缺口对TC21合金高周和低周疲劳的影响

研究了缺口对TC21合金在不同温度高周和低周疲劳强度的影响。疲劳试样为光滑和V型缺口（Kt=3）2种试样，疲劳载荷为应力控制，循环应力比为0．1，高周疲劳实验温度为315℃，低周疲劳实验温度为室温及400℃。结果表明，在循环应力较低，缺口根部未塑性变形时，缺口使疲劳强度明显降低。循环应力升高使缺口根部产生塑性变形时，缺口对疲劳强度影响降低，当循环应力升高使光滑试样失稳时，缺口试样的疲劳强度高于光滑试样的疲劳强度。断口的SEM分析表明，缺口试样的疲劳裂纹在缺口根部萌生，即使高周疲劳裂纹源也是多个。     

X70钢管道采用铜衬垫根焊的焊接接头疲劳性能

利用成组法,在应力比r=0.1的情况下分别对采用铜衬垫与陶瓷衬垫进行根焊的X70钢管道焊接接头进行了高频疲劳试验,并在一定的疲劳载荷及循环次数下,对比两种试样焊趾处疲劳裂纹的启裂情况. 结果表明,X70钢管道根焊采用铜衬垫焊接过程中,其背部的渗铜对构件疲劳强度基本没有影响,两种试样的S-N曲线基本一致,疲劳裂纹均起始于根焊背部焊趾处. 在相同的应力及循环条件下,焊趾处裂纹萌生情况无明显区别. 在此基础上,采用SEM方法进一步对疲劳断口进行了分析.     

TA1钛合金自冲铆接接头疲劳性能及失效机理分析

采用轴向加载的形式对TA1钛合金自冲铆接试样进行疲劳试验,分析了不同因素下试样的疲劳强度变化规律;通过扫描电镜对试样失效断口和微动磨损进行分析,研究试样的失效机理. 结果表明,在同种铆接因素下,试样疲劳强度随应力比的增大而增大,随最大载荷值的增加而下降. 通过断口分析发现,铆钉断裂失效时,疲劳裂纹主要产生在钉胫外侧;基板断裂失效时,疲劳裂纹首先萌生在铆钉胫尾部与下板接触区域. 基板与铆钉的微动磨损在某种情况下存在竞争机制,当铆钉微裂纹扩展速率大于基板时表现为铆钉失效,反之为基板失效.     

循环载荷幅值对7075-T7451铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

在不同幅值循环载荷条件下对7075-T7451铝合金紧凑拉伸(CT)试样进行拉伸疲劳试验,对其疲劳裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子幅值ΔK进行了研究,并用扫描电子显微镜观测试样的断口形貌。结果表明：随着循环载荷幅值的增大,试样的疲劳寿命缩短,裂纹的扩展速率增大;试样宏观断口形貌的裂纹稳态扩展区域减小,而瞬时断裂区域增大。稳态扩展区主要以疲劳条带扩展机制为主,且疲劳条带间距随循环载荷幅值的增大而增大;瞬断区的断口形貌以韧窝断裂为主,韧窝尺寸随循环载荷幅值的增大而减小。     

喷丸强化对渗氮40Cr和30CrMo钢疲劳性能的影响

对40Cr和30CrMo钢进行渗氮、喷丸等单一强化和渗氮后喷丸的复合强化处理,测定了钢件表层的残余应力与显微硬度,采用升降法确定了1×10 7循环周次下的疲劳强度.结果表明,渗氮、喷丸和渗氮 喷丸表面强化均可提高40Cr和30CrMo钢疲劳强度,但渗氮后喷丸复合强化的效果最佳.对疲劳试样的断口分析表明,调质未表面强化试样的疲劳裂纹源于表面,而强化试样的疲劳裂纹源于强化层下的次表层.     

晶粒尺寸对42CrMoVNb钢超高周疲劳性能的影响

研究了不同热处理制度下得到的3种具有不同晶粒尺寸的42CrMoVNb高强度钢的超高周疲劳性能. 结果表明, 超高周疲劳强度和疲劳强度比并不随晶粒尺寸的减小而单调提高, 中等晶粒尺寸的试样具有最高的疲劳强度和疲劳强度比. SEM断口观察表明, 绝大部分试样的疲劳裂纹起源于夹杂物. 随着疲劳断口裂纹源夹杂物处应力强度因子幅ΔK_inc的减小, 疲劳寿命N_f增加; 而在夹杂物周围的粗糙粒状区域(GBF)的应力强度因子幅ΔK_GBF并不随N_f变化而变化, 基本为一常数, 且粗晶粒试样的ΔK_GBF高于细晶粒试样. 这表明, 细化晶粒对高强度钢的超高周疲劳性能有着复杂的影响,存在一个合理的细化晶粒范围.     

