长江流域湖库富营养化与防治对策研究

在分析湖泊水库富营养化的形成,富营养化的危害和影响基础上,结合长江流域湖泊水库富营养化现状,提出了长江流域防治湖泊水库水体富营养化是一项复杂的系统工程,需加快点源治理,削减入湖污染负荷;加强面源污染控制,减少氮磷入湖量;加大内源污染治理力度,改善湖库水体理化条件;推进生态修复技术,合理制定调度及管理方案;强化科技支撑作用,加强监测与预警等措施。     

云南高原湖泊的治理与保护

造成云南省湖泊污染的污染源有点源、面源、内源三类。主要污染物中,氮、磷、悬浮物主要来自面源及城镇生活点源,有机污染物来自点源和面源的比重相当。本文通过对湖泊污染来源的分析,提出了对各类污染源的治理措施。     

湖泊水库水体富营养化的危害及污染控制措施

湖泊水库富营养化不仅破坏了水域生态环境,影响水质理化指标,同时富营养化藻类大量繁殖产生毒素还会影响水域环境、周围环境,造成水生动物及引用水的人、畜等中毒,影响城市供水。富营养化的诸多危害警示人员重视水域环境,控制污染。本文湖泊水库富营养化的危害及可能造成危害的外源污染（点源污染、面源污染）及内源污染的控制措施进行综述。     

水源富营养化问题及危害

1　水体富营养化现状市政及工业点源污染、农业面源污染中氮磷营养盐进入相对封闭的水域后, 在阳光照射下, 极易导致水体富营养化。纵观全球, 几乎所有湖泊和其他娱乐水体都存在着不同程度的富营养化问题, 藻类水华爆发 (algal blooms) 则是许多富营养化湖泊和水体面临的挑战, 世界各大洲自然水域、河流、湖泊 (水库) 及沿海水域均存在不同程度的富营养化问题, 而且大部分地区还相当严重。根据金相灿的研究成果, 我国主要的淡水湖除处于人烟稀少地区的原始状态的部分湖泊外, 其营养盐水平基本上达到了富营养化发生的标准浓度,水体的富营养化…     

常熟市昆承湖生态修复对策

结合历史数据和现状调查,对常熟市昆承湖水下地形、沉积物、污染源和湖泊水环境质量现状进行了研究。结果显示昆承湖水体都达到富营养化阶段。面临的主要问题有湖泊生态系统退化、点源污染、面源污染、城镇生活污水、渔业养殖污染和河网水体污染等。提出了污染综合防治、河口强化净化型湿地建设、生态护坡与湖滨带湿地建设、湖区养殖围网拆除、清淤与湖盆形态修复、湖区植被恢复与生态修复和湖泊生态管理等一系列整治对策。     

巢湖蓝藻爆发治理现状及目标对策

通过考察、访问、查询等方式收集资料,综合分析治理巢湖消除蓝藻爆发的成效、存在的问题及原因,提出治理巢湖的目标和相应的技术集成措施。在治理成效方面:通过控制外源和清除内源污染,使入湖河道水质改善,巢湖水质提升,由劣Ⅴ类提升为Ⅴ类;水面蓝藻的堆积程度有所减轻。在存在问题方面:控制外源和内源污染的力度不够;巢湖现状水质距目标Ⅲ类要求仍有相当距离,蓝藻爆发仍很严重。治理目标:建议2025—2035年期间分水域消除巢湖蓝藻爆发。保障措施:深入推进河长制湖长制,把治理巢湖融入长江大保护战略中,加大科研力度,重新修编巢湖治理方案。创新治理巢湖技术集成思路:(1)治理富营养化:控源截污,提高污水处理能力和污水厂处理标准,积极治理工业、生活、规模畜禽养殖等点源污染和农业农村等面源污染;减少内源,主要是清除蓝藻和湖底淤泥。(2)除藻:全面打捞清除水面水体和水底的蓝藻。(3)恢复湿地:大规模恢复沿岸等水域湿地,以人工修复促进自然修复,使巢湖植被覆盖率由5%恢复至原来的25%～30%。研究分析表明,只有建立消除蓝藻爆发的目标,在分水域治理基础上将现有的控源、除藻、生态修复等各类技术进行集成创新,才能消除巢湖蓝藻爆发。     

浅水湖泊内源污染治理探索与实践

在外源污染得到有效控制的情况下,湖泊内源污染治理将成为湖泊生态保护与修复的重点。底泥是湖泊内源污染的主要贡献者,生态清淤是控制湖泊内源污染的重要手段,清淤范围、清淤深度以及清淤方案的设置将直接影响湖泊内源污染治理的效果。文章选取具有典型代表性的浅水湖泊——钟祥市南湖,通过工程实践,确定适宜的清淤范围、工艺、方法、设备、二次污染防治和淤泥资源化利用方案,开展生态清淤工作,并取得了良好的效果,为浅水湖泊内源污染治理提供参考和借鉴。     

