Anomalous nuclear spin relaxation in liquid 3He-4He mixtures near the lambda transition

The longitudinal nuclear spin relaxation time T ₁ was measured for liquid ³He-⁴He mixtures under saturated vapor pressure in an epoxy sample chamber in which the wall effect is emphasized. The molar concentration of ³He was 0.12, 0.20, 0.35, 0.45, and 1.00. The temperature was regulated to better than 5 K in the range 1.2–2.1 K. A decrease of T ₁ was clearly observed several millikelvins below T (the superfluid transition temperature). T ₁ had a cusp like temperature dependence as a whole where the temperature is far from. T . This anomalous behavior of T ₁ is discussed.Work based on part of a dissertation submitted to the University of Tsukuba in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Science by one of the authors (T.K.).     

Preparation of nanoscale iron and Fe3O4 powders in a polymer matrix

The synthesis of the title matrix-mediated nanocomposite was performed in both poly(4-vinylpyridine) homopolymer and vinylstyrene-4-vinylpyridine copolymers. NH2–NH2 was used as the reducing agent to prepare the polymer-supported metallic particles which were later converted into fine oxide powders by oxidation. The structure and morphology of the products were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy as well as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and magnetic measurements. The wide angle X-ray diffraction patterns contained reflections that could be assigned to Fe3O4 particles while no reflections were observed that correspond to ultrafine iron powders. The magnetization behaviour of the nanocomposite was determined by the degree of loading of Fe in the polymer matrix.     

Deposition and Magnetic Properties of Fe3O4/Fe/Fe3O4Tri-layer Films

1. IntroductionIron oxides include several crystalline forms:hematite (or-FeZO3), magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite(7-Felon) and wustite (FeO). They have interesting structural and magnetic properties, and are practically important in magnetic and electronic applications. The strongly ferrimagnetic 7--FeZO3 phaseearned much attention due to their applications asrecording media. The attainment of 7-FeZO3 involves complicated processing[1]. In our previousstudies, high coercivity 7-FeZO3, Fe3…     

Fe3O4 octahedral colloidal crystals

We present a facile and controllable method for the large-scale fabrication of highly-ordered octahedral Fe₃O₄ colloidal “single crystals” without the assistance of a substrate. Oleic acid is used to reduce the solubility of the nano-building blocks in colloidal solution and to induce a “crystallization” process. Our colloidal crystals are of multimicron size and show typical crystallographic characteristics. They have a very robust structure and can serve as a novel ordered magnetic mesoporous material with a relatively narrow pore size distribution. The sample possesses an extremely high Verwey transition temperature (T _V) of 100 K and a high saturation magnetization (M _S) of 86 emu/g at 5 K based on its good crystallinity, as well as the interparticle dipolar interaction behavior arising from its unique structure. Electrochemical measurements have demonstrated the excellent capacity of the mesoporous colloidal crystals when used in lithium-ion batteries.      

Quantitative analysis of a Fe3O4 + Li x Fe3O4 sample by the X-ray Rietveld method

The Li _x Fe₃O₄ phase shows a strong peak-overlapping with those of pure magnetite, and a routine X-ray analysis does not allow the detection of the presence of any Fe₃O₄. However, a careful inspection of the observed calculated difference pattern has led to the deduction of the presence of Fe₃O₄. This paper shows that the Rietveld method can be used to obtain significant information about the relative concentration of the components of a two-phase sample, even in the case of poor crystallinity, strong overlapping between the diffraction peaks, and only a partially known structure.     

Conductivity threshold and kinetics of the phase transition in Fe2O3-Fe3O4 thin films made by chemical vapour deposition

Iron oxide films were made by chemical vapour deposition and annealing post-treatment. Optical and d.c. electrical measurements probed the Fe₂O₃ Fe₃O₄ transition. It could be understood as a thermally activated process, with an activation energy equal to the band-gap of Fe₂O₃. A.c. electrical data gave evidence against the transition being percolative.     

Spinel Phase Relations in the Fe3O4–CuFe2O4 System

Phase equilibria involving spinel solid solutions, delafossite, and hematite in the Fe–Cu–O system are studied by emf measurements in solid-electrolyte galvanic cells. The results demonstrate that, above 1250 K, Fe₃O₄ and CuFe₂O₄ form a continuous series of solid solutions. At lower temperatures, the solid solution disproportionates with the formation of delafossite and Fe₂O₃, and two spinel solid solutions appear: one based on Fe₃O₄ and the other based on Cu₂FeO₄. The compositions of the spinel phases in equilibrium with delafossite and Fe₂O₃ are determined in the range 1100–1250 K.     

Study of magnetoresistance behavior near percolation threshold in CrO2/Fe3O4 binary half-metal composites

The electrical properties and magnetoresistance (MR) of CrO₂/Fe₃O₄ composites with opposite spin polarization have been investigated as a function of CrO₂ content. Experimental results indicate that the conductivity exhibits an abrupt increase when CrO₂ volume fraction ϕ is close to 0.15, where a percolation behavior happens. Magnetoresistance measurement shows a minimum value in the vicinity of percolation threshold at a temperature of 77 K, while this phenomenon cannot be observed at 150 K. Due to spin-dependent tunneling through grain boundary, the reduction in MR at 77 K mainly results from the opposite sign of spin polarizations in the binary half-metal granular CrO₂/Fe₃O₄ composite.     

