Multichannel convolutional coding systems over a direct sum of Galois fields

Classes of codes for a multichannel communication system are considered. A fast algorithm is developed to calculate syndromes of multichannel linear systematic codes, including both block and convolutional codes, by using a direct sum of Galois fields.     

Transform decoding of BCH codes over Zm

For BCH codes with symbols from rings of residue class integers modulo m, denoted by Z_m , we introduce the analogue of Blahut's frequency domain approach for codes over finite fields and show that the problem of decoding these codes is equivalent to the minimal shift register synthesis problem over Galois rings. A minimal shift register synthesis algorithm over Galois rings is obtained by straightforward extention of the Reeds-Sloane algorithm which is for shift register synthesis over Z_m .     

Gaussian integers and interleaved rank codes for space–time block codes

This paper presents the design of space–time block codes (STBCs) over maximum rank distance (MRD) codes, energy‐efficient STBCs, STBCs using interleaved‐MRD codes, the use of Gaussian integers for STBCs modulation, and Gabidulin's decoding algorithm for decoding STBCs. The design fundamentals of STBCs using MRD codes are firstly put forward for different number of transmit antennas. Extension finite fields (Galois fields) are used to design these linear block codes. Afterward, a comparative study of MRD‐based STBCs with corresponding orthogonal and quasi‐orthogonal codes is also included in the paper. The simulation results show that rank codes, for any number of transmit antennas, exhibit diversity gain at full rate contrary to orthogonal codes, which give diversity gain at full rate only for two transmit antennas case. Secondly, an energy‐efficient MRD‐STBC is proposed, which outperforms orthogonal STBC at least for 2 × 1 antenna system. Thirdly, interleaved‐MRD codes are used to construct higher‐order transmit antenna systems. Using interleaved‐MRD codes further reduces the complexity (compared with normal MRD codes) of the decoding algorithm. Fourthly, the use of Gaussian integers is utilized in mapping MRD‐based STBCs to complex constellations. Furthermore, it is described how an efficient and computationally less complex Gabidulin's decoding algorithm can be exploited for decoding complex MRD‐STBCs. The decoding results have been compared against hard‐decision maximum likelihood decoding. Under this decoding scheme, MRD‐STBCs have been shown to be potential candidate for higher transmit antenna systems as the decoding complexity of Gabidulin's algorithm is far less, and its performance for decoding MRD‐STBCs is somewhat reasonable. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光通信中一种基于有限域循环子群的QC-LDPC码构造方法

基于有限域循环子群方法提出了一种结构简单,可以灵活选择码长、码率,并且编译码复杂度低的准循环低密度奇偶校验(QC-LDPC)码构造方法。利用此方法构造出适合光通信系统传输的规则QC-LDPC(5334,4955)码。仿真结果表明该码型利用和积迭代译码算法在加性高斯白噪声信道中取得了很好的性能,比已广泛应用于光通信中的经典RS(255,239)码具有更好的纠错性能。因此所构造的QC-LDPC(5334,4955)码能较好地适用于高速长距离光通信系统。     

分组码的格图结构和译码

本文讨论了分组码的格图结构,给出了某些BCH码L段格图结构,并据此提出了BCH码的快速最大似然译码算法,同时讨论了qm元分组码的q元映象的译码问题,给出了q元映象的直和划分结构和相应的译码算法。     

应用于40Gb/s DQPSK光通信系统的LDPC译码算法研究

针对40Gb/s差分正交相移键控(DQPSK)光通信传输系统,提出了低密度奇偶校验(low-density parity-check,LDPC)码译码算法的信息初始化公式,改进了基于置信度传播(belief propagation,BP)的译码算法,并进行了相应的数值仿真和性能分析比较,得到了兼顾性能和译码复杂度的改进型译码算法。     

Low-Latency Factorization Architecture for Algebraic Soft-Decision Decoding of Reed–Solomon Codes

Bivariate polynomial factorization is an important stage of algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and contributes to a significant portion of the overall decoding latency. With the exhaustive search-based root computation method, factorization latency is dominated by the root computation step, especially for RS codes defined over very large finite fields. The root-order prediction method proposed by Zhang and Parhi only improves average latency, but does not have any effect on the worst-case latency of the factorization procedure. Thus, neither approach is well-suited for delay-sensitive applications. In this paper, a novel architecture based on direct root computation is proposed to greatly reduce the factorization latency. Direct root computation is feasible because in most practical applications of algebraic soft-decision decoding of RS codes, enough decoding gain can be achieved with a relatively low interpolation cost, which results in a bivariate polynomial with low Y-degree. Compared with existing works, not only does the new architecture have a significantly smaller worst-case decoding latency, but it is also more area efficient since the corresponding hardware for routing polynomial coefficients is eliminated.     