15-5PH焊接件疲劳断裂特性研究

开展15?5PH焊接件在3种应力比分别为0.5、0.1、?1.0时条件下的高周疲劳试验,通过数据处理获得15-5PH焊接件在不同应力比下S-N曲线及疲劳强度。结果表明:15-5PH焊接件疲劳寿命随应力水平的增加而线性降低,该焊接件在应力比为0.5时疲劳强度最大,应力比0.1时次之,应力比为?1.0时疲劳强度最小。对断口进行分析表明,试样裂纹属疲劳裂纹,疲劳裂纹均起源于焊缝背面余高与母材的转角处,呈线源,线源上存在台阶;断口呈现解理特征和疲劳条带特征;焊缝余高表面可见鱼鳞纹,鱼鳞纹凝固形成深浅不一的表面形貌,裂纹由沟痕处起源,转角的大小和焊缝余高影响焊接件的疲劳寿命。     

TC17合金超高周疲劳裂纹萌生机理

通过实验研究了2种频率(110 Hz和20 k Hz)循环载荷作用下航空发动机叶片材料TC17合金的超高周疲劳失效行为,分析了不同失效形式下的裂纹萌生机理。结果表明,TC17合金在2种实验载荷频率下均存在表面和内部萌生裂纹诱发疲劳失效2种失效形式,表面萌生裂纹诱发的疲劳失效主要是由加工缺陷和循环载荷作用下试样表面滑移处应力集中引起的横向裂纹所致,内部萌生裂纹诱发的疲劳失效是由循环载荷作用下材料初生α相的滑移断裂所致。失效机理的不同使得材料的应力-疲劳寿命(S-N)曲线呈双线性,载荷频率对TC17合金的裂纹萌生形式和萌生机理的影响不显著。建立了基于薄弱取向晶粒区域尺寸的疲劳强度预测模型,模型预测值与实验值吻合较好。     

海洋大气环境与拉伸疲劳载荷协同作用下不同加载方式对7050铝合金腐蚀损伤特性的影响

目的 研究不同应力加载条件对7050铝合金在海洋大气环境与拉伸疲劳载荷协同作用下的腐蚀损伤行为的影响规律。方法 以实际海洋大气环境为7050铝合金的薄液膜腐蚀环境,同时采用自主研发的疲劳载荷试验装置对暴露在海洋大气环境中的7050铝合金施加不同的拉伸疲劳载荷。研究应力比和载荷加载周期对协同作用效应下7050铝合金的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、疲劳性能及断口形貌等的影响规律。结果 在海洋大气环境与拉伸疲劳载荷协同作用下,所有7050铝合金试样均发生了点蚀和晶间腐蚀。在每月加载1次应力的条件下,应力比为0.1和0.06的试样的最大腐蚀深度分别为40.1、46.5μm。在每周加载1次应力的条件下,试样的最大腐蚀深度为41.2μm。每周加载应力、应力比为0.06的试样的腐蚀速率显著大于应力比为0.1、每月加载应力的试样的腐蚀速率,且前者更易发生腐蚀疲劳断裂。所有试样的断口都呈现出疲劳断裂特征,裂纹源在合金表面,并放射性地向试样芯部扩展。结论 缩小应力加载周期及减小应力比均会显著加速协同作用效应下7050铝合金的腐蚀损伤进程,降低其抗疲劳性能。     

熔炼过程产生的夹杂物对高强钢疲劳失效的影响

采用20 kHz超声波疲劳振动试验机对高强度大螺栓钢进行疲劳测试,观察其试样的疲劳断口形貌,分析其疲劳失效机理。结果表明,经过纯净化处理后的高强钢在109周次下的疲劳强度达到700 MPa,比未经纯净化的大螺栓钢提高了100 MPa。通过扫描电镜对疲劳试样断口进行观察,发现大螺栓钢的疲劳起裂分3类:表面起裂、内部夹杂物起裂和内部缺陷起裂,而经过纯净化处理之后的高强钢,起裂形式为表面起裂和内部非夹杂起裂。为提高高强钢的抗疲劳性能应从控制夹杂物和改善内部组织两方面着手。     

The relationship between case depth and bending fatigue strength of gas carburized SAE 8620 steel

The fatigue performance of gas carburized SAE 8620 steel was evaluated as a function of case depth. To vary the case depths, different carburizing times were applied. The typical times were: 45 min, 3 and 5 h at the temperature of 940 °C. To cause failure in the rotating bending fatigue specimens, the applied load was chosen as the equivalent load at 10⁶ cycles for the material when is subjected to bending fatigue. The characterization of the specimens was carried out using X-ray diffraction technique for stress measurement and retained austenite and optical metallographic examination. The fractured surfaces were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath and examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with EDX to evaluate the crack initiation and growth characteristics of the materials in the core and carburized case regions of specimens. The results showed that the fatigue limit was associated with the microstructure, the case depth, the distribution of retained austenite, the depth of the internal oxidation and the compressive residual stresses near the surface. The bending fatigue strength of gas carburized specimens was showed to decrease with the increasing case depths caused by the increasing of internal oxidation and nonmartensitic transformation present at the surface.     

