AUM结构及其与膀胱上皮分化关系的电子显微镜研究

哺乳动物膀胱上皮中存在一种独特的不对称单位膜结构。本文应用多种电镜技术，观察了小鼠和牛的ＡＵＭ的形态结构，并对ＡＵＭ蛋白及其ｍＲＮＡ进行定性与定位研究，在此基础上膀胱上皮细胞分中中ＡＵＭ结构与成分的变化，结果显示：（１）小鼠膀胱上皮中间层细胞开始转录ＡＵＭ的ｍＲＮＡ并释译ＡＵＭ蛋白形成典型的ＡＵＭ结构，而牛只有在表层细胞中表达ＡＵＭ蛋白，它们可能代表两种不同类型的膀胱上皮细胞的终末分化形式。（２）     

不对称单位膜的电镜显示

应用多种电镜技术，观察了膀胱上皮细胞不对称单位膜（ＡＵＭ）的形态结构，并对其成份、分布及其与细胞骨架的关系进行了研究。同时针对这一特殊细胞结构在电镜制样方法上也进行了多方面的探索，并取得一些有意义的结果：（１）ＡＵＭ富含带有糖侧链的糖蛋白；（２）小鼠中间层细胞也具有ＡＵＭ结构；（３）ＡＵＭ结构与中间纤维紧密结合。这些结果为研究ＡＵＭ与膀胱上皮细胞分化的关系以及ＡＵＭ的功能提供了新的直观的证据。     

DGD包埋－去包埋样品的免疫标记

小鼠膀胱上皮细胞经细胞选择性抽提和ＤＧＤ包埋后，制备超薄切片，并对其进行免疫标记。结果表明，ＤＧＤ包埋－去包理样品中的ＡＵＭ蛋白仍可特异地被抗体所识别，这一结果为证明小鼠膀胱上皮细胞中由ＡＵＭ蛋白组成的梭形泡以及腔面不对称单位膜结构均与中间纤维相连提供了证据。本文还对ＤＧＤ白埋后样品免疫标记技术进行了讨论。     

DGD包埋—去包埋样品的免疫标记

小鼠膀胱上皮细胞经细胞选择性抽提和ＤＧＤ包埋后，制备超薄切片，并对其进行免疫标记。结果表明，ＤＧＤ包埋－去包埋样品中的ＡＵＭ蛋白仍可特异地被抗体所识别，这一结果为证明小鼠膀胱上皮细胞中由ＡＵＭ蛋白组成的梭形泡以及腔面不对称单位膜结构均与中间纤维相连提高了证据。本文还对ＤＧＤ包埋后样品免疫标记技术进行了讨论。     

膀胱上皮细胞表面糖被的电镜研究

应用电镜钌红染色与植物凝集素标记技术对小鼠和牛的膀胱上皮的糖被及其在发育中的变化进行了研究，结果显示膀胱表层细胞的腔面质膜上存在丰富的糖被结构，其厚度为４０－６０ｎｍ。它可为钌红染色，但对Ｃｏｎ Ａ和ＷＧＡ的标记不敏感。在胚胎发育的早期，膀胱表层细胞可被ＷＧＡ特异标记，但其标记程度随ＡＵＭ蛋白的增加而迅速下降，揭示在发育过程中膀胱上皮腔面质膜的糖被成分可能发生明显的改变。     

纯化的膀胱上皮细胞不对称单位膜的超微结构与成份分析

纯化的膀胱上皮细胞不对称单位膜的超微结构与成份分析粱凤霞丁明孝翟中和孙同天＊（北京大学生命科学学院，＊纽约大学医学院）不对称单位膜（ＡｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃＵｎｉｔＭｅｍｂｒａｎｅ，简称ＡＵＭ）是存在于哺乳动物膀胱上皮细胞中的独特的膜结构。在前人工作的基...     

小鼠膀胱胚胎发育早期腔面细胞形态的扫描电镜研究

小鼠膀胱胚胎发育早期腔面细胞形态的扫描电镜研究沈延程钤李秀芬丁明孝翟中和（北京大学生命科学学院，北京１００８７１）哺乳动物膀胱上皮细胞的结构特征之一是其表层细胞的腔面质膜由大量不对称单位膜（ａｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃｕｎｉｔｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ，ＡＵＭ）形成的...     

膀胱上皮细胞的不对称单位膜结构及其在胚胎发育中的变化

膀胱上皮细胞的不对称单位膜结构及其在胚胎发育中的变化于勤李岫芬程钤丁明孝翟中和（北京大学生命科学学院，北京１００８７１）哺乳动物的膀胱上皮细胞最典型的特征之一是存在着一种特殊的不对称单位膜（ＡｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃＵｎｉｔＭｅｍ－ｂｒａｎｅ简称ＡＵＭ）结...     

