Demodulation Based on Harmonic Wavelet and Its Application into Rotary Machinery Fault Diagnosis

The harmonic wavelet transform(HWT) and its fast realization based on fast Fourier transform(FFT) are introduced. Its ability to maintain the same amplitude-frequency feature is revealed. A new method to construct the time-frequency(TF) spectrum of HWT is proposed, which makes the HWT TF spectrum able to correctly reflect the time-frequency-amplitude distribution of the signal. A new way to calculate the HWT coefficients is proposed. By zero padding the data taken out, the non-decimated coefficients of HWT are obtained. Theoretical analysis shows that the modulus of the coefficients obtained by the new calculation way and living at a certain scale are the envelope of the component in the corresponding frequency band. By taking the cross section of the new TF spectrum, the demodulation for the component at a certain frequency band can be realized. A comparison with the Hilbert demodulation combined with band-pass filtering is done, which indicates for multi-components, the method proposed here is more suitable since it realizes ideal band-pass filtering and avoids pass band selecting. In the end, it is applied to bearing and gearbox fault diagnosis, and the results reflect that it can effectively extract the fault features in the signal.     

应用自适应模拟退火和多分辨率搜索实现医学超声图像的拼接

为提高图像拼接的成功率,提出了一种基于自适应模拟退火和多分辨率搜索策略的图像自动拼接新方法。该新算法先自适应地选取配准区域,再以互信息为相似度评价标准,结合自适应模拟退火和多分辨率搜索策略的思想分别进行图像平移和旋转参数的全局优化和局部搜索,最后实现图像的拼接。通过对含噪声数字图像和医学超声图像进行的24次模拟拼接实验表明,该新算法较传统的多分辨率直接搜索法有精度高、速度快和抗噪声能力强的优点。由于结合了模拟退火算法的高精度和多分辨率搜索法的高效率,改进后的图像拼接算法将拼接成功率提高了12.5%,并将运算时间控制在可接受的范围内。     

基于改进经验小波变换的行星齿轮箱故障诊断

行星齿轮箱振动信号具有复杂多分量和调幅-调频的特点。幅值解调和频率解调方法能够避免传统Fourier频谱中的复杂边带分析,有效识别故障特征频率。经验小波变换通过对信号Fourier频谱的分割构造一组正交滤波器组,能提取具有紧支撑Fourier频谱的单分量成分,再对单分量成分运用Hilbert变换即可实现信号的解调分析。经验小波变换能够有效分离出调幅-调频成分,不存在模态混叠现象,具有完备的理论基础,自适应性好、算法简单、计算速度快。将改进的经验小波变换应用于行星齿轮箱振动信号的解调分析;提出了一种单分量个数的估算方法,解决了经验小波变换中的Fourier频谱划分问题;给出了对故障敏感的信号分量的选取方法,提高了分析的针对性。将改进方法应用于行星齿轮箱振动仿真信号和实验信号分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

New digital filter for the analysis of experimental data

The extremely simple mathematical technique called 'straightening through smoothing,' which is a numerical frequency filter, is generalized in order to provide a transmission function having any shape. This frequency filter requires such a small memory that it can be performed using a minicomputer or even a programmable hand held calculator and the number of channels used is not limited to a power of 2, as in the case of the fast Fourier transform. For some filtering functions the number of operations required is smaller than with the fast Fourier transform.     

加窗插值快速傅里叶变换在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对滚动轴承故障信号强噪声背景和非线性等特点,为精确识别滚动轴承的故障特征频率,在最小熵解卷积和Teager能量算子解调基础上,提出了一种基于Hanning窗插值快速傅里叶变换的滚动轴承故障诊断新方法。该方法首先利用最小熵解卷积对轴承故障信号进行降噪,再结合Teager 能量算子对降噪后的故障振动信号进行解调,经傅里叶变换后得到信号的Teager解调谱;然后采用Hanning窗对解调谱进行加权处理;最后利用信号频点附近三根离散频谱的幅值做插值处理,从而得到精确的故障特征频率。轴承实测振动信号的分析结果表明：与传统的Teager 能量算子解调方法相比,在选取较少分析点的基础上,大多数情况下所提方法仍能精确识别轴承故障特征频率。     

Applying digital filtering based on a modified Capon approach to frequency-shift keyed signal demodulation

An algorithm for digital filtering based on the Capon approach for frequency-shift keyed signal demodulation is proposed. The filter coefficients correspond to an information-optimal solution to the problem of minimizing the output linear filter dispersion. It is shown that the method is efficient in the conditions of additive noises and inexact knowledge of the central signal frequency spectrum. The algorithm can be implemented on a programmable logic in real time.     

