Effect of frozen storage of hake,sardine and mixed minces on natural actomyosin extracted in salt solutions

Natural actomyosin extracted in salt solutions from mixtures of hake and sardine minces (3:1; 1:1 and 1:3 w/w) stored frozen for up to 1 year differed in the amount extracted and in the characteristics of the extracts. In the mixed minces the amount of natural actomyosin extracted decreased during frozen storage at a higher rate than that theoretically corresponding to the amount of hake in the mixes. With increasing storage time and proportion of sardine a lower percentage of myosin heavy chain and actin was observed by electrophoresis. An increased size of aggregates was also observed by electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy. The stability of emulsions was enhanced when aggregates appeared in the extracts. The decrease in the amount of natural actomyosin extracted does not explain the changes observed in the texture of the minces during frozen storage. This may indicate that the size of the aggregates unextractable in salt solutions, independently of the type of bonds that bind the proteins in the aggregates, plays an important role in the textural changes observed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of added lipids on the texture of minced hake (Merluccius merluccius L.), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis W.) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus W.) during frozen storage.

The effect of added cod liver oil and oxidized cod liver oil on the measurement of texture in minced hake (Merluccius merluccius L.), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis W.) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus W.) has been measured during frozen storage (-18 degrees C). The results show that added neutral and oxidized lipids, even at high rancidity levels, do not affect shear resistances measured by the Kramer shear-compression cell in non-formaldehyde forming species such as megrim and sardine, over the frozen storage period. However, in a formaldehyde-forming species such as hake, in the presence of neutral and oxidized lipids at the end of the storage period, the values of shear resistances may be lower than in the absence of these lipids, probably owing to formation of less formaldehyde in these cases. Although it is very difficult to estimate the importance of a single compound or group of compounds on texture, these results seem to indicate that formaldehyde is a much more important factor than oxidized lipids in changes of texture in fish.     

Influence of formaldehyde in the formation of fluorescence related to fish deterioration

 In previous studies fluorescence detection at different excitation/emission maxima during common fish processing has been used. A bathochromic shift towards higher wavelength maxima was observed and measured as the ratio between absorption at two of the maxima tested. This fluorescence ratio (δF) value correlates positively with fish damage. In the present work, the influence of formaldehyde (FA) on the value δF was studied. A model system was set up in which FA reacted at 30°C for 25 days with propylamine and fish muscle. It was observed that FA was less able to produce fluorescent compounds compared with common fish oxidation products that were also tested, i. e. propanal and hexanal. However, in the presence of both lipid oxidation aldehydes, the FA-containing mixtures led to a higher δF value. Model systems consisting of FA and fatty fish (sardine) muscle produced more fluorescence than FA and lean fish (cod), because of the formation of lipid oxidation compounds under the reaction conditions of the former systems. It is thus concluded that the presence of FA in a reacting medium enhances fluorescence formation, such that δF be can used as an accurate measure of fish damage. It is thought that measurement of δF in processes such as the freezing of gadoid fish, in which both FA and lipid oxidation are produced, could be of benefit. Received: 23 June 1997     

Lipid changes during long-term storage of canned tuna (Thunnus alalunga)

 In previous studies fluorescence detection at different excitation/emission maxima during common fish processing has been used. A bathochromic shift towards higher wavelength maxima was observed and measured as the ratio between absorption at two of the maxima tested. This fluorescence ratio (δF) value correlates positively with fish damage. In the present work, the influence of formaldehyde (FA) on the value δF was studied. A model system was set up in which FA reacted at 30°C for 25 days with propylamine and fish muscle. It was observed that FA was less able to produce fluorescent compounds compared with common fish oxidation products that were also tested, i. e. propanal and hexanal. However, in the presence of both lipid oxidation aldehydes, the FA-containing mixtures led to a higher δF value. Model systems consisting of FA and fatty fish (sardine) muscle produced more fluorescence than FA and lean fish (cod), because of the formation of lipid oxidation compounds under the reaction conditions of the former systems. It is thus concluded that the presence of FA in a reacting medium enhances fluorescence formation, such that δF be can used as an accurate measure of fish damage. It is thought that measurement of δF in processes such as the freezing of gadoid fish, in which both FA and lipid oxidation are produced, could be of benefit. Received: 23 June 1997     

Relevance of trimethylamine oxide demethylase activity and haemoglobin content to formaldehyde production and texture deterioration in frozen stored minced fish muscle