膀胱上皮细胞的生物学特征及其与细胞分化的关系

膀胱上皮细胞的生物学特征及其与细胞分化的关系梁凤霞，丁明孝，翟中和（北京大学生命科学学院，北京１００８７１）哺乳动物膀胱上皮细胞最典型的特征就是其表层细胞游离面质膜及细胞质中的大量的梭形泡膜均存在一种独特的膜结构—下对称单位膜（ＡＵＭ）￣［１］。目前...     

数字音频信号压缩编解码算法研究与解码软件实现

ＭＵＳＩＣＡＭ算法是当今数字音频信号压缩算法中佼佼者，本文在详述ＭＵＳＩＣＡＭ算法的基础 ，着重阐述了其第Ⅱ层算法的编解码及解码算法的具体软件实现，该软件能解所有以ＭＵＳＩＣＡＭ算法记录的音频数据，为ＭＵＳＩＣＡＭ算法在数字音频领域的应用奠定了基础。     

Modeled current distribution inside the normal and malignant human urothelium using finite element analysis.

When the tissue is changing from normal to abnormal, the distribution of tissue liquids between intra and extra cellular space will be changed and then the measured conductivity and impedivity will also be changed. Therefore, it will cause a different current distribution inside the human bladder tissue in normal and malignant cases. By knowing the amount of electrical impedance inside the bladder tissue and the morphological parameters of the different layers of this tissue, the current distribution inside the bladder tissue (surface fluid, superficial urothelium, intermediate urothelium, basal urothelium, basement membrane, and connective tissue) was modelled and calculated in different frequencies using the finite element analysis. The model results showed that very little of the current actually flows through the urothelium and much of the injected current flows through the connective tissue beneath the urothelium (in normal cases). However, most of the current flows through the surface fluid in the low frequency range in normal tissue. Furthermore, for the high frequencies, the tight junctions are short-circuited, so the current penetrates deeper, flowing through the connective tissue beneath the urothelium, while, in the malignant cases, at least 50% of the injected current flows beneath transformed urothelium across the frequency range modelled.     

Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the urinary bladder: the effect of inflammation and edema on identification of malignancy

Previous studies have shown that tetrapolar electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements can identify cervical interstitial neoplasia with the same sensitivity and specificity as cervical smears. In the urinary bladder, the same technique yields significant differences (p < 0.05 at seven frequencies between 9.6 and 614 kHz) between normal and malignant urothelium, but is unable to classify individual measurements. Detailed histological examination demonstrates that inflammation and edema--both of which are common in abnormal urothelium--alter the impedance spectrum significantly in opposing directions. Consideration of morphological changes in abnormal urothelium suggests alternative measurement strategies.     

光敏化BPD-MA后膀胱癌细胞凋亡的研究

为了研究光动力抑癌作用机制,采用流式细胞仪和TUNEL法检测激光光敏化BPD-MA后人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87细胞凋亡的发生状况.激光光敏化BPD-MA后人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87组细胞凋亡发生率明显增高,许多细胞核呈棕黄色,高倍镜下可见细胞核内有大量棕褐色颗粒,与阳性对照中凋亡细胞核的特征相符合,而对照组此种细胞少见.TUNEL阴性对照中细胞核均呈蓝色.结果表明,激光激活BPD-MA光动力作用明显诱导人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87细胞发生凋亡,这可能是其抑癌作用机制之一.     

RNAi沉默整合素连接激酶基因对人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞体内成瘤的影响

目的：研究RNAi沉默整合素连接激酶（integrin-linked kinase,ILK）基因对人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞裸鼠皮下成瘤的影响。方法：构建4条针对ILK基因的特异性miRNA干扰载体和1条阴性对照载体,并利用脂质体转染法将其转染BIU-87细胞,并筛选获得稳定转染细胞株。利用RT-PCR和Western blot分别从mRNA和蛋白水平检测抑制效果。将10只裸鼠随机分为2组,皮下分别接种转染组细胞和未转染组细胞,观察瘤体的生长情况,并于接种4周后处死裸鼠,测量其瘤体体积和重量,并将瘤体做HE染色,观察瘤体病理情况。结果：转染组细胞ILK的表达明显受到抑制,以miR-3组的抑制效率最高。裸鼠皮下成瘤实验检测发现：两组均有瘤体形成,未转染组较转染组瘤体生长快,未转染组体积平均为：289.56±36.49mm3,转染组为：56.67±4.32mm3。瘤体重量分别为：1.265±0.02 g和0.518±0.03g。转染组与未转染组相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：利用RNAi技术能有效抑制靶基因ILK的表达,从而降低膀胱癌细胞的体内的增殖能力。     

