Influence of strain rate on microstructure and formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets

The effects of strain rate on microstructure and formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets were investigated through uniaxial tensile tests and hemispherical punch tests with strain rates of 10^?4, 10^?3, 10^?2, 10^?1 s^?1 at 200 °C. The results show that the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization grains increases and the original grains are gradually replaced by recrystallization grains with the strain rate decreasing. A larger elongation and a smaller r-value are obtained at a lower strain rate, moreover the erichsen values become larger with the strain rate reducing, so the formability improves. This problem arises in part from the enhanced softening and the coordination of recrystallization grains during deformation.     

Post-heat Treatment Effects on Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coatings on AZ91D Magnesium Substrates

Commercially pure aluminum (CP-Al) powder was deposited by the cold spray process onto AZ91D magnesium (Mg) substrates that had been subjected to three different heat-treatment conditions: namely, as-cast (F), homogenized (T4), and artificially aged (T6). The substrate hardness was measured to be 80.7?±?1.8, 73.7?±?4.0, and 103.6?±?7.4 HV_0.025 for the F-, T4-, and T6-Mg alloy substrates respectively. Thick (~400???m) and dense (below 1% porosity) Al coatings have been obtained. After post-deposition heat treatment at 400?°C, the intermetallic Mg₁₇Al₁₂ (??) and Al₃Mg₂ (??) phases with different thicknesses were found to have formed at the coating/substrate interface depending on the holding time. While no significant thickness differences of the intermetallic layers were detected in the cases of F- and T6-AZ91D substrates, thicker layers formed on the T4-AZ91D substrate. It is believed that the higher Al concentration in the T4-AZ91D solid solution within the ??-Mg could diffuse and contribute more easily to the growth of the intermetallic phases. The hardness of the ??- and ??-phase was measured to be 260.5?±?10.7 HV_0.025 and 279.6?±?13.7 HV_0.025, respectively. Shear strength test results revealed lower adhesion strength after heat treatment, which is attributed to the presence of brittle intermetallic layers at the coating/substrate interface.     

Research on the Hot Deformation Behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy During Compression at Elevated Temperature

The flow behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical equipment. Compression tests were performed in the temperature range of 340-500 °C and in the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s^?1.The results indicate that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing strain rate at a given temperature, and decreases with increasing temperature at a given imposed strain rate. The relationship between flow stress and strain rate and temperature was derived by analyzing the experimental data. The constitutive equation of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation can be described by the Arrhenius relationship of the hyperbolic sine form. The values of A, n, and α in the analytical expression of strain rate are fitted to be 1.49 × 10¹⁰ s^?1, 7.504, and 0.0114 MPa^?1, respectively. The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy during compression is 150.25 kJ/mol. The temperature and strain rate have great influences on microstructure evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during hot compression deformation. According to microstructure evolution, the dynamic flow softening is mainly caused by dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization in this present experiment.     

Temperature-Dependent Flow Behavior and Microstructural Evolution During Compression of As-Cast Mg-7.7Al-0.4Zn

The microstructure and mechanical properties improve substantially by hot working. This aspect in as-cast Mg-7.7Al-0.4Zn (AZ80) alloy is investigated by compression tests over temperature range of 30-439°C and at strain rates of 5 × 10^?2, 10^?2, 5 × 10^?4 and 10^?4 s^?1. The stress exponent (n) and activation energy (Q) were evaluated and analyzed for high-temperature deformation along with the microstructures. Upon deformation to a true strain of 0.80, which corresponds to the pseudo-steady-state condition, n and Q were found to be 5 and 151 kJ/mol, respectively. This suggests the dislocation climb-controlled mechanism for deformation. Prior to attaining the pseudo-steady-state condition, the stress-strain curves of AZ80 Mg alloy exhibit flow hardening followed by flow softening depending on the test temperature and strain rate. The microstructures obtained upon deformation revealed dissolution of Mg₁₇Al₁₂ particles with concurrent grain growth of α-matrix. The parameters like strain rate sensitivity and activation energy were analyzed for describing the microstructure evolution also as a function of strain rate and temperature. This exhibited similar trend as seen for deformation per se. Thus, the mechanisms for deformation and microstructure evolution are suggested to be interdependent.     