用于OFDR振动传感的改进型相位生成载波算法研究

基于光频域反射（optical frequency domain reflectometry,OFDR）的振动传感技术由于其抗电磁干扰、抗腐蚀、安装方便,且具有精准的定位能力等,引起了许多的关注。而相位解调算法是OFDR振动传感的关键技术。应用于OFDR振动传感的相位解调算法有很多种,但都或多或少受调制深度或者光强大小的影响。为了同时减少这两种因素对解调结果的影响,提出了一种改进的相位生成载波算法,通过数学计算消除解调信号中的光强项和调制深度项等非线性项。分别从理论和仿真两方面与传统算法作对比,验证了改进型算法的性能,证实其可以同时减少上述两种因素对解调结果的影响。该算法可用于提高振动传感系统的稳定性。     

基于粒子滤波算法毫米波误差综合估计

5G毫米波通信因其高载波频率和速率而备受关注,成为了未来移动通信的研究热点。然而,在毫米波通信测试仪器设计中,通常采用多次倍频的方法为毫米波基波混频器提供毫米波本振,这个过程中附加产生的相位噪声、载波频率偏移和采样时钟偏移等误差,会造成系统解调指标恶化。为了解决这一问题,本文首次提出了一种基于粒子滤波算法的毫米波误差综合估计的方法,利用粒子滤波算法良好的鲁棒性和适应性,可一次性估计出相位噪声、载波频率偏移以及采样时钟偏移。通过仿真与实验分析,本文算法相较于传统PTRS相位噪声估计效果更好,EVM指标更优。并且本文所提算法已应用于国产5G毫米波基站综测仪中,在载波频率为28 GHz,带宽为400 MHz,调制方式为64QAM时,EVM指标可达到2.21%。     

UG中桥接曲线参数的自动寻优方法研究

如何快速、精确、光滑地连接多个曲面块，是广泛存在于CAD建模工作中的一个难题。在UG平台上进行多曲面连接系统的二次开发过程中，需要由最小曲率半径值反求出桥接曲线(Bridge Curve)的两个参数。本文找出了桥接曲线的等效数学模型，并在此基础上确定出桥接曲线最小曲率半径与桥接参数之间的关系，给出了求解理论方程组。由于求解精确理论值非常困难，本文采用最优化方法对方程组进行了数值求解，并依据经验给出了桥接质量的评价标准。通过验证表明，该方法精度可满足工程实际需要。     

车载图像跟踪系统中电子稳像算法的研究

提出了一种新的稳像方法。首先,采用了一种由粗到精、由局部匹配到全局配准的高效配准策略。在粗配准时,提出基于灰度投影均值的SSDA改进算法,用于快速模板匹配;精配准时,将改进的联合直方图区域计数法用于车载图像序列,在保证精度的同时摆脱大量浮点运算。其次,详细阐述了自适应均值运动滤波法。通过自适应选取滑动窗口的大小,一方面对运动曲线进行平滑以降低抖动,另一方面防止了过稳现象的发生。实验结果表明:该方法能准确、快速实现车载图像配准,且配准精度达到了"亚像素"水平,满足了车载图像跟踪系统对电子稳像技术的实时性及精度要求。     

Spatial filtering velocimeter using frequency shifting by the method of rotating kernel

A new approach of frequency shifting by rotating kernel is proposed to improve the performance of a spatial filtering velocimeter, used to provide accurate velocity information for a vehicle self-contained navigation system. A linear CMOS image sensor was employed both as a spatiotemporal differential spatial filter and as a photodetector. The filtering operation was fully performed in FPGA and is realized by applying a rotating kernel to the pixel values of the image. Theoretical analysis showed this method could double the maximum measurable velocity. The power spectrum of the output signal was obtained by fast Fourier transform (FFT), and was corrected by a frequency spectrum correction algorithm, named energy centrobaric correction. This velocimeter was used to measure the moving velocities of a conveyor belt. Experimental results verified the method’s ability of reducing the output signal frequency and standard uncertainty of velocity measurement. What is more, the undesired output introduced by frequency shifting to the power spectrum of the output signal was deeply investigated and a new method was proposed to eliminate the undesired component in output signals. This velocimeter aims at providing accurate velocity information for vehicle autonomous navigation system.     

