碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇脱水制乙烯性能

对两种不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理,制备介-微孔复合HZSM-5分子筛,研究乙醇脱水制乙烯的催化性能,并考察碱溶液浓度和处理温度对HZSM-5分子筛孔结构和表面酸性的影响。结果表明,适宜的碱处理条件有利于分子筛发生骨架脱硅和脱铝,从而形成介孔。碱处理对硅铝比低的HZSM-5分子筛酸性质影响明显,而硅铝比高的HZSM-5分子筛在碱处理过程中酸性质变化不明显,更易发生脱硅和脱铝而形成更多介孔。碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂使乙醇脱水制乙烯催化性能得到改善,尤其低温催化活性提高,这主要归功于碱处理中介孔的形成和表面酸性的调变。     

高温水蒸汽处理对HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯的影响

考察不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂和经过高温水蒸汽处理后的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂在甲醇制丙烯反应中的催化性能,考察温度和空速对催化反应的影响。结果表明,随着HZSM-5分子筛硅铝比的增加,产物中丙烯选择性增大,可能是分子筛的酸性降低所致;经过高温水蒸汽处理后的HZSM-5分子筛表面酸性降低,提高了催化剂的催化性能。在反应温度450 ℃和空速1.0 h^-1条件下,600 ℃高温水蒸汽处理后的催化剂HT-600的丙烯选择性从改性前的26.8%提高到33.5%。     

沸石的碱溶液处理改性

与沸石的酸处理脱铝改性相类似，沸石的碱溶液处理也是一种沸石改性的方法。通过优先提取沸石中的硅物种，沸石的碱溶液处理改性能降低沸石的硅铝比，从而改变与沸石硅铝比相关的性能，如阳离子交换能力和催化活性。此外，采用低浓度的碱液处理沸石还可以制造出孔径规整的介孔，而不会改变沸石的微孔结构，还可以将碱金属阳离子引入到沸石中，从而得到固体碱沸石催化剂。因此，详细研究沸石的碱溶液处理改性，将为人们提供更多的沸石后处理改性的选择。     

Hydrothermal Post-synthesis of HZSM-5 Zeolite to Enhance the Coke-resistance of Mo/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Methane Dehydroaromatization

Hydrothermal post-synthesis was used to modify the micropores and acidity of commercially available HZSM-5 zeolites. The recrystallization and the dynamic incorporation and extraction of the framework Al not only stabilized the framework with high crystallinity, but also inhibited the creation of extra-pores during the post-synthesis in NaOH aqueous solution. The resulted Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst showed rather high catalytic stability and greatly enhanced selectivity towards aromatics for methane dehydroaromatization reaction by effectively inhibiting the coke formation.     

Realumination of dealuminated HZSM-5 zeolite by citric acid treatment and its application in preparing FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading catalyst

This article describes a novel citric acid treatment method for realuminating dealuminated HZSM-5 zeolite and its application in enhancing the performance of the zeolite derived FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading catalysts. A series of modified HZSM-5 zeolites were prepared by streaming and/or acid treatments and the influences of the different modification methods on the acidity, pore structure and catalytic performance of the modified HZSM-5 zeolite supported catalysts were compared in the present investigation. The results showed that compared with the single HCl or citric acid treatment, the steaming treatment, and the steaming/HCl treatments, the citric acid treatment after steaming exclusively increased the amount of framework Al species due to its realumination effect on the steamed HZSM-5 zeolite. This realumination effect of the citric acid treatment could optimize the ratio of framework Al to extra-framework Al in the steamed HZSM-5 zeolite and thus greatly improve the acidity distribution and pore structure of the corresponding catalyst. The catalytic performance assessments of the different zeolite supported catalysts for FCC gasoline hydro-upgrading revealed that the catalyst supported on the steaming/citric acid treated HZSM-5 zeolite had balanced initial and long-term activities in hydrodesulfurization, hydroisomerization and aromatization, high liquid yield and improved gasoline road octane number. The superior catalytic performance of the catalyst could be closely related to its suitable ratio of framework Al to extra-framework Al achieved by the combinational use of the steaming dealumination and the citric acid realumination, fully demonstrating the effectiveness of the steaming and citric acid treatments in optimizing the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 zeolite supported catalysts.     