Strain rate sensitivity of nanocrystalline Au films at room temperature

The effect of strain rate on the inelastic properties of nanocrystalline Au films was quantified with 0.85 and 1.76 μm free-standing microscale tension specimens tested over eight decades of strain rate, between 6 × 10^?6 and 20 s^?1. The elastic modulus was independent of the strain rate, 66 ± 4.5 GPa, but the inelastic mechanical response was clearly rate sensitive. The yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength increased with the strain rate in the ranges 575–895 MPa and 675–940 MPa, respectively, with the yield strength reaching the tensile strength at strain rates faster than 10^?1 s^?1. The activation volumes for the two film thicknesses were 4.5 and 8.1 b³, at strain rates smaller than 10^?4 s^?1 and 12.5 and 14.6 b³ at strain rates higher than 10^?4 s^?1, while the strain rate sensitivity factor and the ultimate tensile strain increased below 10^?4 s^?1. The latter trends indicated that the strain rate regime 10^?5–10^?4 s^?1 is pivotal in the mechanical response of the particular nanocrystalline Au films. The increased rate sensitivity and the reduced activation volume at slow strain rates were attributed to grain boundary processes that also led to prolonged (5–6 h) and significant primary creep with initial strain rate of the order of 10^?7 s^?1.     

Design of ultrafine eutectic-dendrite composites with enhanced mechanical properties in Fe-based alloy

The effect of Mn content on the evolution of microstructure and the enhancement of mechanical properties in Fe-Nb-Mn hierarchical composites consisted of ultrafine eutectic and primary dendrite has been studied by using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microcopy and compression test. Fe-11Nb-5Mn hierarchical composite consisted of α′-Fe dendrite and urtrafine α′-Fe + Fe₂Nb eutectic, and exhibited a reasonably good combination of mechanical properties, i.e. yield strength of 1283 ± 10 MPa and compressive plastic strain of 7.75 ± 5%, while Fe-11Nb-15Mn composite consisted of ?-Fe dendrite and ?-Fe + Fe₂Nb eutectic structure with some retained γ phase, and exhibited a far better combination of mechanical properties, i.e. higher yield strength of 1462 ± 10 MPa and larger compressive plastic strain of 11.28 ± 2%. The origin for the simultaneous enhancement of high strength and large plastic strain is attributed to ?-Fe martensite formation and strain-induced martensitic transformation from ? to α′ during deformation.     

Comparison of the Microstructural Characteristics and Electrical Properties of Thermally Sprayed Al2O3 Coatings from Aqueous Suspensions and Feedstock Powders

In this work the microstructural characteristics and electrical insulating properties of thermally sprayed alumina coatings produced by suspension-HVOF (S-HVOF) and conventional HVOF spray processes are presented. The electrical resistance at different relative air humidity (RH) levels (from 6 to 97% RH) and values of dielectric strength were investigated by direct current electrical resistance measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and dielectric breakdown tests. Relationships between electrical properties and coating characteristics are discussed. At low humidity levels (up to 40% RH) the electrical resistivities of S-HVOF and HVOF coatings were on the same order of magnitude (10¹¹???·m). At a very high humidity level (97% RH) the electrical resistivity values for the S-HVOF coatings were in the range 10⁷-10¹¹???·m, up to five orders of magnitude higher than those recorded for the HVOF coating (orders of magnitude of 10⁶???·m). The better electrical resistance stability of the suspension-sprayed Al₂O₃ coatings can be explained by their specific microstructure and retention of a higher content of ??-Al₂O₃. The dielectric strength E _d of suspension-sprayed coatings was found to be 19.5-26.8?kV·mm^?1 for coating thicknesses ranging from 60 to 200???m. These values were slightly lower than those obtained for conventional HVOF coatings (up to 32?kV·mm^?1). However, it seemed that the dielectric strength of conventionally sprayed coatings was more sensitive to the coating thickness (when compared with the values of E _d determined for S-HVOF coatings) and varied to a greater extent (up to 10?kV·mm^?1) when the coating thickness varied in the range 100-200???m.     