利用低相变点焊条熔修方法改善焊接接头疲劳强度的试验

焊趾部位存在应力集中和残余拉伸应力,使得接头处的疲劳强度远低于基体金属.通过对纵向环绕焊接接头和横向角接焊接接头试样的疲劳试验表明,低相变点焊条(low transformation temperature electrode, LTTE)熔修是提高焊接接头疲劳强度的有效方法.具体结果是,LTTE熔修的上述两种焊接接头在2×106循环周期下其疲劳强度试验结果分别为154.7MPa和173.9MPa,而TIG熔修处理的则分别为152.6MPa和173.3MPa,前者分别是后者的101.4%和100.3%.这表明,LTTE熔修方法与TIG熔修方法相当,但前者较后者简单得多,因此LTTE熔修具有极大的推广应用价值.     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of a steel with sprayed coatings

This paper describes the corrosion fatigue behavior and fracture mechanisms of a steel with different sprayed coatings. Rotating bending fatigue tests were conducted in 3% NaCl solution using specimens of a medium carbon steel with sprayed coatings of a ceramic (Cr₂O₃), a cermet (WC-12%Co) and two metals (Ni-11 % P and Al-2% Zn). The corrosion fatigue process was basically the same for ceramic, cermet, and Ni-11 % P sprayed specimens. That is, the corrosive media could be supplied from the specimen surface to the substrate through cracks initiated during fatigue cycling and/or pores in the coatings, and thus corrosion pits were generated followed by subsequent crack initiation and growth in the substrate. The corrosion fatigue strength of ceramic sprayed specimens was slightly improved compared to that of the substrate steel because the under-coating (Ni-5%A1) could impede the penetration of the corrosive media although the ceramic coating had a poor resistance to cracking under cyclic loading. Cermet sprayed specimens also exhibited improved corrosion fatigue strength because of the high resistance to cracking and the low volume fraction of pores of the coating. In Ni-11 % Psprayed specimens, cracks were initiated in the coating even at low stress levels; thus the corrosion fatigue strength was the same as that of the substrate. Anodic dissolution took place in Al-2 % Zn coating because the coating was electrochemically poor, and thus the substrate was cathodically protected. Therefore, the corrosion fatigue strength of Al-2 % Zn sprayed specimens was enhanced to as high as the fatigue strength of the substrate in room air. Based on the experimental results, a dual-layer coating consisting of WC-12%Co and Al-2%Zn was fatigue tested. The coating was effective at low stress levels and exhibited long life under conditions where corrosion fatigue strength was critical.     

Fatigue properties of rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy plate

Fatigue strength, crack initiation and propagation behavior of rolled AZ31B magnesium alloy plate were investigated. Axial tension-compression fatigue tests were carried out with cylindrical smooth specimens. Two types of specimens were machined with the loading axis parallel (L-specimen) and perpendicular (T-specimen) to rolling direction. Monotonic compressive 0.2% proof stress, tensile strength and tensile elongation were similar for both specimens. On the other hand, monotonic tensile 0.2% proof stress of the L-specimen was slightly higher than that of the T-specimen. Moreover, monotonic compressive 0.2% proof stresses were lower than tensile ones for both specimens. The fatigue strengths of 107 cycles of the L- and T-specimens were 95 and 85 MPa, respectively. Compared with the monotonic compressive 0.2% proof stresses, the fatigue strengths were higher for both specimens. In other words, the fatigue crack did not initiate and propagate even though deformation twins were formed in compressive stress under the cyclic tension-compression loading. The fatigue crack initiated at early stage of the fatigue life in low cycle regime regardless of specimen direction. The crack growth rate of the L-specimen was slightly lower than of the T-specimen. Consequently, the fatigue lives of the L-specimen were longer than those of the T-specimen in low cycle regime.     

