高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析

基于高速气体金属电弧焊(GMAW)驼峰焊道形成过程的实验观测结果,充分考虑熔池中后向液体流的动量和热焓,在熔池表面变形方程中加入后向液体流的动能项,并将熔滴热焓分布在整个熔池表面层,建立了高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程的数值分析模型.模拟了一定焊接条件下的驼峰焊道形成过程及其三维形状与尺寸,与实测结果进行了对比,证明本文模型能够较好地模拟高速GMAW过程,可定量分析驼峰焊道形成过程.     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

高速GMAW驼峰焊道的产生机理与抑制技术北大核心

GMAW焊接速度高于一定的临界值时,会出现驼峰焊道成形缺陷。采取低成本、可行和有效的工艺措施,对GMAW焊接工艺做出高效化改进,在保证焊接质量的前提下提高GMAW的焊接速度,成为当今研究的热点之一。近年来,国内外焊接科技人员针对高速GMAW驼峰焊道的形成机制、抑制驼峰焊道的技术措施,以及传统GMAW工艺的高效化改进等方面开展了大量的研发工作。文中对此加以归纳和评述,提出该领域仍存在的问题以及进一步的发展动向。     

高速MAG电弧焊驼峰焊道产生过程的实验研究

开展了高速活性气体保护（MAG）电弧焊接工艺实验,确定出了不同焊接电流条件下形成驼峰焊道时的临界焊接速度、相邻驼峰之间的距离以及同一驼峰焊道“波峰”和“谷底”的断面形貌．基于高速MAG电弧焊熔池的视觉检测图像,分析了驼峰焊道的产生机理,并利用上坡焊和下坡焊实验进行了验证．同时,也分析了保护气体成分对高速MAG电弧焊焊缝成形的影响．     

高速GMAW驼峰焊道形成过程熔池图像识别

针对高速驼峰焊道形成过程中熔池的变化规律,采用CCD视觉传感系统跟踪采集. 提出了一种基于模糊C-均值聚类(fuzzy C-means,FCM)协作主动轮廓(chan-vese,CV)模型的熔池图像分割方法,对高速焊接过程中的熔池图像进行图像分割. 结果表明,驼峰的形成过程中,熔池长度的阶跃变化是反映驼峰形成的主要图像特征. 将熔池长度序列拟合成波形,采用Symlets2号小波进行分解,发现d₂级小波分解能更好地识别熔池长度的阶跃变化. 对d₂级小波细节能量设定阈值,获取反映熔池长度阶跃变化的尖峰突起特征信号,能很好地识别驼峰缺陷的形成,初步实现了驼峰焊道的监测控制.     

高速GMAW驼峰形成过程的数值分析

文中通过数值模拟来研究常速、高速熔化极气体保护焊的温度场和流场,并利用高速摄影观察熔池流动,分析了驼峰形成过程.结果表明,常速焊接熔池纵截面同时存在逆时针向内和顺时针向外两种流动方式,但随着焊接速度的提高,熔池纵截面仅存在逆时针向内单一流动方式.高速焊接时,较大动量的后向液体流和足够大的表面张力促进液态金属在熔池尾部不断堆积、变大.沿焊接方向,熔池受到不均匀的表面张力法向力作用而收缩,这是驼峰形成的两个重要因素.任何能降低表面张力的措施,都能抑制驼峰的形成.     

高速电弧焊驼峰焊道产生机理的研究进展

在高速焊接过程中,当焊接速度达到临界值时通常会出现焊道表面形状的周期性波动这一显著特征缺陷,即所谓的驼峰焊道.驼峰的出现限制了焊接速度的进一步提高,从而影响了生产效率的提高.目前,对于驼峰焊道的产生机理国内外的研究者提出了若干模型,从不同角度给予了解释,但至今还没有得到一致认可的统一理论模型.文中对高速电弧焊接焊缝成形缺陷(驼峰焊道)产生机理的国内外研究现状及发展趋势进行了评述.     

粗丝高速MAG焊驼峰焊道形成机理分析

对粗丝((Φ)3.2)高速MAG焊驼峰焊道缺陷的形成机理进行了研究.采用高速摄像采集系统对焊接过程中的电弧形态和熔池流动状况进行了高速摄像,通过对试验所得图像的认真分析,重点研究了粗丝((Φ)3.2)高速MAG焊驼峰焊道缺陷的形成机理,提出了动态平衡点的观点,认为动态平衡点远离电弧是焊缝产生驼峰焊道缺陷的根本原因.任何促使动态平衡点移向电弧的因素都有利于抑制焊缝产生驼峰焊道缺陷;任何促使动态平衡点远离电弧的因素都有利于驼峰焊道缺陷的形成.同时利用上坡焊和下坡焊试验对驼峰焊道形成机理进行了焊接试验验证.     