Influence of cooling rate and boron content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled high strength interstitial-free steels

A pilot hot strip rolling and cooling test that simulates an actual hot strip rolling and continuous cooling process was performed. We then examined the effect of cooling rates ranging from 0.1 °Cs^?1 to 100 °Cs^?1 on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength interstitial-free (IF) steels containing 0.003 wt% of boron, 0.0005 wt% of boron and no boron. The mechanical properties and microstructures of the boron-added high strength IF steels were analyzed using uni-axial tensile test and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) following the pilot hot strip rolling and cooling test. Results show that the microstructure of high strength IF steel with no boron is influenced significantly by cooling rates. There is a critical cooling rate for building up polygonal ferrite (PF) grains. PF grains do not occur when high strength IF steels with a boron content of 0.0005 wt% and 0.003 wt% undergo a cooling rate of 5.0 °Cs^?1, however widmanst?tten ferrite (WF), granular ferrite (GF) and quasi-polygonal ferrite (QF) grains are present. Under the same hot rolling and slow cooling conditions, high strength IF steel with no boron has recrystallized PF grains. On the contrary, high strength IF steel with boron cooled at above 3 °Cs^?1 doesn??t have GF or QF grains, and subsequently generates the unrecrystallized ferritic grains and WF grains, which increase the yield and tensile strengths. It is deduced that we need to control both the cooling rate and coiling temperature when boron-added high strength IF steel sheet is manufactured in an actual hot strip rolling mill.     

Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties of Carbon Fiber Epoxy-Impregnated Bundle Composite

The tensile tests for high tensile strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (T1000GB) carbon fiber epoxy-impregnated bundle composite at various strain rates ranging from 3.33 × 10^?5 to 6.0 × 10² s^?1 (various crosshead speeds ranging from 8.33 × 10^?7 to 1.5 × 10¹ m/s) were investigated. The statistical distributions of the tensile strength were also evaluated. The results clearly demonstrated that the tensile strength of bundle composite slightly increased with an increase in the strain rate (crosshead speed) and the Weibull modulus of tensile strength for the bundle composite decreased with an increase in the strain rate (crosshead speed), there is a linear relation between the Weibull modulus and the average tensile strength on log-log scale.     

Effect of ruthenium on tensile properties of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy

The tensile properties of two single crystal Ni-based superalloys with and without added Ru (0 and 3 wt%) were investigated under a constant strain rate of 3.3×10^?4 /s at 20 °C, 760 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. The deformation mechanisms could be divided into two temperature regimes. From room temperature to 800 °C, the deformation mechanism is caused by the shearing of ?á? particles by anti-phase boundaries (APB) or stacking faults. At 1000 °C, the deformation mechanism is caused by the bypassing of ?á? particles by dislocations. At 20 °C and 800 °C, ?á? particles were sheared by APB. Due to smaller ?á? particles, the yield strength was decreased with addition of 3 wt% Ru. Additionally, work hardening is less pronounced in the alloy without Ru, hence the ultimate tensile strength was not decreased with the addition of 3 wt% Ru. At 760 °C, ?á? particles were sheared by stacking faults. Since the formation of stacking faults was promoted, the yield strength was decreased due to a 3 wt% Ru addition. However, the ultimate tensile strength was significantly increased when 3 wt% Ru was added. This is due to the markedly stronger work hardening caused by large numbers of stacking faults. At 1000 °C, deformation occurred by dislocations bypassing ?á? particles. Due to wider ?? channels, the yield strength was decreased by 3 wt% Ru addition. Moreover, Alloy 3Ru has smaller ?á? particles and a volume fraction as well as less pronounced work hardening, so the ultimate tensile strength was decreased when 3 wt% Ru was added.     

Effect of hot deformation on α→β phase transformation in 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy

The effect of strain rate and deformation temperature on the α→β phase transformation in 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy with an initial widmanstatten α structure was investigated. At the deformation temperature of 550 °C, the volume fraction of α phase decreased with increasing strain rate. At 600 and 650 °C, the volume fraction of α phase firstly increased to a maximum value with increasing strain rate from 1×10^?3 to 1×10^?2 s^?1, and then decreased. At 700 °C, the microstructure consisted of single β phase. At a given strain rate, the volume fraction of α phase decreased with increasing deformation temperature. With decreasing strain rate and increasing deformation temperature, the volume fraction and size of globular α phase increased. At 650 °C and 1×10^?3 s^?1, the lamellar α phase was fully globularized. The variation in the volume fraction and morphology of α phase with strain rate and deformation temperature significantly affected the hardness of 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy.     