湖泊富营养化成因及其综合治理技术进展

湖泊富营养化将直接导致水质下降,功能减退,水生态系统失衡;富营养的治理至今尚无一个湖泊实现水质和生态的完全恢复,即富营养化是一个不可逆过程。本文在分析了湖泊富营养化的现状、成因和危害的基础上,提出了湖泊富营养化的治理对策:严格控制外源污染,逐步去除内源污染,通过物理、化学和生物抑藻技术辅助抑藻;利用生物、生态方法,依靠水生态系统的自然规律,结合人工强化措施进行湖泊富营养化的生态修复。同时指出,采取污染源控制和生态修复是最根本、有效的治理方法,符合可持续发展的要求,也将是今后富营养化治理的发展方向。     

太湖湖内综合治理技术

太湖流域水污染严重，加强治理刻不容缓，除加强陆域污染源（工业点源，生活污水，农业面源）治理外，湖内生态治理已是关键。对污染底泥采用生态疏浚，清除表层0～40cm高营养盐含量的表层沉积物，减轻底泥释放的二次污染，依据陆生植物的养分吸收特点，条用水上种植技术净化富营养化水体，美化水域景观，加强对流域湖泊湿地，河流湿地和河口湿地的保护和建设，实施滨湖水生植被修复是行之有效的措施。     

我国湖泊水环境问题与水生态系统修复的探讨

随着全球气候变暖和人类对湖泊资源的不合理开发利用及污染物的大量排放,我国湖泊出现面积萎缩与干涸,富营养化加剧,淤塞严重,水生态系统退化,生物多样性受损等问题。针对湖泊水环境问题,总结了湖泊生态系统修复的实践,从截断外源污染和控制内源污染两方面提出了修复措施,并进一步给出了修复的对策与建议。     

大汶河污染现状及其治理措施

阐述大汶河污染对南水北调东线工程水质的危害 ,分析大汶河主要的污染来源。为实现大汶河水质控制目标 ,必须从管理措施和工程措施两方面着手 ,即提高认识 ,深化改革 ,以法治污 ;从末端治理转为源头治理 ;建设好污水处理厂 ,集中处理城市污水 ;治理河道污泥 ;发展生态农业 ,治理面源污染 ;划定大汶河水生态环境保护区。     

加强水环境污染防治基础研究的若干建议

提出当前研究水环境污染防治的重点应关注湖泊富营养化发生及水华暴发机理与调控研究。指出在环境保护和治理方面基础理论研究严重不足 ,而缺少基础理论知识的任何治理方法只能是治标不治本。对湖泊研究和流域研究提出独到的思路。     

富营养化综合防治调控指标探讨

通过分析富营养化发生机理和富营养化防治的主要调控指标 ,在常规以营养盐为富营养化控制性水质指标的基础上 ,引入临界水流流态概念。建议建立一套包括水质和水流流态等富营养化综合评价指标体系 ,对湖泊水库富营养化进行多目标防治研究。     

长江流域水体富营养化演化驱动机制及防控对策

富营养化已成为长江流域河流、湖泊与水库面临的共性问题,基于近10 a来长江流域水质状况、营养物质含量、水文泥沙过程、富营养化评价指数等数据及相关历史文献,分析了长江流域水体富营养化现状及演化趋势,以典型河流、水库与湖泊为例,剖析了长江流域水体富营养化驱动机制。结果表明:①长江流域水体富营养化程度为河流水库湖泊,上游四川盆地与中游江汉平原是长江流域富营养化湖泊与水库的主要聚集区。②近10 a来,中度富营养化湖泊比例从2009年的31.3%增加至2018年的42.7%,水库营养水平正从中营养向轻度富营养快速发展。③长江流域水体营养充足,受闸坝建设运行影响,流速减缓、流量偏枯,水体交换慢与河湖连通性差是河流、水库与湖泊富营养化的重要驱动力。为防控水体富营养化,建议监测重要控制断面氮磷浓度与通量,加强农田灌溉退水与水产养殖废水排放管理,开展流域水、沙、营养物质耦合输送调控。     

