团状模塑料增强粉煤灰／再生胶复合材料研究

以再生胶为基相,粉煤灰为填料,团状模塑料（DMC）为增强相制备了高性能的复合材料。通过测定复合材料的力学性能及热老化性能,得出DMC／粉煤灰／再生胶复合材料的最佳配方为：DMC60,粉煤灰50,再生胶100。复合材料的综合性能优于纯的DMC和再生胶的性能。     

碳酸二甲酯在涂料工业中的应用简评

简介了碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的用途,及合成工艺、产能与应用的发展现状;着重介绍了DMC代替涂料中有毒有害溶剂的优势与现实意义,提出DMC在涂料中应用的技术思路,并简述以DMC为原料发展非光气法合成多异氰酸酯的潜在前景。     

由碳酸二甲酯合成芳香醚的绿色工艺

综述了酚类化合物与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)甲基化反应合成芳香醚的绿色工艺。气相连续流动法和液相间歇法是2种有效的由DMC合成芳香醚的方法。在气液相转移催化和液固相转移催化的条件下,酚与DMC甲基化反应的产率和选择性均很高。酚与DMC甲基化反应的均相催化剂一般选择叔胺、叔膦、季铵盐及Schiff碱等有机碱,多相催化剂为碱金属碳酸盐、沸石、氧化铝及附载有金属盐的氧化铝和煅烧的Mg-Al水滑石。     

发展碳酸二甲酯生产，市场前景广阔

碳酸二甲酯（DMC）是一种具有多种反应功能的中间体。广泛应用于农药、医药及聚碳酸酯等的生产，在国外被誉为绿色化学品。随着全球环境保护及安全生产要求的日趋严格，硫酸二甲酯、光气、氯甲酸甲酯、氯甲烷等化学品将在世界范围内逐渐被淘汰。DMC化学结构中含有甲基、羧基和甲氧羰基，在化学合成反应中可以起到上述化学品的功能，仅代替上述产品的市场份额就已相当可观。而且DMC通过了非毒性化学器的注册登记，这为DMC在医药、光电子材料以及其它特殊应用领域打开了通道。     

CO2和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯催化剂研究进展

CO₂和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)是降低碳排放和利用碳资源的有效途径，具有重要的研究价值。综述近年来CO₂和甲醇直接合成DMC催化剂的研究成果，重点介绍了不同催化体系(均相、非均相、添加脱水剂)对直接合成DMC的催化作用及反应机理，并对后续催化剂的研究方向和应用前景作了展望。     

常压-加压-常压三塔流程分离甲醇和碳酸二甲酯

碳酸二甲酯(DMC)是煤制乙二醇工艺的主要副产物。采用常压-加压-常压三塔流程对DMC含量较低的甲醇和碳酸二甲酯混合物进行分离,通过Aspen Plus软件对工艺流程进行了模拟计算,优化了操作参数,得到DMC含量为99.99%的高纯度产品;并对工艺流程进行了节能优化,大大降低了操作费用及公用工程消耗。模拟结果对工业装置的设计和改造具有一定的指导意义。     

碳酸二甲酯行业发展建议

针对目前国内碳酸二甲酯(DMC)投资过热的现象，在分析DMC国内外市场、产业主要特征及存在问题的基础上，提出国内DMC发展建议。如拓展下游产品、开发新技术，从而提高竞争力。     

由二氧化碳合成碳酸二甲酯技术进展

碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的化学性质活泼、无毒,是一种符合"节能减排"要求的新型绿色化工产品。介绍了以CO2为原料合成DMC的技术方法及研究现状,并对其发展前景进行展望。CO2是一种未能广泛使用的潜在碳源,以CO2为原料合成DMC在资源的循环利用和环境保护方面都有重要意义。     

氨基甲酸甲酯醇解法合成碳酸二甲酯的初步研究

以氨基甲酸甲酯(以下简称MC)和甲醇为原料，一种有机金属氧化物为催化剂，利用反应蒸馏技术连续合成碳酸二甲酯(以下简称DMC)。考查了反应物浓度、温度以及馏出速度对反应的影响并进行了74h的小试。结果表明。适当提高反应物中MC的浓度及馏出速度可加速DMC的生成；反应可以在150℃的较低温度下显著发生。但160～165℃的中等反应温度对于抑制副反应和提高馏出物中DMC产品的浓度更为有利，是适宜的反应温度。小试实现累计转化率45．2％，DMC总选择性74．3％，DMC的时空收率0．043gDMC／gcat．h。     

制备低不饱和度聚醚多元醇用DMC催化剂的研究进展

介绍了近年来聚醚多元醇的产能与需求,综述了双金属氰化络合物（DMC）催化剂的研究进展,总结了现有技术中DMC制备技术的共同点,并展望了进一步提高DMC催化剂性能和改善聚醚多元醇性能的研究方向。     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