立向高速GMAW驼峰焊缝形成机理及抑制措施

文中运用自主研发的爬壁机器人焊接试验平台对立向高速熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)驼峰焊缝进行试验研究。研究发现,立向上焊时,当焊接电流保持不变,焊接速度增加到某一临界值时,立向GMAW会产生驼峰焊缝缺陷。通过高速摄像可知,熔池中由电弧压力、熔滴冲击力和重力作用下产生动量很大的后向液体流是立向高速GMAW形成驼峰焊缝的主要原因;立向下焊时,因焊接方向和焊枪倾斜位置发生改变,熔池中由电弧压力和熔滴冲击力作用下产生的后向液体流流向与自身重力方向相反,使后向液体流的动量减小,可有效抑制驼峰焊缝的形成。试验表明,采用立向下焊工艺时,当焊接电流为200 A、焊接速度为2.4 m/min时,GMAW仍无驼峰焊缝产生,焊接效率大大提高。     

外加磁场下GMAW熔池电磁力的有限元计算

针对外加各种磁场作用下的GMAW堆焊过程,开发了基于电弧简化模型的熔池电磁力工程化有限元计算方法. 利用此方法,系统研究了无外加磁场、外加纵向磁场和横向磁场三种工况下熔池内电磁力的分布情况,并预测了电磁力对熔池对流的影响. 结果表明,焊接自有磁场驱动了熔池中心收缩下沉流;外加纵向磁场导致周向搅拌流,形成电磁搅拌细化晶粒;外加横向磁场可以驱动熔池流动演变为"单涡"对流状态,有利于熔池接纳熔滴减少飞溅. 基于模拟结果的预测与试验结果吻合,因此验证了所用计算方法的正确性.     

Suppressing of humping bead using an external magnetic field in high-speed gas metal arc welding

During high-speed gas metal arc welding （GMAW）, the backward flowing molten jet with high momentum in the weld pool is considered to be responsible for the occurrence of humping bead. To suppress humping bead, an electromagnetic device is developed and coupled with the welding system. By adjusting the conditions of external magnetic field, forward electromagnetic force is obtained to reduce the momentum of the backward flow of molten metal in weld pool. Consequently, the humping bead can be suppressed by adjusting the external magnetic field. Bead-on-plate welding experiment was conducted on mild steel plates, and the influence of magnetic flux density on the arc deflection angle and weld bead quality is investigated. It is found that external magnetic field can remarkably adjust the momentum of backward flow jet and significantly improve the quality of weld bead.     

Effect of welding current and speed on occurrence of humping bead in high-speed GMAW

The developed mathematical model of humping formation mechanism in high-speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to analyze the effects of welding current and welding speed on the occurrence of humping bead. It considers both the momentum and heat content of backward flowing molten jet inside weld pool. Three-dimensional geometry of weld pool, the spacing between two adjacent humps and hump height along humping weld bead are calculated under different levels of welding current and welding speed. It shows that wire feeding rate, power intensity and the moment of backward flowing molten jet are the major factors on humping bead formation.     

Numerical analysis of external magnetic field for mitigating backward flow momentum in weld pool

The external magnetic field is applied to mitigating backward flow jet of molten metal in weld pool so that humping bead may be suppressed during high speed gas metal arc welding（GMAW）. Therefore, the external magnetic field distribution in workpiece is critical to understand the interaction mechanisms of the external magnetic field with molten metal flow. In this study, the steady state external magnetic field induced by excitation device is numerically analyzed by using the the finite element software ANSYS and the three dimensional static magnetic scalar method. The distribution of external transverse magnetic field By in workpiece and arc area is calculated, and the influence of excitation current and air-gap distance on the distribution of transverse magnetic field By has been discussed. The magnetic field distribution in workpiece is measured by using a Tesla-Meter and compared with the simulated result. It is found that both are in good agreement.     

Effect of droplet heat content distribution on humping formation in high speed GMAW

The momentum of strong backward flowing melt jet and the thermal action from transferred droplets are two dominating factors affecting the formation of humping bead in high speed gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Appropriate describing the influence of the distribution mode of droplet heat content in the weld pool is essential to understand the physical mechanism of humping bead formation. Based on the experimental results, four kinds of droplet heat content distribution modes are proposed and employed to calcu...     

Experimental determination of the critical welding speed in high speed MAG welding

In high speed MAG welding process, some weld formation defects may be encountered. To get good weld quality, the critical welding speed beyond which humping or undercutting weld bead can occur must be known for different conditions. In this research, high speed MAG welding tests were carried out to check out the effects of different factors on the critical welding speed. Through observing the weld bead profiles and the macrographs of the transverse sections of MAG welds, the occurrence tendency of humping weld was analyzed, and the values of critical welding speed were determined under different levels of welding current or voltage, and the effect of shielding gas compositions on the critical welding speed was also investigated.