Minces were prepared from white muscle or fillets of gadoid and non-gadoid fish species. After the addition of blood, kidney or formaldehyde the minces were stored frozen for 6 months at ?8 and ?30°C. Blood and kidney of the gadoid species contained trimethylamine oxide demethylase (TMAOase), whereas in the tissues of the other species no activity of this enzyme could be detected. The formation of dimethylamine (and formaldehyde) was correlated with the TMAOase activity of the added tissues. The concentration of haemoglobin in the minces had no influence on the dimethylamine and formaldehyde production during frozen storage. The formaldehyde production was accompanied by an increase in the firmness of the texture as measured by mechanical and sensory tests.     

Review

Proteins of fish muscle undergo chemical and physical changes during frozen storage which may result in, under certain conditions (i. e. long periods of storage, poor freezing practices, temperature fluctuations, etc), loss of quality, reflected mainly by an unacceptable texture as well as an undesirable flavour, odour and colour. In frozen gadoid fish species, most of these changes are caused by the production of formaldehyde in the muscle. Formaldehyde is produced, along with dimethylamine, by the enzymatic reduction of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). Many aspects of formaldehyde production by TMAO demethylase (TMAOase) have been studied throughout the last decade. In addition, different approaches have been used to investigate the effect of formaldehyde production on protein denaturation and the associated muscle textural changes. Some insight into the reaction between protein and formaldehyde has clarified the possible mechanism of formaldehyde-mediated denaturation. However, evidence of covalent bonding between proteins and formaldehyde, to form crosslinks, has not explained fully the changes observed in fish proteins during frozen storage. The study of cold-induced denaturation of proteins might give new clues for further investigation of the problem. The implications of formaldehyde in toxicological and nutritional issues is also reviewed, as general concern about the safety of food products is a growing field in food science. Finally, different approaches have been proposed to avoid the detrimental action of formaldehyde during frozen storage of gadoid fish; they are some of the practical applications of the knowledge acquired after years of study of different workers in the field.     

EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS ON PROTEIN FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FISH DURING FROZEN STORAGE

Influence of seasonal variation (February, July and October), time elapsed before freezing, and type of processing of the muscle on several functional properties (protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, and viscosity) in two species of fish with differing seasonal behavior (hake and sardine) were studied. Correlations between the changes in these functional properties during frozen storage were established. Although proximate analyses of the hake muscle were similar throughout the year, significant differences were observed in viscosity and protein solubility during storage between lots of fish caught in different seasons. Changes in the functional properties were less evident in sardine, which undergoes wide seasonal variations. The larger differences in the functional proprities of hake muscle, depending on season, were related to differences in the dimethylamine content after the fifth month of frozen storage. High correlations were established between functional properties in fish caught in the same or different seasons. Any of the three functional properties studied can be used as a suitable index of the quality of frozen fish, irrespective of the different conditions studied.     

Chemical,enzymatical and textural changes during marination and storage period of sardine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sardina pilchardus</Emphasis>) marinades

In this study frozen fillets of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) were used to make marinades. The marinating process was performed in 7% acetic acid and 14% sodium chloride in barrels. The fish:solution ratio was (1.5:1). After the marination process, sardine fillets were packed in glass jars in two different formulations fish:solution ratio of (1.5:1); the first formulation contained 2% acetic acid and 4% sodium chloride with tomato sauce and spices and the other was 2% citric acid and 4% sodium chloride with lemon and also the same spices. Pasteurization process had been applied on half of the jars at 70 °C for 20 min. Chemical, enzymatical and textural changes during marination and 6 months storage period of sardine marinades were determined. The results obtained in proteolytic activities correlated well with the observed texture measurements according to time of storage. A decrease in the histidine content and an increase in glutamic acid and aspartic acid contents of marinated sardines were determined. Histamine levels were lower than the toxic limit (100 mg/kg) during the marination and storage period of sardine marinades.     

