer proving that it has more potential to be used in the aggressive environments. Surprisingly the mass gains for SCA425+ alloy exposed in SO₂-rich environment are lower than in laboratory air. The reason for this behavior is discussed.     

人工时效和腐蚀介质浓度对2A97 Al-Cu-Li合金电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化曲线电化学方法研究了2A97-T3和2A97-T6 Al-Cu-Li合金的耐腐蚀性能,并以第3代典型2060-T8合金、2099-T83铝锂合金和航空用2024-T4高强铝合金为参考对象进行了比较。通过分析电化学参数和腐蚀形貌,发现合金在3种浓度的NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性为2A97-T3>2A97-T6>2024-T4>2060-T8>2099-T83。随着NaCl溶液浓度的增加,合金的腐蚀电位（E_Corr）均降低,同时加剧了表面点蚀和晶间腐蚀程度。2A97-T3合金通过进行固溶和双级人工时效处理的共同作用得到2A97-T6合金,此时T₁相数量大大增加且分布更加均匀。因此,热处理工艺降低了2A97铝合金的腐蚀电位,导致2A97-T6合金的耐腐蚀性能略弱于2A97-T3合金。晶间θ相的解体诱导了2A97-T3合金的剥落腐蚀形貌,而2A97-T6合金的点蚀形貌是由晶内T₁相的溶解造成的。     

TiNi基形状记忆合金点蚀倾向的电化学研究

用电化学极化方法研究了Ｔｉ５０Ｎｉ５０，Ｔｉ５０Ｎｉ４２Ｃｕ８及３１７Ｌ合金在不同ｐＨ值的１５ＮａＣｌ水溶液中的耐蚀性。恒电位阳极极化曲线表明：Ｃｕ的加入明显提高了ＴｉＮｉ合金的再钝化电位；但对点蚀电位的影响较复杂，在ｐＨ１￣５时ＴｉＮｉＣｕ高于ＴｉＮｉ合金，在ｐＨ＝６￣１０时ＴｉＮｉＣｕ则低于ＴｉＮｉ合金，ｐＨ值增大至１１￣１３时，两者又趋于接近。实验中还发现，与３１７Ｌ相比，ＴｉＮｉ合金的点蚀     

Ti-Nb-Zr-Sn合金电化学腐蚀行为研究

采用粉末冶金法制备生物医用β钛合金Ti-24Nb-4Zr-7.9Sn(TNZS),采用恒电位极化曲线法研究合金在模拟人体体液(Hank’s)中的电化学腐蚀行为,通过测量合金在模拟人体体液中的自腐蚀电位、自腐蚀电流密度和极化电阻等电化学参数来比较不同烧结工艺下钛合金的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,在1250℃烧结2 h所制备的TNZS合金自腐蚀电位为-962 mV,自腐蚀电流密度为410 nA.cm-2,极化电阻39.51 kΩ.cm-2,有相对较好的耐腐蚀性,合金本身自有的孔隙成为腐蚀活性位置。     

TZM合金电化学腐蚀行为研究

采用粉末冶金和轧制工艺制备出TZM合金和稀土镧掺杂的La-TZM合金,通过动电位极化研究合金电化学腐蚀行为,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察、能谱定量(EDS)分析表征腐蚀产物显微结构特征。保持Cl-浓度不变分别探讨合金在中性、酸性、碱性介质中耐侵蚀能力。结果表明,TZM合金在中性和碱性介质中抗腐蚀性能优于La-TZM合金,而在酸性介质中La-TZM合金抗腐蚀性能优于TZM合金,两类合金抗腐蚀性均表现为酸性介质强于中性介质,碱性介质最弱。Cl-有效破坏腐蚀表面形成的钝化膜,OH-和Cl-双重侵蚀促使两类合金晶间腐蚀加剧、粉末冶金制备的TZM合金及La-TZM合金对酸性介质具有良好的耐蚀性。     

Cyclic Corrosion Behavior of Ni-Based Superalloys in Hot Lithium Molten Salt

In this study, the cyclic corrosion behavior of N06230, N07263, and N06625 in a LiCl–Li₂O molten salt was investigated at 650?°C in argon atmosphere. The cyclic corrosion behavior was observed through measurements of the oxide morphology and thickness, the extent of internal corrosion, and compositional changes in the oxide scale and the substrate. The corrosion products in the surface corrosion layers of N07263 were (Ni,Co)O, (Ni,Co)Cr₂O₄, Cr₂O₃, and TiO₂ and those in the surface corrosion layers of N06230 were NiO, NiCr₂O₄, and Cr₂O₃, while NiO, NiCr₂O₄, CrNbO₄, and Cr₂O₃ were identified as the corrosion products of N06625. The internal corrosion behavior of N07263 was localized, while N06230 and N06625 showed uniform corrosion. N07263 exhibited superior corrosion resistance as its corrosion layer was more continuous, dense, and adherent as compared to those of N06230 and N06625.     

电沉积Fe-Cr-Ni合金的电化学腐蚀行为

以硫酸盐为主盐,研究了工艺参数中温度、电流密度对Fe-Cr-Ni镀层沉积速率和腐蚀性能的影响。采用电化学试验方法研究不同条件下所获得的镀层在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,结果表明,在饱和NaCl溶液中镀层都有钝化性能。60℃下获得的镀层有明显过钝化现象,抗腐蚀性能较差。不同电流密度下的镀层显示了不同的电化学性能。电流密度为5 A/dm2时,处于钝态时,电流随着电位的正移逐渐增大是一个非常缓慢的过程,钝化膜仍然发挥作用。在饱和NaCl溶液中,电流密度为5 A/dm2时所获得的镀层的耐蚀性能较好。     

Hot Corrosion Behavior of a Cr-Modified Aluminide Coating on a Ni-Based Superalloy

A Cr-modified aluminide coating is prepared on a Ni-based superalloy using arc ion plating and subsequent pack cementation aluminizing.Hot corrosion behavior of the Cr-modified aluminide coating exposed to molten Na2SO4/K2SO4(3:1) or Na2SO4/NaCl(3:1) salts at 900 °C in static air are evaluated as well as the aluminide coating.The results indicate that compared with the aluminide coating,the anti-corrosion properties of the Cr-modified aluminide coating in the both salts are improved,which should be attributed to the beneficial effect of the Cr in the coating.The corrosion mechanism of the Cr-modified aluminide coating,especially the role of Cr in the mixture salt corrosion,is discussed.     

镁合金的腐蚀特性及防护技术

镁合金作为最轻的金属结构材料,在汽车、3C、国防军工、航空航天等领域具有广阔的应用前景,但耐蚀性较差是其大规模应用的瓶颈。介绍了镁合金的腐蚀机理,包括全面腐蚀、局部腐蚀、电偶腐蚀等,以及影响镁合金耐腐蚀的因素,根据不同介质中的具体腐蚀情况,对影响镁合金腐蚀的三大因素作了重点介绍,从而总结出提高镁合金防腐性能的两个研究方向,一是改善镁合金的本征耐蚀性,即通过优化合金成分,改善镁合金的微观组织等方式提高材料的耐蚀性;二是采用表面防护处理技术,通过表面防护层对基体进行保护,隔离腐蚀介质与基体。然后详细综述了净化合金成分、开发新型耐蚀镁合金、改善镁合金的表层微观组织等提高镁合金本征耐蚀性的方法,以及有机/聚合物、金属/化合物镁合金耐蚀涂层的研究现状。最后指出了镁合金防腐技术研究过程中存在的问题和今后的发展方向。