空间多位置摆动激光填丝焊接熔池动态行为及焊缝成形

以316L奥氏体不锈钢管道为研究对象,在摆动激光焊接研究基础上,对管道多位置激光填丝焊接熔滴过渡和焊缝成形展开研究,分析焊接熔池动态特征,优化各位置区间工艺参数,进而实现管道全位置激光焊接.结果表明,摆动激光束周期性的作用于填充焊丝,产生的反冲压力能够促进熔滴过渡,使得焊丝始终以"液桥"形式向熔池过渡;同时摆动激光增强了熔融金属侧向流趋势,提高熔池界面表面张力,削弱空间多位置下重力对熔池形貌的影响,保证各空间位置熔池均能稳定存在,焊缝成形连续均匀.     

9%Cr-1%Mo耐热钢焊缝金属显微组织特征解析

提出了“焊道热影响区”的概念。通过对多层多道焊缝中焊道热影响区特征区域的划分,不同区域中各特征点所经历的焊接热循环曲线的绘制,解析了9％Cr-1％Mo耐热钢焊缝金属显微组织特征。焊缝金属中各点距其后续焊道熔池的距离,决定了其所经历的焊接热循环的峰值温度、焊接热循环次数;不同的峰值温度决定了各点所处的相变区域不同、所发生的组织转变不同;不同的焊接热循环次数也决定了发生的组织转变不同;各点所经历的焊接热循环可分为不同类型,根据焊接热循环的类型可全面完整解析焊缝金属组织。文中方法为针对9％Cr-1％Mo耐热钢提出的,但它同样适用于其它Cr-Mo高合金钢焊缝金属的组织分析,     

焊接工艺对3.5%Ni钢焊接接头低温韧性的影响

研究了焊道厚度，弧长及摆动等焊接工艺因素对３．５％Ｎｉ钢焊接接头低温韧性的影响。结果表明，薄焊道能使焊缝金属组织中二次结晶的细小组织比例增大，提高焊缝金属的低温韧性，短电弧，不摆动操作可以使熔池得到较好 的保护，减少焊缝金属中氧，氮的含量，有利于改善低温韧性。     

基于摆动激光扫描的GMAW焊缝成形调控

将摆动激光与GMAW工艺复合,利用“8”字形摆动激光扫描液态熔池,对其温度场和流场进行调控,以改变熔池温度梯度,主动调控熔池流动以改善焊缝成形.在6061铝合金板材表面进行堆焊试验,重点探究了光丝间距、摆动幅度、激光功率对于焊缝成形的影响,采用高速摄像机拍摄激光扫描熔池过程.结果表明,摆动激光扫描可以有效抑制成形缺陷的发生,当摆动激光扫描熔池中部时可以获得最佳的焊缝成形效果.摆动激光扫描降低了熔池温度梯度分布,同时激光扫描产生的激光蒸发反力可以驱动熔池流动,促进了液态熔池的流动铺展,从而有效抑制了不规则焊缝成形缺陷,减少焊缝内部气孔和裂纹缺陷.调节摆动激光摆幅可以在一定范围内对焊缝宽度进行调控.     

电弧摆动对窄间隙GMAW横焊打底焊道成形的影响

采用一款新型摆动电弧窄间隙熔化极气体保护焊焊枪,对FH40厚板进行窄间隙横焊试验,探究不同工艺参数对打底焊道成形、熔滴过渡及缺陷的影响规律。结果表明,摆动幅度对焊道的熔宽和表面凹凸度影响最大,焊接速度对熔深和焊道成形的不对称性影响最大;电弧不摆动时,熔池铺展范围小,焊道凸而窄,坡口两侧无法熔合;电弧摆动过程中熔滴过渡形式和熔池流动状态会发生变化,合适的电弧摆动幅度有助于熔池均匀填满坡口,获得侧壁熔合良好、成形对称的打底焊焊道,但过大的摆动幅度会加快熔池下淌,甚至造成焊道外凸、咬边等焊接缺陷。     

电弧摆动对窄间隙GMAW横焊打底焊道成形的影响

采用一款新型摆动电弧窄间隙熔化极气体保护焊焊枪,对FH40厚板进行窄间隙横焊试验,探究不同工艺参数对打底焊道成形、熔滴过渡及缺陷的影响规律。结果表明,摆动幅度对焊道的熔宽和表面凹凸度影响最大,焊接速度对熔深和焊道成形的不对称性影响最大;电弧不摆动时,熔池铺展范围小,焊道凸而窄,坡口两侧无法熔合;电弧摆动过程中熔滴过渡形式和熔池流动状态会发生变化,合适的电弧摆动幅度有助于熔池均匀填满坡口,获得侧壁熔合良好、成形对称的打底焊焊道,但过大的摆动幅度会加快熔池下淌,甚至造成焊道外凸、咬边等焊接缺陷。     