AZ41镁合金超塑性成形特性

研究AZ41镁合金在热轧(无后续热变形)条件下的显微组织变化,以确定其在超塑性成形工艺中的适用性,并确定最佳成形参数.采用高温拉伸试验和热气体胀形试验对材料在不同应变速率(1×10?1～1×10?3 s?1)和温度(350～450℃)下的成形性进行评估.利用GOM Aramis相机进行圆形网格分析,了解峰值应变和材料减...     

Additive Manufacturing of Syntactic Foams: Part 1: Development,Properties, and Recycling Potential of Filaments

This work focuses on developing filaments of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and their hollow particle-filled syntactic foams for commercial three-dimensional (3D) printers based on fused filament fabrication technology. Hollow fly-ash cenospheres were blended by 40 wt.% in a HDPE matrix to produce syntactic foam (HDPE40) filaments. Further, the recycling potential was studied by pelletizing the filaments again to extrude twice (2×) and three times (3×). The filaments were tensile tested at 10^?4 s^?1, 10^?3 s^?1, and 10^?2 s^?1 strain rates. HDPE40 filaments show an increasing trend in modulus and strength with the strain rate. Higher density and modulus were noticed for 2× filaments compared to 1× filaments because of the crushing of some cenospheres in the extrusion cycle. However, 2× and 3× filament densities are nearly the same, showing potential for recycling them. The filaments show better properties than the same materials processed by conventional injection molding. Micro-CT scans show a uniform dispersion of cenospheres in all filaments.     

Über den Einfluß des aufgenommenen Wasserstoffs auf die Wechselbiegefähigkeit von Kohlenstoffstahl bei der Beizung in Schwefelsäure

Influence of hydrogen pick-up on the alternating bending strength of carbon steel during sulfuric acid pickling Steel coupons (St 3 GBKL) were acid-pickled in 1 M sulfuric acid at 50° C. The dissolution rate (by weight), the hydrogen uptake (by high temperature vacuum extraction and gaschromatographic determination) and the alternating bending strength (by alternating bending at 25 Hz and deflection angle ± 5°) were measured as a function of pickling time. The linear corrosion rate was 21 · 10^?6 · kg · m^?2 · sec^?1, the saturation concentration of hydrogen in steel was 8,76 ppm and the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in steel was calculated as 8,74 · 10^?7 cm² · sec^?1. The number of bendings until fracture is not only a function of the integral hydrogen concentration, but is strongly influenced by the concentration profile of hydrogen in the sample; a hypothesis is given to explain this experimental finding.     

A study of the interactive effects of strain,strain rate and temperature in severe plastic deformation of copper

The deformation field in machining was controlled to access a range of deformation parameters—strains of 1–15, strain rates of 10–100,000 s^?1 and temperatures of up to 0.4 T_m—in the severe plastic deformation (SPD) of copper. This range is far wider than has been accessed to date in conventional SPD methods, enabling a study of the interactive effects of the parameters on microstructure and strength properties. Nano-twinning was demonstrated at strain rates as small as 1000 s^?1 at ?196 °C and at strain rates of ?10,000 s^?1 even when the deformation temperature was well above room temperature. Bi-modal grain structures were produced in a single stage of deformation through in situ partial dynamic recrystallization. The SPD conditions for engineering specific microstructures by deformation rate control are presented in the form of maps, both in deformation parameter space and in terms of the Zener–Hollomon parameter.     

Isothermal compression behavior and constitutive modeling of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy

Hot compression behavior of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy with an equiaxed (α+β) starting microstructure was investigated by isothermal compression test and optical microscopy. Based on the true strain–stress data with temperature correction, constitutive models with a high accuracy were developed and processing maps were established. Strain inhomogeneity at different locations in the compressed sample is reduced by raising temperature, leading to a uniform distribution of α phases. For the temperature range of 800–840 °C with a strain rate of 10 s^?1, the transformed volume fraction of α phase increases and the average grain size of α phase decreases slightly with increasing the temperature, indicating co-existence of dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. Flow localization and faint β grain boundaries are observed at the strain rate of 10 s^?1 in the temperature range of 860–900 °C. The processing map analysis shows that hot working of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy should be conducted with the strain rate lower than 0.01 s^?1 to extend its workability.     