Effect of added lipids on the texture of minced hake (Merluccius merluccius L.), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis W.) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus W.) during frozen storage

Summary The effect of added cod liver oil and oxidized cod liver oil on the measurement of texture in minced hake (Merlucdus merlucdus L.), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis W.) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus W.) has been measured during frozen storage (–18° C). The results show that added neutral and oxidized lipids, even at high rancidity levels, do not affect shear resistances measured by the Kramer shear-compression cell in non-formaldehyde forming species such as megrim and sardine, over the frozen storage period. However, in a formaldehyde-forming species such as hake, in the presence of neutral and oxidized lipids at the end of the storage period, the values of shear resistances may be lower than in the absence of these lipids, probably owing to formation of less formaldehyde in these cases. Although it is very difficult to estimate the importance of a single compound or group of compounds on texture, these results seem to indicate that formaldehyde is a much more important factor than oxidized lipids in changes of texture in fish.

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Einfluß von zugesetzten Lipiden auf die Konsistenz von zerkleinertem Seehecht (Merlucdus merlucdus L.), Flügelbutt (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis W.) und Sardinen (Sardina pilchardus W.) während der Gefrierlagerung

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von zugesetztem Kabeljauleberöl (CLO) und oxidiertem Kabeljauleberöl (OCLO) auf die Konsistenz von zerkleinertem Fischfleisch aus Seehecht (Merlucdus merlucdus L.), Flügelbutt (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis W.) und Sardine (Sardina pilchardus W.) wurde während der Gefrierlagerung (bei–18 °C) gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß weder der Zusatz von neutralem noch der von oxidiertem Öl, selbst bei erheblicher Ranzigkeit, den Scherwiderstand im Fisch beeinflußt, wenn kein Formaldehyd gebildet wurde. Bei der Fischart aber, die während der Gefrierlagerung Formaldehyd bildet, wie z. B. Seehecht, können die Werte des Scherwiderstandes in Gegenwart von neutralen und oxidierten Lipiden gegen Ende der Lagerperiode niedriger sein als bei Abwesenheit der Lipide; wahrscheinlich wegen verminderter Formaldehydbildung. Obwohl es sehr schwierig ist, die Bedeutung einer einzelnen Verbindung zu bewerten, scheinen diese Ergebnisse zu zeigen, daß Formaldehyd für die Konsistenzveränderungen in tiefgefrorenem Fisch einen viel wichtigeren Faktor darstellt als oxidierte Lipide.

     

Endotoxin and biogenic amine levels in Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and Mediterranean hake (Merluccius merluccius) stored at 22 °C

Whole Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and Mediterranean hake (Merluccius merluccius) from the Croatian Adriatic were stored at 22 °C and changes in histamine, putrescine, tyramine and cadaverine levels were monitored in relation to bacterial endotoxin. After 12 h, histamine levels in sardine were above the legal limit of 50 mg kg^?1, set by the US Food and Drug Administration, and an increase in putrescine content preceded the increase in histamine. After 24 h, histamine contents in mackerel and sardine reached 1090 ± 101 and 577 ± 275 mg kg^?1, respectively, which exceeded the toxic threshold of 500 mg kg^?1. At the same time, the putrescine content was also high in both fish (353–420 mg kg^?1). The time-course of endotoxin production was similar in all fish species stored at 22 °C. A high correlation was found between endotoxin and histamine, and between endotoxin and putrescine in mackerel and sardine. On the other hand, high endotoxin levels in hake, after 24 h, were associated with the low histamine and putrescine content (40–60 mg kg^?1).     

Localization of formaldehyde production during frozen storage of European hake (Merluccius merluccius)

The formation of dimethylamine and formaldehyde from trimethylamine N-oxide by the enzyme trimethylamine N-oxide demethylase in whole hake during frozen storage was studied. The objective was to check if there were parts of the muscle with a higher production of dimethylamine and formaldehyde, and if the presence of kidney during frozen storage had any significant influence on the production. Three variables were examined through one year storage. The first was anatomical location, considering the red muscle and three zones of white muscle, one located right over the kidneys, the dorsal part over the viscera, and the tail. The second variable was the temperature of storage, -11 °C or -18 °C. Finally, the influence of kidneys during storage, comparing fish with and without kidneys, was also evaluated. No differences were found in dimethylamine and formaldehyde production between fish with and without kidneys stored at -18 °C. However at -11 °C the amounts of dimethylamine and formaldehyde detected in fish without kidneys were, in some cases, higher than in those with kidneys. Kidney removal does not have a statistically significant influence on DMA and FA production in frozen storage hake. Differences in dimethylamine and formaldehyde values among different anatomical locations were found, especially in those stored over one year. It was found that, in general, the white muscle located right over the kidneys produced more dimethylamine than other parts of the fish.     