我国湖泊存在的生态问题

随着社会经济的不断发展,我国湖泊普遍存在着湖泊圈围,库容减少;湖泊违法采砂、违章取土,屡禁不止;护岸裁弯取直,流态单一;直立式硬化河坡,植物多样性缺失;硬化湖岸,景色单调;过度建设生态湿地,舍本逐末;不当养殖水生物,易造成生态灾难;湖泊富营养化严重,污染治理治标不治本等问题。这些行为严重影响了湖泊的水环境、水生态、水旅游的发展,甚至危及近岸海洋生态系统生存、繁衍,呈现亚健康、不健康状态,威胁了近海湖泊的可持续发展。应该加强法制教育,加强涉水工作者的水环境意识,建设亲水湖岸;减少水污染,减少末端治理。     

Basis for the protection and management of tropical lakes

Management of lakes for the protection of water quality, aquatic life and other uses must be approached somewhat differently in the tropics from how it is approached at temperate latitudes. More than half of all tropical lakes are accounted for by natural river lakes or reservoirs. Therefore, degradation of water quality in rivers will have direct negative effects on the majority of lakes in the tropics. Also, regulation of rivers, which is one result of river impoundment, is a potential cause of damage to river lakes. Tropical lakes are more sensitive than temperate lakes to increases in nutrient supply and show higher proportionate changes in water quality and biotic communities in response to eutrophication. Tropical lakes are especially prone to loss of deep‐water oxygen, and in order to maintain ecological stasis therefore require more stringent regulation of organic and nutrient loading than temperate lakes. Nutrient containment must be more strongly oriented toward nitrogen, the most probable limiting nutrient in tropical lakes, than has been the case at temperate latitudes. However, phosphorus control is also important. Nitrogen management may be more feasible in the tropics because of high temperature, which is one of the critical conditions for efficient denitrification. Planktonic and benthic communities of the tropics bear a close resemblance, both in composition and diversity, to those of temperate latitudes; there is no parallel to the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity that is characteristic of terrestrial ecosystems. Foci of biodiversity, which require special attention, include the endemic species of ancient lakes and the diverse fish communities of very large rivers. The latter are an especially valuable untapped economic resource, but face severe impairment due to hydrological regulation and pollution of rivers. Effective management programs for tropical lakes will focus on interception of nutrients, protection of aquatic habitats from invasive species, and minimization of hydrological changes in rivers to which lakes are connected. In the absence of protective management, tropical lakes will decline greatly in their utility for water supply, production of commercially useful species, and recreation.     

国内湖泊水质污染及富营养化治理

湖泊水质污染及生态恢复是我国当前水环境保护所面临的主要问题。在国内湖泊富营养化防治调研的基础上,对我国重点治理的“三湖”水环境状况及治理对策进行了总结与分析,提出国内湖泊治理存在的问题和对策,以及官厅水库水污染防治应注意的问题。     

Phosphorus recovery as struvite from eutropic waters by XDA-7 resin

Phosphorus releases into aquatic environment and its subsequent contribution to eutrophication have resulted in a widespread global pollution issue. However, phosphorus is a non-renewable source. The potential supplies of phosphorus are decreasing worldwide. Therefore, removal and recovery of phosphorus from the eutropic waters is important, emergent and necessary. In this research, experiments for recovering phosphate from eutropic waters by anion exchange combined with struvite precipitation were conducted. The results indicated that the prepared XDA-7 resin was an effective adsorbent for phosphate. The adsorption isotherm of XDA-7 resin was found to be a modified Freundlich type. The maximum phosphate adsorption (20.9 mg/g) occurred in the pH range of 6.0-8.0. Phosphate adsorbed on the XDA-7 resin was effectively desorbed with 8% NaCl solution, and the resin was able to be regenerated with 3% NaClO and 4% NaOH solutions. Phosphate desorbed from the resin was recovered as magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite). The obtained struvite was analyzed by acid dissolution method, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The struvite precipitate was found to be 75.8% in purity, a high-value fertilizer.     

Water quality and pollution control

This paper charts the decline in the quality of Japan's water resources from about 1955, and the increasingly energetic measures taken to reverse the trend. The standards set by the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control are described, and their impact to date is assessed. With respect to human health protection the measures taken have been almost wholly successful, but serious problems of environmental pollution remain, especially in lakes and reservoirs. The main countermeasures against water pollution ‐ effluent control, sewerage and night soil treatment facilities, control of pollutants, steps to arrest eutrophication and prevent groundwater contamination ‐ are described. Finally, the special measures adopted and proposed for lakes and reservoirs are outlined.     

水培油菜处理富营养化水体的研究

中国湖区水体环境污染问题日趋严重,典型的污染 形式是面源污染造成的水体富营养化。为此利用水上生物浮岛,探索油菜水上移栽技术,通 过油菜生长代谢吸收水体中的氮磷等,在治理水体污染的同时,将水体中的氮磷等转化成农产品。