The Microstructure Evolution of Dual-Phase Pipeline Steel with Plastic Deformation at Different Strain Rates

Tensile properties of the high-deformability dual-phase ferrite-bainite X70 pipeline steel have been investigated at room temperature under the strain rates of 2.5 × 10^?5, 1.25 × 10^?4, 2.5 × 10^?3, and 1.25 × 10^?2 s^?1. The microstructures at different amount of plastic deformation were examined by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Generally, the ductility of typical body-centered cubic steels is reduced when its stain rate increases. However, we observed a different ductility dependence on strain rates in the dual-phase X70 pipeline steel. The uniform elongation (UEL%) and elongation to fracture (EL%) at the strain rate of 2.5 × 10^?3 s^?1 increase about 54 and 74%, respectively, compared to those at 2.5 × 10^?5 s^?1. The UEL% and EL% reach to their maximum at the strain rate of 2.5 × 10^?3 s^?1. This phenomenon was explained by the observed grain structures and dislocation configurations. Whether or not the ductility can be enhanced with increasing strain rates depends on the competition between the homogenization of plastic deformation among the microconstituents (ultra-fine ferrite grains, relatively coarse ferrite grains as well as bainite) and the progress of cracks formed as a consequence of localized inconsistent plastic deformation.     

Effects of La<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of H62 Brass

In this article, the effects of lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of H62 brass were investigated by using the universal testing machine, Brinell hardness tester, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Immersion corrosion and electrochemical measurements were carried out to identify the influence of La₂O₃ on the corrosion behavior of the H62 brass. The phase constitution, microstructure, and phase composition of the H62 brass were analyzed by x-ray diffraction, SEM, and energy-dispersive spectrometer, respectively. The results show that the microstructure of α phase changes from dendrite grains to equiaxed grains, and the content and distribution of β phase are improved significantly. When the La₂O₃ content reaches 0.8 wt.%, the H62 brass obtains favorable comprehensive mechanical properties and the strength and hardness decrease but elongation increases, which is conducive to plastic processing. In addition, under the optimum amount of 0.8 wt.% La₂O₃ content, the corrosion rate of immersion corrosion attains the minimum values: As 12.6 g m^?2 h^?1, it decreases by 24%; as the corrosion potential changes from ?1.1327 V to ?0.328 V, it increases by 70.9%; and as the corrosion current density decreases from ?2.833 mA mm^?2 to ?3.28 mA mm^?2 corrosion, it decreases by 15.78%, when compared with H62 brass.     

Phase Composition and Superplastic Behavior of a Wrought AlCoCrCuFeNi High-Entropy Alloy

A cast AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy was multiaxially forged at 950°C to produce a fine homogeneous mixture of grains/particles of four different phases with the average size of ~2.1 μm. The forged alloy exhibited unusual superplastic behavior accompanied by a pronounced softening stage, followed by a steady-state flow stage, during tensile deformation at temperatures of 800°C–1000°C and at strain rates of 10^?4–10^?1 s^?1. Despite the softening stage, no noticeable strain localization was observed and a total elongation of up to 1240% was obtained. A detailed analysis of the phase composition and microstructure of the alloy before and after superplastic deformation was conducted, the strain rate and temperature dependences of the flow stress were determined at different stages of the superplastic deformation, and the relationships between the microstructure and properties were identified and discussed.     

Low-energy ion beam treatment of α-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>(0001) and improvement of photoluminescence of ZnO thin films

A low energy N₂ ^? ion beam impinged on a α-Al₂O₃(0001) single crystal surface in the range of fluence 5×10¹⁵/cm²?1×10¹⁸/cm² at room temperature. After ion bombardment, chemical bonding on the modified sapphire surface was investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Below a fluence of 1×10¹⁵/cm², only a non-bonded N1s peak at the binding energy 398.7 eV was found, but further irradiation up to 2×10¹⁷/cm² induced Al?O?N bonding at around 403 eV. The occurrence of Al?N bonding was identified at ion fluence higher than 5×10¹⁷/cm² at 396.6 eV. II–VI ZnO thin films were grown on an untreated/ion-beam-induced sapphire surface by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the investigation of the modified-substrate effect on photoluminescence. The ZnO films grown on modified sapphire containing Al?O?N bonding only, and both Al?O?N and Al?N bonding showed a significant reduction of the peak related to deep-level defects in photoluminescence. These results are explained in terms of the formation of Al?N?O and Al?O?N layers and relaxation of the interfacial strain between Al₂O₃ and ZnO.