The effect of hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios on its pore structure and catalytic performance

Hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites with different Si/Al ratios(Hier-ZSM-5-x,where x=50,100,150 and 200)were synthesized using an ordered mesoporous carbon-silica composite as hard template.Hier-ZSM-5-x exhibits improved mass transport properties,excellent mechanical and hydrothermal stability,and higher catalytic activity than commercial bulk zeolites in the benzyl alcohol self-etherification reaction.Results show that a decrease in the Si/Al ratio in hierarchical single-crystal ZSM-5 zeolites leads to a significant increase in the acidity and the density of micropores,which increases the final catalytic conversion.The effect of porous hierarchy on the diffusion of active sites and the final catalytic activity was also studied by comparing the catalytic conversion after selectively designed poisoned acid sites.These poisoned Hier-ZSM-5-x shows much higher catalytic conversion than the poisoned commercial ZSM-5 zeolite,which indicates that the numerous intracrystalline mesopores significantly reduce the diffusion path of the reactant,leading to the faster diffusion inside the zeolite to contact with the acid sites in the micropores predominating in ZSM-5 zeolites.This study can be extended to develop a series of hierarchical single-crystal zeolites with expected catalytic performance.     

碱处理改性对Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂性能的影响

以不同浓度的NaOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理改性后所得多级孔ZSM-5分子筛作为活性组分制备甲醇制芳烃催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD和N2吸-脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征,分别考察了碱处理改性对分子筛催化剂骨架结构、酸性质、孔结构以及催化性能的影响.结果表明,通过合适浓度的NaOH碱溶液处理后,HZSM-5分子筛在保持微孔骨架结构的同时,可以调变其晶内介孔孔道结构分布以及酸性质.随着NaOH碱溶液浓度升高,HZSM-5分子筛的酸量、介孔孔容、介孔表面积都增加、孔容分布变宽,催化剂的活性和稳定性等催化性能得以改善.HZSM-5分子筛碱处理改性适宜的NaOH溶液浓度为0.4 mol/L,改性后的催化剂芳烃收率由25.07％增加到32.22％,使用寿命由8d增加到16d,但NaOH溶液浓度超过0.6 mol/L后会严重破坏HZSM-5分子筛骨架结构,催化活性下降较快.     

Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite designed by combining desilication and dealumination with related study of n-heptane cracking performance

The effect of the basic (NaOH) and/or acid (citric acid and EDTA-2Na) treatment of ZSM-5 zeolite has been studied comparing the structural and acidic features and their catalytic performance in n-heptane cracking. The properties of the catalysts have been elucidated using XRD, N₂ low-temperature sorption, ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si NMR, pyridine adsorbed FTIR, NH₃–TPD, SEM and TEM analysis. The results showed that the degree of desilication and dealumination of ZSM-5 zeolites was greatly dependent on the agents. NaOH obviously created new mesopores on parent ZSM-5 zeolites by desilication. Citric acid contributed to the removal of nonframework Al species, causing the increase of micropore surface area. EDTA-2Na promoted desilication and simultaneously converted part of removed framework Al species into nonframework Al species. The treatment of ZSM-5 combined with those three agents was very effective to obtain a hierarchical structure with partial breakdown of the crystallites and high acid amounts of both Brönsted and Lewis acid sites. Catalytic tests showed that the post-treated ZSM-5 catalysts had higher activity and stability than parent ZSM-5 catalyst at the same reaction temperature. The synergetic effect of Brönsted acid and Lewis acid of ZSM-5 catalyst (Z5-ACE) probably facilitated n-heptane conversion, while more clean micropore and newly created mesopores facilitated the slight increase of olefin selectivity and suppressing the formation of coke deposition in its inherent micropores to some extent.     

Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化棕榈油多产芳烃的研究

HZSM-5分子筛可用于脂肪酸酯催化转化生产芳烃、低碳烯烃等过程。未经过处理的HZSM-5分子筛芳烃产率较低,使用过渡金属改性后的HZSM-5分子筛酸性质发生了改变,能够提高芳烃的收率。以等体积浸渍法对HZSM-5分子筛进行改性,制备了不同锌含量的 Zn/HZSM-5分子筛,并进行了 XRD、XRF、XPS、NH₃-TPD、SEM、TEM、Py-IR、N₂物理吸附-脱附等多种表征,结果表明锌的引入没有改变 HZSM-5的晶体结构,锌物种能均匀分布在 HZSM-5分子筛表面及孔道。棕榈油催化转化实验结果显示Zn含量（质量分数）为3% 的 Zn/HZSM-5有最好的催化效果,芳烃在液相烃类所占比例（质量分数）为87.92%,芳烃收率（质量分数）为59.44%。     

Exploring suitable ZSM-5/MCM-41 zeolites for catalytic cracking of n-dodecane: Effect of initial particle size and Si/Al ratio

In this study, various ZSM-5/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous zeolite composites have been prepared by alkalidesilication and surfactant-directed recrystallization of ZSM-5. The effects of particle size and Si/Al ratio of initial ZSM-5 zeolites on the structure and catalytic performance of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites are studied. The results of XRD, TEM N₂-adsorption-desorption, NH₃-TPD and in situ FT-IR revealed that ordered hexagonal MCM-41 mesopores with 3-4 nm pore size were formed around ZSM-5 crystals, and the specific surface area and mesopore volume of composites increased with increasing the Si/Al ratio of initial ZSM-5. Catalytic cracking of n-dodecane (550 ℃, 4 MPa) showed that the ZSM-5/MCM-41 composites obtained from the high Si/Al ratio and nano-sized initial ZSM-5 zeolites exhibited superior catalytic performance, with the improvement higher than 87% in the catalytic activities and 21% in the deactivation rate compared with untreated zeolites. This could be ascribed to their suitable pore structure, which enhanced the diffusion of reactant molecules in pores of catalysts.     

生物质/塑料共催化热解过程中HZSM-5失活分析

利用管式炉热解装置进行HZSM-5在线共催化热解玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯过程中的循环和再生利用实验,对玉米秸秆进行酸洗预处理,考察原料酸洗预处理对HZSM-5催化性能的影响。采用GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用仪）对生物油的化学组成进行分析,并对反应前、反应后以及再生催化剂进行TG（热重分析）、ICP-MS（电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪）、SEM/EDS（场发射扫描电镜）、BET、NH₃-TPD（程序升温脱附技术）等表征分析。研究表明,HZSM-5催化玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯热解的主要产物为芳烃,随着催化剂重复利用次数的增加,芳烃含量逐渐降低,催化剂的比表面积、孔容、酸性等也随之降低,说明催化剂的活性逐渐降低;原料经酸洗预处理后有利于热解中间体的生成,加速了催化剂的结焦失活速率;催化热解酸洗玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯的催化剂经焙烧再生后其活性基本恢复至原有水平,而催化热解未处理玉米秸秆/高密度聚乙烯的催化剂再生后其活性有所降低,碱/碱土金属在HZSM-5催化剂上发生累积,从而引起酸性位点“中毒”失活,而原料经酸洗预处理后可有效降低催化剂上碱/碱土金属的累积量,有利于延长催化剂的使用寿命。     

正己烷在HZSM-5分子筛上的催化裂解研究

为筛选反应活性和烯烃选择性相对较高的催化剂用于研究吸热型碳氢燃料的催化裂解,以正己烷的催化裂解作为探针反应,探讨其在不同硅铝物质的量比HZSM-5［n(Si)∶n(Al)=25、36、100］分子筛上催化裂解的反应活性和产物分布。结果表明,正己烷在HZSM-5分子筛上的裂解转化率随温度的升高和分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的减小而增大;裂解产物中乙烯、丙烯和总烯烃的选择性均随裂解温度的升高和分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的增加而增加,在（300~550） ℃,HZSM-5［n（Si)∶n(Al)=36］上的总烯烃收率最高,芳烃含量随分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的增加而减小;基于裂解转化率、烯烃和芳烃收率等因素综合考虑,HZSM-5 n(Si)∶n(Al)=36］分子筛为优选催化剂。     