T型接头直线往返摆动焊温度及应力场的数值模拟

利用有限元软件SYSWELD对企业中广泛使用的直线往返摆动焊接过程进行了数值模拟,研究了T型接头的焊接温度与残余应力的分布规律。数值模拟结果表明,在摆动焊接过程中,沿焊缝方向周期性的出现了二次加热区,此区域的温度峰值高于一次加热区;纵向残余拉应力主要分布在焊缝及热影响区,且焊缝表面的纵向残余拉应力出现了周期性的波动。温度场与应力场的分布规律与直线往返摆动的运丝方式密切相关。     

激光填丝焊焊丝指向与焊缝成形关系的研究

针对首钢酸轧生产线激光焊接头断裂事故,发现焊缝成形存在不稳定缺陷。利用高速摄影手段,研究了焊丝指向对焊缝成形的影响规律。指出:当焊丝指向熔池中光束位置正下方时,焊缝成形最好,熔化焊丝过渡稳定顺畅;当焊丝指向熔池后方时,焊丝在进入熔池前已被全部熔化,熔滴经历产生、长大到滴落的循环,造成焊缝成形不稳定;当焊丝指向熔池前方时,焊丝熔化不够充分,也会造成焊缝成形的不稳定。分析确定,酸轧生产线焊缝成形不稳定现象由焊丝指向熔池后方所致。最终,制定了防止酸轧生产线焊接接头断裂的工艺措施,解决了接头断裂问题,每月为企业减少损失300多万元。     

2060铝锂合金扫描填丝焊接工艺

针对铝锂合金焊后易产生气孔、抗拉强度低的缺点,提出“∞”形激光扫描填丝焊接工艺方法,以2 mm厚2060铝锂合金为研究对象开展对接焊接试验研究,探究激光扫描填丝焊接方法对铝锂合金焊接缺陷抑制作用. 借助高速相机摄像系统,探究了激光扫描填丝焊接工艺下熔池的动态演变过程,同时探究了扫描参数对焊缝气孔的影响规律及扫描填丝工艺对气孔的抑制机理. 采用曲面响应统计方法探究工艺参数对抗拉强度的影响,并给出工艺参数组合与抗拉强度的定量关系及最优参数组合,焊接接头最大抗拉强度可达382 MPa,为母材的76.4%. 结果表明,“∞”形激光扫描填丝焊接工艺下熔池流动平稳,小孔喷发强度较弱且呈现出周期性;“∞”形激光扫描填丝焊接工艺可以有效抑制焊缝气孔,提高铝锂合金焊接质量.     

TC4钛合金脉冲电子束焊温度场模拟仿真

为了分析脉冲电子束焊过程中温度场变化行为,文中采用改进的圆锥体热源和高斯面热源组成的组合热源对TC4钛合金薄板脉冲电子束焊温度场进行了模拟仿真,分析了脉冲特征参数对焊接温度场的影响规律。脉冲束流主要对工件的加热和初始冷却过程有影响,使焊缝区温度出现脉冲效应,焊缝中心峰值温度高于直流电子束焊接的,而在工件冷却过程中,由于温度脉冲作用,焊缝熔池冷却速度加快。随着频率的提高,焊缝区温度脉冲效应减弱,焊缝中心峰值温度有所下降;束流基值相同条件下,占空比较大时,能够增强焊缝区温度脉冲效应;在平均束流相同时,随着束流基值、峰值之间差值的增大,温度脉冲效应更加显著,使焊缝中心峰值温度升高,并能够加快脉冲周期内熔池的冷却。     

横焊摆动轨迹的研究

横焊位置焊接时,由于熔池的重力作用,熔化金属总是往下淌,致使焊层上下的厚度不均匀,甚至上部发生咬边,下部形成焊瘤,难以成形。本文从熔池的热平衡与重力平衡两方面分析了对摆动轨迹提出的要求,并导出了摆动频率如果与焊接电流等比变化时,则线能量基本不变的结论,从而采用了送丝与摆动由一台小电机带动的结构形式。同时,介绍了在实践中选用的摆动轨迹参数和焊接规范。     

Effect of Pulse Parameters on Weld Quality in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding: A Review

The weld quality comprises bead geometry and its microstructure, which influence the mechanical properties of the weld. The coarse-grained weld microstructure, higher heat-affected zone, and lower penetration together with higher reinforcement reduce the weld service life in continuous mode gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Pulsed GMAW (P-GMAW) is an alternative method providing a better way for overcoming these afore mentioned problems. It uses a higher peak current to allow one molten droplet per pulse, and a lower background current to maintain the arc stability. Current pulsing refines the grains in weld fusion zone with increasing depth of penetration due to arc oscillations. Optimum weld joint characteristics can be achieved by controlling the pulse parameters. The process is versatile and easily automated. This brief review illustrates the effect of pulse parameters on weld quality.     