Sound propagation in 3He-4He mixtures near the superfluid transition

Measurements of the acoustic attenuation and dispersion in liquid ³He-⁴He mixtures near the superfluid transition T (x) are reported. The frequency range is /2gp=1–45 MHz and the ³He mole fraction X of the mixtures is 0.007, 0.05, 0.15, and 0.36. Comparisons are made with the measurements of Buchal and Pobell for similar mixtures obtained in the kHz region, and on the whole, the consistency between the two experiments is very satisfactory. An analysis is then performed using both the kHz and MHz data. In the normal phase, where the energy dissipation is caused by order parameter fluctuations having a lifetime _F , the attenuation data can all be scaled according to the expression = (T )f(_F. Here (T )^1+y, with y being a function of the mole fraction X and _F(T–T )^–x, with x increasing weakly with X. In the superfluid phase, we attempt a similar scaling representation, which is found to be fairly successful, but where x(T\s-T ) is roughly 15% larger than x(T>T ). In the superfluid phase we also analyze the attenuation data, assuming the additivity of relaxation and fluctuation-dissipation mechanism, and discuss the relaxation times so derived. In contrast to the attenuation, the dispersion data cannot be brought satisfactorily into a scaling representation. However, at T , we find U()-U(0)^y as predicted by Kawasaki, where y is in good agreement with the values from attenuation experiments.Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.     

Transport properties in3He-4He mixtures near the superfluid transition

We report measurements of the temperature, density, and concentration gradients in³He-⁴He mixtures, induced by a vertical heat flux. The flat horizontal cell included two superposed capacitors and the density was determined by means of the dielectric constant method. The experiments were carried out on mixtures with mole fractionsX ₃=0.37, 0.15, and 0.05 at saturated vapor pressure, with special emphasis on the region near the superfluid transition. Our measurements under steady-state conditions give the conductivity , the thermal diffusion ratiok _T , and the coefficient of thermal expansion. We describe the singular behavior of these quantities in the neighborhood ofT (X). In the superfluid phase, we test with fair success a relation by Khalatnikov between gradX/ gradT and several static properties. From the relaxation times needed to attain steady-state conditions, and in combination with measured static and transport properties, we obtain in the normal phase the mass diffusionD, which diverges strongly asT is approached. In the superfluid phase, we test successfully a scaled relation that results from the solution of Khalatnikov's hydrodynamic equations. From our data the dispersion relations for scattered light are calculated: _o/q ² in both the normal and the superfluid phases and ₂/q ² in the normal phase.Research supported by NSF grant DMR 8024056.     

纳米Fe3O4磁性颗粒的制备进展

概述了纳米Fe3O4磁性颗粒的制备工艺:机械球磨法、微乳液法、水热法、微乳-水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、沉淀法(共沉淀法、氧化沉淀法、超声沉淀法)、水解法等,归纳了各种制备方法的特点,并对其前景进行了简要评述.     

葡聚糖包覆纳米Fe3O4颗粒的研究

采用化学共沉淀法制备了葡聚糖包覆的纳米Fe3O4颗粒,平均粒径为6nm,包覆层厚度约为3～5nm,纳米Fe3O4粒径分布较窄.红外光谱分析可知,葡聚糖与纳米Fe3O4主要以氢键结合,结合Zeta电位和热重分析,分散作用主要是空间位阻作用,葡聚糖的包覆量约为10%.吸光度测试表明,随着葡聚糖用量的增加,悬浮液的稳定性提高.用量为25%时,悬浮液在室温下静止1周,无分层现象.包覆样的饱和磁化强度为60emu/g,具有良好的超顺磁性.     

Fe3O4纳米粒子的磷酸胆碱仿细胞膜修饰

用水相共沉淀法制备了超顺磁的Fe3O4纳米粒子,并通过Michael加成将2-(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基-2-(三甲基氨基)乙基磷酸酯(MPC)共价键合到氨基化的Fe3O4纳米粒子表面.与未修饰MPC的Fe3O4纳米粒子相比,修饰了MPC的纳米粒子能大大减少蛋白质的非特异性吸附,延长了复钙化凝血时间,并具有良好的生物相容性.     

Ni doped Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles

In this work, the effect of nickel doping on the structural and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is analysed. Ni(x)Fe(3-x)O4 nanoparticles (x = 0, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.11) were obtained by chemical co-precipitation method, starting from a mixture of FeCl2 x 4H2O and Ni(AcO)2 x 4H2O salts. The analysis of the structure and composition of the synthesized nanoparticles confirms their nanometer size (main sizes around 10 nm) and the inclusion of the Ni atoms in the characteristic spinel structure of the magnetite Fe3O4 phase. In order to characterize in detail the structure of the samples, X-ray absorption (XANES) measurements were performed on the Ni and Fe K-edges. The results indicate the oxidation of the Ni atoms to the 2+ state and the location of the Ni2+ cations in the Fe2+ octahedral sites. With respect to the magnetic properties, the samples display the characteristic superparamagnetic behaviour, with anhysteretic magnetic response at room temperature. The estimated magnetic moment confirms the partial substitution of the Fe2+ cations by Ni2+ atoms in the octahedral sites of the spinel structure.     