On extremal self-dual quaternary codes of lengths 18 to 28. I

A general decomposition theorem is given for self-dual codes over finite fields that have a permutation automorphism of a given form. Such a code can be decomposed as a direct sum of subcodes that may be viewed as shorter-length codes over extension fields where the dual of each direct summand is also a direct summand. Situations in which it is easy to distinguish such codes are also presented. These results are used to enumerate some of the extremal quaternary self-dual codes of lengths 18, 20, 22, 26 and 28     

基于素域构造的准循环低密度校验码

该文提出一种基于素域构造准循环低密度校验码的方法。该方法是Lan等所提出基于有限域构造准循环低密度校验码的方法在素域上的推广,给出了一类更广泛的基于素域构造的准循环低密度校验码。通过仿真结果证实:所构造的这一类准循环低密度校验码在高斯白噪声信道上采用迭代译码时具有优良的纠错性能。     

Efficient VLSI Architecture for Soft-Decision Decoding of Reed–Solomon Codes

Reed–Solomon (RS) codes have very broad applications in digital communication and storage systems. The recently developed algebraic soft-decision decoding (ASD) algorithms of RS codes can achieve substantial coding gain with polynomial complexity. Among the ASD algorithms with practical multiplicity assignment schemes, the bit-level generalized minimum distance (BGMD) decoding algorithm can achieve similar or higher coding gain with lower complexity. ASD algorithms consist of two major steps: the interpolation and the factorization. In this paper, novel architectures for both steps are proposed for the BGMD decoder. The interpolation architecture is based on the newly proposed Lee-O'Sullivan (LO) algorithm. By exploiting the characteristics of the LO algorithm and the multiplicity assignment scheme in the BGMD decoder, the proposed interpolation architecture for a (255, 239) RS code can achieve 25% higher efficiency in terms of speed/area ratio than prior efforts. Root computation over finite fields and polynomial updating are the two main steps of the factorization. A low-latency and prediction-free scheme is introduced in this paper for the root computation in the BGMD decoder. In addition, novel coefficient storage schemes and parallel processing architectures are developed to reduce the latency of the polynomial updating. The proposed factorization architecture is 126% more efficient than the previous direct root computation factorization architecture.      

Two-band wavelets and filterbanks over finite fields with connections to error control coding

Recently, we have developed a new framework to study error-control coding using finite-field wavelets and filterbanks (FBs). This framework reveals a rich set of signal processing techniques that can be exploited to investigate new error correcting codes and to simplify encoding and decoding techniques for some existing ones. The paper introduces the theory of wavelet decompositions of signals in vector spaces defined over Galois fields. To avoid the limitations of the number theoretic Fourier transform, our wavelet transform relies on a basis decomposition in the time rather than the frequency domain. First, by employing a symmetric, nondegenerate canonical bilinear form, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition that the basis functions defined over finite fields must satisfy in order to construct an orthogonal wavelet transform. Then, we present a design methodology to generate the mother wavelet and scaling function over finite fields by relating the wavelet transform to two-channel paraunitary (PU) FBs. Finally, we describe the application of this transform to the construction of error correcting codes. In particular, we give examples of double circulant codes that are generated by wavelets.     

An Efficient VLSI Architecture for Nonbinary LDPC Decoders

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes constructed over the Galois field $ hbox{GF}(q)$, which are also called nonbinary LDPC codes, are an extension of binary LDPC codes with significantly better performance. Although various kinds of low-complexity quasi-optimal iterative decoding algorithms have been proposed, the VLSI implementation of nonbinary LDPC decoders has rarely been discussed due to their hardware unfriendly properties. In this brief, an efficient selective computation algorithm, which totally avoids the sorting process, is proposed for Min–Max decoding. In addition, an efficient VLSI architecture for a nonbinary Min–Max decoder is presented. The synthesis results are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed techniques.      

Class of majority decodable real-number codes

A majority decoding algorithm for a class of real-number codes is presented. Majority decoding has been a relatively simple and fast decoding technique for codes over finite fields. When applied to decode real-number codes, the robustness of the majority decoding to the presence of background noise, which is usually an annoying problem for existing decoding algorithms for real-number codes, is its most prominent property. The presented class of real-number codes has generator matrices similar to those of the binary Reed-Muller codes and is decoded by similar majority logic     

FFT-Based BP Decoding of General LDPC Codes Over Abelian Groups

We introduce a wide class of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, large enough to include LDPC codes over finite fields, rings, or groups, as well as some nonlinear codes. A belief-propagation decoding procedure with the same complexity as for the decoding of LDPC codes over finite fields is also presented. Moreover, an encoding procedure is developed     

F4m上厄米特自正交常循环码

有限域上常循环码具有丰富的代数结构,其编译码电路容易实现,因而在信息传输实践中具有重要的应用.该文研究了一类有限域上任意长度的厄米特自正交常循环码的结构,给出了此类有限域上厄米特自正交常循环码的生成多项式与存在条件,确立了此类有限域上厄米特自正交常循环码的计数公式,并且利用此类有限域上偶长度的厄米特自正交常循环码构造了最优的量子码.     