聚变堆用奥氏体不锈钢不同激光输出模式熔丝特征

针对聚变堆用316LN奥氏体不锈钢材料,分别在连续激光和脉冲激光模式下进行了激光填丝焊接试验。主要研究了不同焊接工艺参数下的焊丝熔入特征及其对焊缝质量的影响,并对连续激光与脉冲激光焊接熔池流动及熔池形貌、接头的显微组织进行了研究。结果表明,连续激光填丝焊和脉冲激光填丝焊在合适的焊接工艺参数下均能获得焊丝液桥过渡,且熔池铺展均匀、焊缝成形良好。与脉冲激光填丝焊相比,连续激光填丝焊在坡口中的熔池长度约是脉冲激光填丝焊的3倍,温度梯度较大,更易产生侧壁未熔合和贯穿焊缝中心的凝固裂纹等缺陷。连续激光填丝焊的焊缝显微组织以柱状晶为主,由焊缝两边向焊缝中心生长,方向性强。脉冲激光填丝焊的焊缝两侧显微组织以柱状晶为主,各个区域都受到了相邻脉冲的重复作用,具有周期性,产生二次结晶,有助于熔池的搅动和晶粒细化,打乱了枝晶生长的方向性;焊缝中心区域为方向各异的柱状晶和等轴晶,枝晶间距减小,能够抑制裂纹的产生。 创新点： 首次提出通过脉冲激光调控结晶形态以抑制厚板焊接中裂纹的焊接工艺,可在不添加任何外部设备的基础上实现对裂纹的有效控制,打破了传统焊接工艺带来的局限性。     

交流脉冲TIG焊波成形过程数值分析

考虑到电弧驱动力的影响,建立了在交流脉冲钨隋性气体（TIG）焊过程中焊波成形的三维瞬态数值分析模型。为避免焊丝熔化成熔滴后对电弧熔池表面波动的影响,当电弧在2024铝合金基板上扫描时,送丝机不送丝。结果表明,当电流在基值与峰值之间切换时,熔池表面呈周期性的波动,且随着电弧的移动,熔池后沿逐渐凝固。在大温度梯度下冷却的熔池表面在恢复平整前就已经凝固,从而形成焊波。焊波形成频率与电流脉冲频率相同,且相邻焊波间距约等于电弧扫描速度与电流脉冲频率的乘积。     

Numerical simulation on temperature and stress fields of welding with weaving

Abstract

Although welding with weaving had been widely adopted to improve welding efficiency, the effects of weaving arc on temperature and stress fields were not clearly understood. In the present paper, a conversion of coordinates was implanted in a finite element model to improve the calculation precision and comprehend the characteristic of welding with weaving. Comparing with the results of the welding without weaving, a characteristic with lower peak temperature and wider weld bead was presented during the welding with weaving, and the temperature gradients near the weld pool was steeper. The results also indicated that the transverse residual stress of welding with weaving was greater than that of welding without weaving, while the longitudinal residual stress was similar. Both temperatures and residual stresses were compared with those of the experiments.     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

焊接机器人智能过程与控制

使用高速摄影机观察焊接过程，当焊接电弧到达坡口根部边缘时，焊接电流达到脉冲电流峰值，采用CCD摄像机作为视觉传感器观察焊接熔池，CCD摄像机在较低的电流时以1ms的速度获取熔池表面图像，保证拍摄时与焊枪摆动中心同步，利用计算机处理焊接熔池图像并生成数字信号，将信号送入数控系统，数控装置采集焊接熔池特征各数，由此调整送丝速度、焊接速度、焊枪高度，控制熔滴过渡，达到对焊接过程的智能控制。     

On process–structure–property interconnection in anti-phase synchronised twin-wire GMAW of low carbon steel

The paper investigates process–structure–property interconnection in anti-phase synchronised twin-wire gas metal arc welded low carbon steel samples wherein process variation is achieved by using similar and dissimilar currents and diameters at lead and trail wires. Scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements are used as characterisation techniques. The investigation offers new observations on heat generation and distribution in twin-wire welding that affect weld bead and microstructure formation due to changes in arc phenomenon and molten metal flow in weld pool. Use of dissimilar currents facilitates effective utilisation of heat. The two-stage arcing in twin-wire welding facilitates slow heating and cooling that leads to weld metal and heat affected zone softening. A combination of polygonal ferrite, pearlite and bainite with varying compositions is observed across the weldment. A higher current value and larger wire diameter at the lead wire leads to coarsening of the grains thereby reducing the hardness.     

Study on the application for electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process in overhead and flat position welding

Abstract

In fusion welding, gravity makes a molten metal flow downward and it sometimes causes an irregular shaped weld bead and weld defects such as an undercut. To solve this problem, the authors propose a new electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process method which controls the molten metal flow by using upward electromagnetic forces, and the applicability of this method to industry is examined. In flat position welding with excessive heat input, the molten metal tends to sag down and an undercut defect is likely to occur. It is found that the upward electromagnetic force given by adjusting the conditions of magnetic field can lift the molten metal up, resulting in the remarkably improved shape of a penetration bead. It is further found that, even in overhead position welding, a well shaped penetration bead without undercuts is obtained by adjusting the welding touch angle as well as magnetic field conditions.