Development of a healthy low-fat fish sausage containing dietary fibre

In order to develop a healthy low-fat fish sausage containing dietary fibre (DF), three fundamental changes were made to an ordinary pork sausage recipe: incorporation of 4% (w/w) of Swelite^® (a DF obtained from inner pea), different levels of pork meat replacement (0%, 50% and 100%) by hake mince and the combination of varying amounts of Fibruline^® (a DF obtained from chicory root) and hake mince (Fibruline: additional hake mince, 2.6:5.2, 5.2:2.6 and 7.8:0.0, % w/w) as a substitute for pork fat. It was found that the addition of Swelite to pork sausage favoured greater gel strength and hardness. On the contrary, increasing levels of pork meat replacement by hake reduced the sausages’ gel strength and hardness. Finally, sausages without pork fat showed promising textural and colour parameters. High-Fibruline sausages were less cohesive and chewable than pork fat sausages (control), but also exhibited a greater gel strength. Low-Fibruline ones presented almost all textural properties similar to the control, with exception of hardness and gumminess. Therefore, regarding some key textural parameters, it was possible to produce low-fat fish sausages similar to the ordinary pork sausages.     

Influence of high-pressure processing on quality attributes of haddock and mackerel minces during frozen storage,and fishcakes prepared thereof

The study focused on assessing quality parameters of haddock and mackerel minces subjected to a high-pressure treatment (HP) at 200 and 300 MPa and frozen storage at −40 °C. Dry matter, water-holding capacity, protein solubility and oxidation, lipid oxidation, microbiological parameters, low molecular weight metabolites (LMW) and color parameters, were analyzed. The texture of fishcakes prepared on the basis of these fish minces was also studied, showing a decrease in firmness along with an increase in pressure. A marked inhibition of microbial growth was observed in fish minces when increasing the pressure level of HP-treatment. However, no significant effect (p < 0.05) on the content of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products was observed between untreated and 300 MPa-pressurized fish samples. The results suggested that HP-treatment could be successfully applied to both lean and fatty fish samples for reduction of microbial growth with minor changes in product quality.Industrial relevance.The application of high pressure (HP) treatment of 200 and 300 MPa could be successfully applied to both lean and fatty fish species before freezing for reduction of microbial growth. The degree of lipid oxidation is decreasing with an increase in pressure as a result of inactivation of prooxidative endogenous enzymes. Fish minces become slightly lighter and softer after HP-treatment conducted at 200 MPa due to denaturation of proteins, thus enhancing sensory properties of fishcakes prepared thereof.     

Effect of pH on fluorescence formation related to fish deterioration

 Earlier studies have investigated fluorescence at different excitation/emission maxima during common types of fish processing. A shift towards higher wavelength maxima was observed and measured as the ratio between two of the maxima tested. This fluorescence ratio (δF) correlated with increased fish damage. The present work is focused on the effect that pH can have on the formation of fluorescent compounds in fish muscle systems. Minced hake muscle was homogenised with 0.1 M phosphate buffer of different pH values (5, 6, 7 and 8) and was stored at 30  °C for up to 30 days. Lipid damage, measured as the δF value of the aqueous reaction medium and the fish lipid extract, indicated little difference between the effect of different pH values under the conditions employed in the present experiment. The effetct of formaldehyde (FA) in the same reaction medium was also evaluated. It was observed that FA had a positive effect on the fluorescence shift occurring in the aqueous reaction medium, so that a higher δF value was observed for pH 7 and pH 8, especially for the latter. It is concluded that changes in the δF value during fish storage and/or processing are of special interest as, in addition to FA formation and lipid oxidation, significant pH increases are expected to occur as a result of damage. Received: 2 February 1998 / Revised version: 6 April 1998     

A Simple Method for Evaluating Textural Changes of Frozen Fish Minces

A simple and objective method for the evaluation of fracture force of frozen fish minces is presented. Fracture force determinations during frozen storage of red hake (Urophycis chuss) minces indicated a relative coefficient of variation of 4.7% and a significant correlation between fracture force data of frozen samples and force of compression data of thawed samples. No significant changes of fracture force of frozen samples have been observed between 2 and 45 days of storage, but fracture force increased five times between 45 and 90 days of frozen storage.     