解调分析在机械振动分析中应用的局限性研究

在具有齿轮、滚动轴承的机械设备的振动故障诊断中 ,广泛使用解调方法分析诊断故障。从理论上分析了现有的解调分析方法存在有三个局限性 :将不包括调制信息 (故障信息 )的两时域相加信号 ,也以其频率之差作为解调信号而解出 ;广义检波滤波解调分析中 ,由于取绝对值或检波过程可能产生混频效应 ;几种细化解调分析新算法中 ,无法在细化分析的选抽时进行数字低通滤波 ,有可能会出现调制频率的高次谐波成分发生频率混叠而反折到低频部分的现象。无论那种局限性出现 ,都会在机械振动信号的解调谱中出现无法分析的频率成分 ,给分析带来很大的困难 ,有时甚至引起误诊断。     

理想数字滤波器的谐波小波逼近模型与设计方法

分析谐波小波的频域特征和滤波特性,研究理想数字滤波器的谐波小波逼近模型与实现方法。利用谐波小波在频域具有良好的紧支特性和盒形特性,建立理想数字滤波器的小波逼近模型。通过谐波小波变换,实现逼近滤波器的带宽和中心频率的可调。该逼近滤波器的幅频特性已逼近理想数字滤波器的幅频特性,且具有零相移特性,并通过傅里叶变换实现其快速算法。通过算例和工程应用实例验证,该方法能有效地滤除噪声信号,具有算法简捷、快速等特点,能对实测信号进行实时滤波。     

Fiber Bragg grating demodulation through innovative numerical procedures

The aim of this article is to introduce an innovative algorithm for the calculation of the shift of the maximum reflectivity wavelength of a Fiber Bragg Grating experiencing an applied strain. An accurate and precise evaluation of the FBG spectrum displacement is crucial for determining the amount of the physical quantity inducing such perturbations. The proposed method is based on the Fast Fourier Transform based Cross Correlation function. Such method is compared to Least Squares Fitting (LSF) and the centroid algorithms, pointing out remarkable improvements in accuracy, precision, and time consumption performance. In addition, a further improvement of the proposed algorithm is introduced. It consists in an iteratively performed Cross Correlation algorithm. It has been proved that such improvement leads to estimations characterized by better accuracy and precision, thanks also to a considerable reduction of the peak-locking effect due to the FBG spectral resolution.     

Preconditioned Landweber iteration algorithm for electrical capacitance tomography

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has been used to obtain the cross-section images of processes with different dielectric materials inside. Image reconstruction with ECT is to retrieve the permittivity distribution of materials inside the sensor from the capacitance measurements. Algorithms for ECT image reconstruction should be both precise and fast in order to satisfy the requirements of real-time monitoring of the dynamic behavior of processes. Several algorithms have been developed for ECT image reconstruction. The Landweber iteration is the most precise one. However, the low convergence rate of the Landweber iteration limits its application for on-line imaging.This paper introduces an iterative algorithm based on the Landweber method with preconditioning for ECT image reconstruction. A preconditioner, which is equivalent to a filter, is applied to the Landweber iteration. The convergence of this algorithm is analyzed. Its performance is evaluated by using simulated and experimental data corresponding to certain typical permittivity distributions. Preliminary numerical and experimental results show that this algorithm converges more rapidly than the Landweber iteration without preconditioning. Therefore, image reconstruction iteration can be accelerated, which makes on-line quantitative image reconstruction possible.     