Unveiling the Origin of Co3O4 Quantum Dots for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

Spinel cobalt oxide displays excellent photocatalytic performance, especially in solar driven water oxidation. However, the process of water reduction to hydrogen is considered as the Achilles’ heel of solar water splitting over Co₃O₄ owing to its low conduction band. Enhancement of the water splitting efficiency using Co₃O₄ requires deeper insights of the carrier dynamics during water splitting process. Herein, the carrier dynamic kinetics of colloidal Co₃O₄ quantum dots-Pt hetero-junctions is studied, which mimics the hydrogen reduction process during water splitting. It is showed that the quantum confinement effect induced by the small QD size raised the conduction band edge position of Co₃O₄ QDs, so that the ligand-to-metal charge transfer from 2p state of oxygen to 3d state of Co²⁺ occurs, which is necessary for overall water splitting and cannot be achieved in Co₃O₄ bulk crystals. The findings in this work provide insights of the photocatalytic mechanism of Co₃O₄ catalysts and benefit rational design of Co₃O₄-based photocatalytic systems.     

Concentration susceptibility of 3He-4He mixtures near the superfluid transition

Measurements of the concentration susceptibility % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4baFfea0dXde9vqpa0lb9% cq0dXdb9IqFHe9FjuP0-iq0dXdbba9pe0lb9hs0dXda91qaq-xfr-x% fj-hmeGabiqaaiaacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacuaHhpWygaacai% abg2da9iabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGVaGaeyOaIyRaeuiLdqKaaiykamaa% BaaaleaacaWGubaabeaaaaa!3C99!\[\tilde \chi = \partial X/\partial \Delta )_T \] are reported for ³He-⁴He mixtures at saturated vapor pressure and at constant mole fraction X(³He) as a function of temperature. Here is the isotopic difference in chemical potentials. The mixtures cover the range from X = 0.60 to X = 0.677. Particular emphasis is given to the region near the lambda line for three mixtures and to the region close to the tricritical point. The method makes use of the vertical concentration gradient induced in the mixture by gravity. This difference X is measured via the dielectric constant over a height of 2 mm using a capacitance technique. The predicted peak of the susceptibility at the superfluid transition is observed and as the tricritical point is approached, this peak is progressively broadened by gravity effects. The data are compared with those from other methods and also with estimations based on calorimetric data for more dilute mixtures. The susceptibility data are transformed into results along a path at constant chemical potential . Sufficiently close to T , these can be fitted to an expression with a weakly singular term, which is consistent with the predictions on the grounds of universality. These predictions are based on the calorimetric data of more dilute mixtures. The width of this critical region is found to be consistent with theoretical estimations by Riedel, Meyer, and Behringer. The tricritical scaling scheme by these authors is tested by the new data and the resulting scaling curve is found to be in reasonable agreement with that obtained from earlier data by Goellner, Behringer, and Meyer, except in the region closest to the tricritical point. There the new data appear to be more consistent with measurements from light scattering. In addition, the concentration susceptibility for more dilute mixtures (0.05 < X < 0.4) is calculated both from calorimetric data and from saturated vapor pressure measurements and the results are found to be internally consistent.Supported by grants from the AFOSR and from the NSF.     

纳米Fe_3O_4/Fe复合磁流变液的流变性

用化学共沉淀法合成了纳米Fe3O4粒子,平均二次粒径为51.2nm,比表面积为109.6m2/g。以合成的纳米Fe3O4粒子与羰基铁粉复合配制了纳米复合磁流变(MR)液,并测定了其流变性。结果显示:纳米复合MR液对温度比较稳定;复合MR液在接近零场的低磁场强度下表现为牛顿流体,随着磁场强度提高转变为非牛顿流体;反复加载或撤除磁场,具有"开/关"特性,响应迅速,施加磁场时的响应时间Δt约为50～100ms,撤退磁场时约为100～150ms。     

Fe3O4磁性颗粒的表面改性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法对超细磁性颗粒表面改性以包覆SiO2的保护层,研究制备适用于磁性液体、具有可耐特殊条件的纳米磁性颗粒的改性方法,以适应特殊环境对磁性液体的性能要求,并对表面改性后的磁性颗粒进行了组成和性能的测试.     

Fabrication of shape controlled Fe3O4 nanostructure

Shape-controlled Fe₃O₄ nanostructure has been successfully prepared using polyethylene glycol as template in a water system at room temperature. Different morphologies of Fe₃O₄ nanostructures, including spherical, cubic, rod-like, and dendritic nanostructure, were obtained by carefully controlling the concentration of the Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, and the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol. Transmission Electron Microscope images, X-ray powder diffraction patterns and magnetic properties were used to characterize the final product. This easy procedure for Fe₃O₄ nanostructure fabrication offers the possibility of a generalized approach to the production of single and complex nanocrystalline oxide with tunable morphology.