Effect of ultrasonic surface finishing on the strength and thermal shock behavior of the EDMed ceramic composite

In this paper, ultrasonic surface finishing has been introduced to the electro-discharge machined (EDMed) Al₂O₃/TiC/Mo/Ni ceramic composite. Thermal shock behavior of the EDMed and the modified ceramic specimens was investigated by water quench tests. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the thermal shock behavior by measuring the retained strength and determining the strength distributions. Results show that under no thermal shocking conditions, ultrasonic surface finishing for the EDMed ceramic specimens can yield an apparent strengthening with a concurrent increase in Weibull modulus. During rapid quenching, the retained strength and the Weibull modulus of the EDMed specimens can be greatly improved by ultrasonic surface finishing until the temperature difference reaches its critical value (ΔT_c).     

5A06铝合金焊接接头在超长寿命区间的疲劳性能

采用自行研制的TJU-HJ-I型超声疲劳试验系统对5A06铝合金TIG焊焊接接头在超长寿命区间的疲劳性能进行研究. 疲劳试验结果表明,圆柱状母材试件、圆柱状焊接接头试件和薄板状焊接接头试件,在经历107循环周次后,S-N曲线仍呈下降趋势,没有发现明显转折,传统意义上的疲劳极限并不存在. 焊接接头试件在107周次和109周次下的疲劳强度仅为母材的50%~70%. 通过扫描电子显微镜进行断口形貌观察发现:母材疲劳扩展区断口较焊接接头断口平整,瞬断区呈韧窝状,而无余高焊接接头试件存在气孔、夹杂等焊接缺陷,导致疲劳性能明显降低.     

Development of ultrasonic thread root rolling technology for prolonging the fatigue performance of high strength thread

Fatigue failure commonly occurs at mechanical products, especially the threaded joints with high stress concentration. Even though various high strength alloys are adopted, accidence due to fatigue failure of thread still happens. As a novel method to improve the thread fatigue life, ultrasonic thread root rolling (UTRR) process is developed in this paper. The configuration of the UTRR apparatus together with the principle of the UTRR is first introduced and described. Rolling experiments are then conducted on AerMer100 thread specimens by use of the UTRR process and conventional thread root rolling (CTRR) process respectively. Mechanical characteristics and fatigue properties for these treated specimens and untreated specimens are tested. Compared with CTRR, surface finish of thread root is farther improved from Ra 0.106 to Ra 0.051, and higher residual stress is achieved for UTRR. The depth of microstructure-refined zone induced in UTRR is about 20 μm, while that of CTRR is approximately 12 μm. These further enhanced mechanical properties greatly contribute to the improvement of fatigue performance, and it is well proved by fatigue results that an increase of about 7 times for fatigue life of AerMet100 specimens is achieved after UTRR, while only 3 times is achieved for CTRR. Striations from fracture surface explicitly confirm this result.     

Non-destructive testing of high strength concrete using spectral analysis of surface waves

Non-destructive testing is essential in the inspection of alteration, repair and new construction in construction industry. Researchers are exploring the performance of non-destructive testing method using spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) in concrete structures. The method consists of the generation, measurement and processing of dispersive surface waves. In SASW test, the surface of the media under consideration is subject to an impact using, for example, a 12-mm steel ball, to generate surface wave energy at various frequencies. Two vertical accelerometer receivers detect the energy transmitted through the testing media. By recording signals in digitized form using a data acquisition system and processing them, surface wave velocity can be obtained using a dispersion curve. This study is to focus on understanding of the applicability and limitations of the SASW method in a high strength concrete. This study is also to characterize the material property of early age high strength concrete emphasizing compressive strength using non-destructive testing methods. Three high strength concrete slabs of 600, 850 and 1100 kg/cm² compressive strengths were prepared together with cylinders from same batches. Cylinder tests were performed at the ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after pouring concrete. Using the impact-echo method, the compression wave velocities were obtained based on different high strength concrete ages and compressive strengths. The equation to obtain the compressive strengths of high strength concrete has been developed using the obtained compression wave velocities (f′_c=1.083V_p−3816.1143). Using the method, the equation has also been developed to obtain the compressive strengths of high strength concrete based on the surface wave velocities (f′_c=0.253V_p+16.271). This study can be utilized in examining structural elements of high strength concrete structures and be applied in the integrity analysis of high strength concrete structures with a finite thickness.     

Surface layer condition and the fatigue strength of an AZ91 alloy after ball peening

The present work compares the states of the surface textures and the oscillatory fatigue strengths of specimens made of an AZ91 alloy after turning and dynamic bearing ball peening. It was found that the specimens ball peened at different time have similar surface geometric structure parameters but different strengthening intensity. It was shown that fatigue strength follows greater peening intensity and random and isotropic surface. It was also ascertained that improving (by peening) the condition of the surface layer means enhancing fatigue strength by 20–87% compared with turning.