巡飞弹空中自适应快速初始姿态估计

为了解决巡飞弹空中上电后在无参考姿态条件下的初始姿态确定问题,采用低成本磁力计、陀螺仪和加速度计(MARG)传感器设计姿态航向参考系统(AHRS),并提出了一种自适应参考矢量权重的快速初始姿态估计(AFCF)算法。首先,提出了三轴传感器使用前的快速误差校准方法;然后,采用快速互补滤波算法进行姿态估计,分析了其权重函数对于初始姿态估计及收敛性等的影响;接着,提出自适应参考矢量权重及自适应姿态估计方法;最后,利用高精度MTI(Milliren Technologies,Inc)传感器数据对算法进行了验证,并在低成本MARG姿态航向参考系统中对算法进行了实现,对比了改进算法及扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法的性能。实验结果与分析表明:动态条件下采用MTI传感器数据,改进算法能够在初始时刻收敛,比快速互补滤波(FCF)算法提前约4s;解算精度约为±0.6°,初始时刻精度明显优于FCF;硬件测试则表明改进算法的处理时间为0.062ms,仅为EKF算法的1/9,解算精度约为±1.3°,能够满足姿态测量过程快速收敛、高精度、实时性等要求。     

Vibration analysis of rotating machinery using time-frequency analysis and wavelet techniques

Time-frequency analysis, including the wavelet transform, is one of the new and powerful tools in the important field of structural health monitoring, using vibration analysis. Commonly-used signal analysis techniques, based on spectral approaches such as the fast Fourier transform, are powerful in diagnosing a variety of vibration-related problems in rotating machinery. Although these techniques provide powerful diagnostic tools in stationary conditions, they fail to do so in several practical cases involving non-stationary data, which could result either from fast operational conditions, such as the fast start-up of an electrical motor, or from the presence of a fault causing a discontinuity in the vibration signal being monitored. Although the short-time Fourier transform compensates well for the loss of time information incurred by the fast Fourier transform, it fails to successfully resolve fast-changing signals (such as transient signals) resulting from non-stationary environments. To mitigate this situation, wavelet transform tools are considered in this paper as they are superior to both the fast and short-time Fourier transforms in effectively analyzing non-stationary signals. These wavelet tools are applied here, with a suitable choice of a mother wavelet function, to a vibration monitoring system to accurately detect and localize faults occurring in this system. Two cases producing non-stationary signals are considered: stator-to-blade rubbing, and fast start-up and coast-down of a rotor. Two powerful wavelet techniques, namely the continuous wavelet and wavelet packet transforms, are used for the analysis of the monitored vibration signals. In addition, a novel algorithm is proposed and implemented here, which combines these two techniques and the idea of windowing a signal into a number of shaft revolutions to localize faults.     

半功率点法估计阻尼比的误差分析

从快速傅里叶变换（FFT）离散谱线中难以恰好找到半功率点，通常是通过线性插值法近似确定半功率点来估计阻尼。文中采用理论分析与数值仿真相结合的方法研究基于线性插值的半功率点法的主要误差因素和各自特性，特别是其中窗阻尼变化规律。研究结果表明，①应尽量接近整周期采样。②无阻尼系统因进行FFT截断也会出现虚假的窗阻尼，且真实阻尼不等无表观阻尼减去窗阻尼。③阻尼的相对误差主要取决于采样周期数与阻尼比，其物理意义是截断窗口内的信号衰减程度。④要保证阻尼10％的精度，窗阻尼要小于表观阻尼的2／3。     

分层近似粒子滤波及其在陀螺寻北中的应用

针对粒子滤波的粒子退化和匮乏等问题,在粒子滤波和网格近似的基础上,提出了一种采用分层近似策略的粒子滤波改进算法.改进算法利用高斯分布对后验概率密度进行近似,并在连续分布的后验概率密度上进行分层近似,从而获得更具效率的粒子,提高了粒子滤波的精度.光纤陀螺的寻北精度主要取决于光纤陀螺自身的性能以及所采用的寻北方案,将采用分层近似策略的改进粒子滤波算法应用于光纤陀螺的寻北方案中,能够有效地解决光纤陀螺寻北中的非线性状态估计问题,提高光纤陀螺的寻北精度.     

用曲线拟合法提高石英晶体温度传感器的温度频率关系参数的准确度

通过对石英晶体测温机理的简单介绍和分析，提出了用曲线拟合法来确定石英晶体频率与温度关系中的参数的方法，并通过计算机编程，实现其算法。实验结果证明采用该算法设计的温度传感器精度更高、胜能更好。