碱处理制备介孔-微孔沸石分子筛的影响因素及其应用研究进展

综述了碱处理制备介孔-微孔沸石分子筛的影响因素,包括碱处理条件、沸石分子筛硅铝比和模板剂对碱处理脱硅形成介孔的影响。评述了碱处理所制备介孔-微孔沸石分子筛在应用方面所取得的进展,重点介绍了它们在烷基化、异构化、裂化和醇烃化等催化反应中的应用。通过碱处理引入介孔可极大地缩短分子在沸石微孔道中的扩散距离,从而增强表观催化反应活性及提高催化剂的稳定性。提出了今后研究的重点为：阐明碱处理引入介孔的形成机理和碱处理对分子筛骨架结构、酸性的影响,拓展碱处理制备介孔-微孔沸石分子筛的应用 范围。     

La/Zn/HZSM-5催化剂上的甲醇芳构化研究

Aromatization of methanol over co-impregnated La/Zn/HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was studied.The selectivity of aromatics and BTX(benzene,toluene,and xylene)reached 64.0%and 56.6%,respectively,using La/Zn/HZSM-5 at 437°C,0.1 MPa and methanol WHSV(weight hourly space velocity)=0.8 h-1.Catalytic results showed that the La species was a very good promoter,increased selectivity of aromatics,and prolonged the catalyst lifetime on stream.The effects of the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in zeolite,Zn and La loading,WHSV,reaction temperature, water content in the feed and H2 pretreatment of catalysts on the catalytic performance were studied in detail. Characterizations of the catalysts by thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),NH3-TPD(temperature programmed desorption),SEM(scanning electron micrograph),N2 adsorption-desorption,XRD(X-ray diffraction)and XRF (X-ray fluorescence),were carried out to understand the structure and discuss the aromatization performance of La/Zn/HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst.     

多级孔HZSM-5分子筛的制备及其催化丙烷脱氢反应性能

以十八水合硫酸铝、硅溶胶、四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)、硝酸铵(NH_4NO_3)为原料,合成硅铝物质的量比为100的HZSM-5分子筛。采用乙酸钠溶液处理HZSM-5分子筛后加入TPAOH溶液进行二次晶化,通过对处理前、后的HZSM-5分子筛负载Pt,制得Pt/HZSM-5催化剂用于丙烷脱氢反应。利用XRD、SEM、XRF、BET、NH_3-TPD和H_2化学吸附对处理前、后的HZSM-5分子筛进行了表征,考察了不同浓度的TPAOH溶液对HZSM-5分子筛的晶体结构、表面形貌、孔结构、表面酸性及丙烷脱氢性能的影响。结果表明,采用乙酸钠溶液处理后的HZSM-5分子筛在TPAOH溶液中发生了二次晶化,不仅形成了微孔-介孔多级孔结构,还能调变分子筛的表面酸性;当TPAOH溶液浓度为0.3 mol/L、晶化温度为170℃、晶化时间为24 h时,得到的Pt/HZSM-5催化丙烷的初始转化率和丙烯选择性均达到最高值,分别为34.2%和99.0%。     

具有二次介孔分子筛材料的制备和应用

综述了近年来分子筛二次介孔的制备方法和应用进展。以不同手段在现有分子筛的基础上制备二次介孔,是目前常用微孔-介孔复合孔结构分子筛材料的制备方法。制备方法可分为高温热处理、水蒸汽热处理、碱处理、酸处理、化学试剂处理和二次合成等。二次介孔的应用以工业催化领域为重点,详细介绍了在裂化反应、芳构化反应、异构化反应和烷基化反应中的应用。二次介孔的出现促进了反应物和产物的扩散和分子筛的容碳能力,促进了反应的进行,而保留的分子筛的微孔结构仍具有很好的择形性能。     

Transformation of ethylbenzene–m-xylene mixture on zeolites with different structures

Hierarchical zeolite ZSM-5 synthesized by applying amphiphilic organosilane as mesopore template, nanosized zeolite Beta and zeolite MCM-22 have been studied, for the first time in the conversion of mixed ethylbenzene–m-xylene feed. The effects of the channel structure, nanosizing and presence of mesopores in these zeolite materials with close Si/Al molar ratio on the catalytic activity and selectivity have been discussed. It was found that the diverse zeolites have different advantages and disadvantages in dependence on their structure and morphology. MCM-22 zeolite provides promising ethylbenzene conversion at low xylene loss with high production of the p-isomer among xylene.     

Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite with radial mesopores: Preparation,formation mechanism and application for benzene alkylation

Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite with radial mesopores is controllably synthesized using piperidine in a NaOH solution. The piperidine molecules enter the zeolite micropores and protect the zeolite framework from extensive desilication. The areas containing fewer aluminum atoms contain fewer piperidine protectant molecules and so they dissolve first. Small amounts of mesopores are then gradually generated in areas with more aluminum atoms and more piperidine protectant. In this manner, radial mesopores are formed in the ZSM-5 zeolite with a maximal preservation of the micropores and active sites. The optimal hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite, prepared with a molar ratio of piperidine to zeolite of 0.03, had a mesopore surface area of 136 m²·g⁻¹ and a solid yield of 80%. The incorporation of the radial mesopores results in micropores that are interconnected which shortened the average diffusion path length. Compared to the parent zeolite, the hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite possesses more accessible acid sites and has a higher catalytic activity and a longer lifetime for the alkylation of benzene.     

正构烷烃在介孔5A沸石中的吸附

分别选取具有不同碳原子数的正庚烷、正辛烷和正癸烷为吸附质,微孔及具有不同晶内介孔孔隙度的介孔5A沸石为吸附剂,通过重量吸附法测定了3种正构烷烃在293、308和318 K 3个温度下在微孔和介孔5A沸石上的吸附等温线,并从热力学的角度对其进行了分析。Langmuir、Langmuir-Freundlich和Toth 3种吸附模型对从实验获得的吸附数据的拟合结果表明,不同于烷烃分子在微孔5A沸石内的吸附,3种烷烃在介孔5A沸石上的吸附可用Langmuir-Freundlich和Toth两种吸附模型得到较好的拟合,在同一温度下,3种正构烷烃在介孔5A沸石内的最大吸附量均大于各自在微孔5A内的最大吸附量,但吸附质与吸附剂相互作用力随中孔的引入而减小,并由于微介孔吸附的共存,使得表面吸附多相性增加;另外,基于吸附数据计算获得的烷烃分子在沸石表面的吸附亨利常数和初始吸附热数据表明,沸石晶内介孔的存在,使其亨利常数和初始吸附热均减小;另外,由Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算得到的等量吸附热随表面吸附量变化的趋势表明,3种正构烷烃在介孔5A沸石内吸附热均随吸附量的增加而减小,其中以癸烷的变化最为明显。     

Mesoporous zeolite single crystal catalysts: Diffusion and catalysis in hierarchical zeolites

During the last years, several new routes to produce zeolites with controlled mesoporosity have appeared. Moreover, an improved catalytic performance of the resulting mesoporous zeolites over conventional zeolites has been demonstrated in several reactions. In most cases, the mesoporous zeolites exhibit higher catalytic activity, but in some cases also improved selectivity and longer catalyst lifetime has been reported. The beneficial effects of introducing mesopores into the zeolites has in most instances been attributed to improved mass transport to and from the active sites located in the zeolite micropores. Here, we briefly discuss the most important ways of introducing mesopores into zeolites and, for the first time, we show experimentally that the presence of mesopores dramatically increases the rate of diffusion in zeolite catalysts. This is done by studying the elution of iso-butane from packed beds of conventional and mesoporous zeolite catalysts. Moreover, we discuss in detail the recent observation of improved activity and selectivity in the alkylation of benzene with ethene using mesoporous zeolite single crystal catalysts. For this reaction, we show by calculation of the Thiele modulus that this improved performance can be mainly attributed to a diffusional limitation of ethylbenzene in the zeolite pores. This is verified in new ethylbenzene dealkylation experiments where mesoporous zeolite catalysts show significantly improved activity over conventional zeolite catalysts.