颗粒介质用机械密封热力耦合变形及摩擦磨损研究

在含有颗粒介质的工作环境中下,硬质材料配对机械密封环的热力耦合变形和摩擦磨损对机械密封的泄漏和使用寿命起着至关重要的作用。考虑动静环和颗粒介质的摩擦,试验测定了摩擦系数,建立了动静环热力耦合的有限元计算模型,研究了WC-Co硬质合金和无压烧结碳化硅（SSiC）陶瓷两种硬质材料密封的温度场和端面变形规律,分析了不同工况下的密封间隙变化规律。试验测试分析了密封环温度、磨损前后的泄漏及表面粗糙度,讨论了端面的磨损机理,验证了计算模型的准确性。结果表明：考虑动环磨粒摩擦热的有限元模型能准确地预测密封的温度和端面变形;耦合作用下动静环端面呈现外径脱离、内径贴合的变形,且变形差异程度随压差和转速的增大而加剧;变形导致端面磨痕分布不均匀,内径磨痕较严重。WC-Co硬质合金配对密封环的端面变形小、泄漏量小,高硬度WC颗粒对Co基体能产生很好的“阴影效应”,具有良好的耐磨粒磨损性能。SSiC陶瓷材料韧性差,易产生片状磨屑,形成过渡型磨粒磨损,材料耐磨性较差,泄漏量增加明显。在磨粒工况下,WC-Co硬质合金机械密封具有泄漏小、耐磨性强的特点。研究结果为颗粒介质中机械密封的材料应用及设计优化提供了参考。     

Environment and colour: The technological interface

Technology and colour are viewed as interfaces between the environment, humans and human activity. Examples are provided of ways of facilitating and improving access to and use of colours by commercial users of colour coatings through improvements in the accuracy of measuring and displaying colour. By analogy, the task of providing effective interfaces within the coatings industry, between the coatings industry and the environment and between the coatings industry and the public and political domain are discussed. Examples of information shortfalls are cited to illustrate how distortions arise. Examples of more effective, integrated technological, organisational and political interfacing are culled from the author's experiences.     

木质纤维生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展

木质纤维生物质资源是重要的可再生生物质资源,主要包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素。半纤维素含量仅次于纤维素,是一种丰富、可再生的植物资源,其可水解制备重要化学品以及改性制备多功能材料。本文综述了生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展,从半纤维素大分子形态及其与纤维素结合方式的分子模拟研究和半纤维素制备化学品及材料的分子模拟研究2个方面进行阐述,从模拟结果可以看出半纤维素在细胞壁中与纤维素和木质素的相互作用及其本身的大分子形态对木质纤维生物质三大素的提取利用具有显著影响。分子模拟有利于理解过程机理,对反应效率的提高具有重要理论指导意义。最后对分子模拟在半纤维素研究的发展应用进行了展望,指出目前半纤维素分子模拟的空白领域,主要包括半纤维素液化生产生物油、木糖异构化生产木酮糖、半纤维素与木质素之间的结合方式以及其他的半纤维素基材料等,这些有待进一步的探索与研究。     

可生物降解分离膜材料及其应用研究进展

在绿色化学理念的引导下,可生物降解膜材料受到了广泛的关注,有望成为传统分离膜材料的补充和替代品。本文首先分析了传统的不可降解分离膜材料的现状及问题,然后综述了当前较为热门的几种可生物降解膜材料,讨论了它们的发展状况,详细介绍了它们在膜相关领域中的应用,并针对它们的局限性做出了说明并提出了一些解决方案。随后,分析了可生物降解膜材料的生物降解机理,从分子结构角度对膜材料的可生物降解性进行了说明,这将有利于剖析膜材料生物降解的本质,进而平衡膜材料在使用中的稳定性和生物降解性。最后,文章对可生物降解膜材料在发展中遇到的问题进行了展望,并指出随着研究的不断深入,可生物降解膜材料具有广阔的前景和深远的现实意义。     