高性能时不变LDPC卷积码构造算法研究

该文基于由QC-LDPC码获得时不变LDPC卷积码的环同构方法,设计了用有限域上元素直接获得时不变LDPC卷积码多项式矩阵的新算法。以MDS卷积码为例,给出了一个具体的构造过程。所提构造算法可确保所获得的时不变LDPC卷积码具有快速编码特性、最大可达编码记忆以及设计码率。基于滑动窗口的BP译码算法在AWGN信道上的仿真结果表明,该码具有较低的误码平台和较好的纠错性能。     

Further Exploring the Strength of Prediction in the Factorization of Soft-Decision Reed–Solomon Decoding

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are among the most widely utilized error-correcting codes in digital communication and storage systems. Among the decoding algorithms of RS codes, the recently developed Koetter-Vardy (KV) soft-decision decoding algorithm can achieve substantial coding gain, while has a polynomial complexity. One of the major steps of the KV algorithm is the factorization. Each iteration of the factorization mainly consists of root computations over finite fields and polynomial updating. To speed up the factorization step, a fast factorization architecture has been proposed to circumvent the exhaustive-search-based root computation from the second iteration level by using a root-order prediction scheme. Based on this scheme, a partial parallel factorization architecture was proposed to combine the polynomial updating in adjacent iteration levels. However, in both of these architectures, the root computation in the first iteration level is still carried out by exhaustive search, which accounts for a significant part of the overall factorization latency. In this paper, a novel iterative prediction scheme is proposed for the root computation in the first iteration level. The proposed scheme can substantially reduce the latency of the factorization, while only incurs negligible area overhead. Applying this scheme to a (255, 239) RS code, speedups of 36% and 46% can be achieved over the fast factorization and partial parallel factorization architectures, respectively.     

Research of Methods for Lost Data Reconstruction in Erasure Codes over Binary Fields

In the process of encoding and decoding, erasure codes over binary fields, which just need AND operations and XOR operations and therefore have a high computational efficiency, are widely used in various fields of information technology. A matrix decoding method is proposed in this paper. The method is a universal data reconstruction scheme for erasure codes over binary fields. Besides a pre-judgment that whether errors can be recovered, the method can rebuild sectors of loss data on a fault-tolerant storage system constructed by erasure codes for disk errors. Data reconstruction process of the new method has simple and clear steps, so it is beneficial for implementation of computer codes. And more, it can be applied to other non-binary fields easily, so it is expected that the method has an extensive application in the future.     

Theory of paraunitary filter banks over fields of characteristictwo

Motivated by our wavelet framework for error-control coding, we proceed to develop an important family of wavelet transforms over finite fields. Paraunitary (PU) filter banks that are realizations of orthogonal wavelets by multirate filters are an important subclass of perfect reconstruction (PR) filter banks. A parameterization of PU filter banks that covers all possible PU systems is very desirable in error-control coding because it provides a framework for optimizing the free parameters to maximize coding performance. This paper undertakes the problem of classifying all PU matrices with entries from a polynomial ring, where the coefficients of the polynomials are taken from finite fields. It constructs Householder transformations that are used as elementary operations for the realization of all unitary matrices. Then, it introduces elementary PU building blocks and a factorization technique that is specialized to obtain a complete realization for all PU filter banks over fields of characteristic two. This is proved for the 2 × 2 case, and conjectured for the M × M case, where M ⩾ 3. Using these elementary building blocks, we can construct all PU filter banks over fields of characteristic two. These filter banks can be used to implement transforms which, in turn, provide a powerful new perspective on the problems of constructing and decoding arbitrary-rate error-correcting codes     

一种伪随机LDPC码构造方法与性能研究

低密度校验(Low-Density Parity-Check)码作为迄今为止性能最好的纠错码之一, 目前已经被许多数字通信标准广泛采用。伪随机低密度校验码(Pseudo-Random)是 LDPC 码的一个子类,已被应用于空间通信和无线网络技术。本文给出了一种基于有限域的伪随机 LDPC 码构造方法,并采用理论分析和仿真结果分析相结合的方法,对伪随机 LDPC 码的构造和编译码方法进行了研究,并给出了实现中适合的译码算法及量化方案。