BPD-MA光动力作用对膀胱癌细胞凋亡及bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究激光活化BPD-MA光动力诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及其可能机制。方法:应用流式细胞仪分析BPD-MA光动力作用后细胞凋亡及免疫组化染色检测凋亡相关蛋白bcl-2蛋白表达水平。结果:激光活化BPD-MA光动力实验组人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87凋亡发生率达26.11±2.59%,与对照组相比,差异非常显著性(P<0.01);光动力作用后膀胱癌细胞线粒体相关调控蛋白bcl-2表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:激光活化BPD-MA光动力作用具有诱导人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87凋亡的生物效应,而线粒体相关调控蛋白bcl-2表达水平的降低可能是激光活化BPD-MA光动力诱导人膀胱癌细胞株BIU-87凋亡的重要机制之一。     

The cytoplasmic surface structures of uncoated vesicles in various tissues of rat as revealed by quick-freeze, deep-etching replicas

We examined the cytoplasmic surface structures of the plasmalemmal vesicles in various tissues using quick-freeze, deep-etching replicas, and identified three types of cytoplasmic surface specializations. In addition to the baskets of clathrin-coated vesicles, stripe-surfaced and bumpy-surfaced vesicles could be identified. The striped patterns were clearly observed on the vesicles in endothelial cells and fibroblasts of various tissues, while in epithelial cells such as hepatocytes, renal proximal tubule cells, and superficial cells of the urinary bladder, instead of the striped patterns, rough-surfaced vesicles could be identified. These differences in 'uncoated' vesicles may suggest that there is the tissue specificity of the cytoplasmic surface structures of plasmalemmal vesicles.     

Tumor detection in the bladder wall with a measurement of abnormal thickness in CT scans

Virtual cystoscopy is a developing technique for bladder cancer screening. In a conventional cystoscopy, an optical probe is inserted into the bladder and an expert reviews the appearance of the bladder wall. Physical limitations of the probe place restrictions on the examination of the bladder wall. In virtual cystoscopy, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the bladder is acquired and an expert reviews the appearance of the bladder wall as shown by the CT. The task of identifying tumors in the bladder wall has often been done without extensive computational aid to the expert. We have developed an image processing algorithm that aids the expert in the detection of bladder tumors. Compared with an expert observer reading the CT, our algorithm achieves 89% sensitivity, 88% specificity, 48% positive predictive value, and 98% negative predictive value.     

CO2激光犬膀胱粘膜剥脱术的实验研究

目的:探讨CO2激光犬膀胱粘膜剥脱术的可行性与安全性。方法:开放手术条件下,采用经多晶锗空芯金属红外波导传输的CO2激光施行犬膀胱粘膜剥脱术,通过普通光镜观察、胶原纤维染色及静脉肾盂造影、膀胱压力—容量测定、血清肌酐检测等形态与功能评定的方法了解CO2激光对犬膀胱粘膜的剥脱效果、术后膀胱粘膜的再生、修复过程,以及泌尿系统机能的整体变化。结果:CO2激光可以在10~15min内实现对犬膀胱粘膜的完全剥脱,剥脱深度仅限于粘膜及粘膜下层,未见激光对膀胱肌层有明显的损害。主要并发症为程度不等的终末肉眼血尿,未见有严重膀胱出血、穿孔及尿漏的发生。术后4周时可见膀胱粘膜上皮完全再生,术后12周时膀胱及上尿路的形态与功能方面的各项指标与术前无明显差异,膀胱肌层未见有严重的纤维化改变。结论:CO2激光可以对犬膀胱粘膜进行有效地剥脱,CO2激光犬膀胱粘膜剥脱术具有一定可行性与安全性。     

Bladder Volume Sensing by Resistance Measurement

The resistance of the urinary bladder, as measured between two electrodes attached to the external bladder wall at frequencies above 100 kHz, is proportional to the bladder volume for properly placed electrodes. The feasibility of using an oscillator, the frequency of which is controlled by the bladder interelectrode resistance, to provide an electrical signal proportional to bladder volume for use in connection with an electronic bladder stimulator is presented. The implications of this result are discussed.     

Surface mosaics of the bladder reconstructed from endoscopic video for automated surveillance

Flexible cystoscopy is frequently performed for recurrent bladder cancer surveillance, making it the most expensive cancer to treat over the patient's lifetime. An automated bladder surveillance system is being developed to robotically scan the bladder surface using an ultrathin and highly flexible endoscope. Such a system would allow cystoscopic procedures to be overseen by technical staff while urologists could review cystoscopic video postoperatively. In this paper, we demonstrate a method for reconstructing the surface of the whole bladder from endoscopic video using structure from motion. Video is acquired from a custom ultrathin and highly flexible endoscope that can retroflex to image the entire internal surface of the bladder. Selected frames are subsequently stitched into a mosaic and mapped to a reconstructed surface, creating a 3-D surface model of the bladder that can be expediently reviewed. Our software was tested on endoscopic video of an excised pig bladder. The resulting reconstruction possessed a projection error of 1.66 pixels on average and covered 99.6% of the bladder surface area.