Lipid distribution on textiles in relation to washing with lipases

Effectiveness of lipase in detergency was studied using three test soils (lard, artificial sebum, and olive oil) on a woven cotton fabric. Distribution of oily soil on fabrics was determined for three different treatments (unwashed, washed with detergent without lipase, and washed with detergent plus lipase). Osmium tetroxide was used to label lipid soil for analysis in the scanning electron microscope. Both longitudinal and cross-sectional backscattered electron images for unwashed samples showed that soil was present on surfaces of the cotton fibers and in interfiber spaces of the yarn bundle. Lard soiled samples had large deposits on the fabric surfaces, while artificial sebum and olive oil appeared more uniformly distributed throughout the textile. Oil was deposited in the interfiber capillaries of the yarn bundle and in the crenulation, secondary walls, and lumen of the fibers. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was used to determine relative concentrations of oil at selected morphological locations within the fiber structure and at the fiber surface. Soil distributions within the fibrous structures differed with type of soil and laundry treatment. Backscattered electron images dramatically demonstrated the effect of lipase on cleaning. After washing with detergent plus lipase, yarn surfaces had much less residual soil; residual soil that remained was in the irregularities of the cotton fiber surfaces. Concentrations of oil in the secondary walls, crenulations, lumen, and the fiber surfaces were lower after lipase treatment for all three soils. While washing with detergent removed soil from the yarn and fiber surfaces and the crenulation of the cotton fiber, only the samples washed with detergent plus lipase had lower concentrations of soils within the secondary wall and lumen of the cotton fibers. Fabrics soiled with olive oil and washed with detergent plus lipase had the lowest concentrations of residual soil across the textile structure; the residual soil observed was mainly in the irregularities on the fiber surfaces.     

COMBINED INNOVATIVE HEAT PUMP DRYING TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW COLD EXTRUSION TECHNIQUES FOR PRODUCTION OF INSTANT FOODS

There is an increased demand for convenient foods including ready-to-eat and instant products. These products are desired with minimum concentration of synthetic chemicals. This creates challenges for the food industry and dryers manufactures to develop new technologies to process difficult-sensitive materials and to supply final products with high quality and improved properties. Fruits and vegetables are mainly composed of water, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Due to modification of chemical and physical bonds the compounds the material becomes viscous and sticky during processing. Conventional dryers have limitations in handling such sensitive materials. Heat pump dryers have been applied in the production of a diversity of ready-to-eat foods and dried instant products for the last five years at SINTEF-NTNU. Besides being energetically efficient and environmentally friendly, the heat pump drying technology provides a wide range of drying conditions as required to produce powders with improved characteristics. This work describes the new technologies and processing line for the production of instant foods as well as the measurements on the properties and quality attributes for raw, intermediate and final instant products.     

Mechanical Means of Enhancing Drying Rates: Effect on Drying Kinetics and Quality

The effect of various pretreatments on drying kinetics as well as quality parameters of selected vegetables and fruits was studied experimentally in a convective dryer. The pretreatments tested include application of pinholes and drilled holes of different diameters and densities, blanching and freezing. Potato, cassava, dragon fruit and red chilli were used as the sample drying materials. As expected, increase of the diameter and density of the holes under fixed drying conditions increased the drying rate. Samples with drilled holes showed better drying performance than those with pinholes. The improvement of the drying rate was found to be dependent on the physical properties and the initial moisture content of the material. Results show that the drying performance of the products that possess a skin of low moisture diffusivity, such as chilli, can be improved significantly by blanching and making perforations in the skin. Overall changes of color and volume shrinkage during drying of the samples with and without holes were similar. The effect of different modes of heat input, such as convection, conduction and radiation, on the drying performance of the treated samples was also experimentally investigated. On-off type controllers were used to regulate the power of the heaters and maintain the product temperature within a range of pre-set values. Convection combined with radiation displayed the highest drying rate.     

基于甘草配伍黄芩同时泡沫分离甘草酸和黄芩苷

为了同时分离甘草中有表面活性的甘草酸和黄芩中无表面活性的黄芩苷,开发了甘草配伍黄芩泡沫分离工艺。通过荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱和红外吸收光谱分析表明,甘草酸与黄芩苷存在相互作用,并且甘草黄芩配伍强化了甘草酸和黄芩苷的提取。以甘草酸和黄芩苷的富集比和回收率为评价指标,当温度为40℃、气体体积流量为100 ml·min^-1、甘草酸初始浓度为0.2 g·L^-1、甘草黄芩质量比为3：1时,获得甘草酸的富集比和回收率分别为11.0和73.5%,黄芩苷的富集比和回收率分别为5.8和38.5%。通过甘草与黄芩配伍,利用泡沫分离获得黄芩中的黄芩苷。同时,与单独泡沫分离甘草中甘草酸相比,甘草酸的富集比提高了194.9%,回收率提高了23.3%。因此,甘草配伍黄芩能有效泡沫分离甘草酸和黄芩苷。     

The Influence of Temperature and Pressure During the Curing of Prepreg Carbon Fiber Epoxy Resin

The physical and hence mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin are affected by the curing conditions used in their manufacture. The relationship between the cure temperature and pressure and the density, fiber volume fraction, and the void content of cured laminates, was investigated. For the unidirectional 914C prepreg material used, an optimum cure temperature was found which gave maximum fiber volume fraction and composite density, and minimum void content. This behavior is related in the paper to resin flow and cure characteristics. A linear relationship between cure pressure and fiber volume fraction is reported and explained by reference to the void content of the laminates. It is concluded that in-house trials are required to determine the optimum size of the processing window for specific systems and components.