TIME- TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL QUALITY TESTS FOR FROZEN RED HAKE

Frozen storage life of red hake fillet blocks was estimated by sensory evaluation to be 150 weeks at —20°F, 71 weeks at —5°F, 25 weeks at +5° F, 7.5 weeks at +10°F and 2.7 weeks at +20°F. Shelf life was limited by the development of a tough, fibrous texture and the reaction proceeded at a faster rate at temperatures above +5°F. Dimethylamine content, formaldehyde content and shear force measurement correlated very well with sensory texture score and thus, these objective tests could be useful for predicting textural quality. For product stored at temperatures above —5° F there was good correlation between extractable protein nitrogen and sensory texture score, but this correlation decreased with lower storage tempratures. Trimethylamine oxide content and pH diminished during the early phase of storage and then progressively increased during continued storage. Centrifuged drip as an objective quality test did not appear to be sufficiently sensitive or reliable for assessing textural quality.     

Evolution of capillary zone electrophoresis profiles of methanol soluble compounds during fish chilling: relation to freshness

 A methodology for assessing fish freshness based on the capillary zone electrophoresis analysis of methanol-soluble compounds extracted from white muscle is presented. Two fatty fish species, mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), and two lean species, hake (Merluccius merluccius) and blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), were studied. Peaks were characterized by their retention times and intensities relative to imidazole, and the four species showed similar electrophoretic profiles. The intensity of peaks with short retention times decreased during chilling storage, and that of peaks with longer retention times increased during storage. The variability and calibration of the instrumental method were established by correlation analysis with the time of chilling and sensory measurements. Received: 22 April 1999 / Revised version: 9 July 1999     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on mortality and allergenicity of Anisakis simplex L3 and on muscle properties of infested hake

BACKGROUND: High pressure (HP) ranging from 100 to 350 MPa (1–15 min) was applied to Anisakis simplex larvae and parasitised hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle. The aim of the study was to kill the larvae to prevent human anisakidosis, to evaluate the effect on A. simplex allergens and to minimally alter fish muscle quality. RESULTS: The larvae were killed at pressures ≥ 200 MPa and times ≥ 1 min, producing alterations in the larva body and ruptures in the cuticle when observed by scanning electron microscopy. Nevertheless, Ani s 4 and A. simplex crude antigens were recognised by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry at all HPs assayed. Small changes in colour and texture were observed in fish muscle under all pressure/time conditions. Major changes were observed visually at 300 MPa, where the muscle appeared as slightly cooked. Apparent viscosity of muscle homogenates decreased significantly at longer times or higher applied pressure. No changes were detected at 200 MPa in the electrophoretic pattern of proteins treated with or without β‐mercaptoethanol, suggesting that disulfide bonds were not formed. CONCLUSION: Application of HP at 200 MPa for up to 5 min would kill A. simplex larvae, avoiding infestation of the consumer and causing small changes in the hake muscle perceived sensorially. However, HP‐treated A. simplex‐parasitised fish would still be a potential hazard for consumers allergic to the larvae. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of rosemary and sage tea extract on biogenic amines formation of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) fillets

Natural antimicrobials and antioxidants from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage tea (Salvia officinalis) were produced using solvent extraction method. The effect of two extracts on ammonia (AMN) and biogenic amines (BAs) formation in vacuum packed sardine (Sardina pilchardus) fillets stored at 3 ± 1 °C was investigated for 20 days. Although the effect of extracts was dependent on specific amine and storage time, phenolic compounds from rosemary and sage tea generally resulted in lower AMN and BAs accumulation in sardine muscle. Putrescine (PUT) and cadaverine (CAD) were the most abundant amines, while histamine (HIS) concentration ranged from 2.05 to 28.77 mg 100g^?1. Rosemary and sage tea extracts significantly reduced HIS, PUT, CAD and trimethylamine accumulation in the fish muscle (P < 0.05) while stimulating effect of extracts was observed on serotonin and agmatine formation. At the end of the storage period, PUT and CAD contents of control were 100‐fold higher than those of treated groups.     

高效液相色谱法测定米粉中次硫酸氢钠甲醛(吊白块)

少数米粉加工者违法加入次硫酸氢钠甲醛(吊白块)起到漂白、增色、改善食品口感及防腐等作用,但次硫酸氢钠甲醛可引起肺水肿、肝、肾充血及血管周围水肿,甚至可能致癌.利用高效液相色谱法可测定米粉中的次硫酸氢钠甲醛,确保消费者食用的米粉质量安全.该方法中样品经酸性溶液提取次硫酸氢钠甲醛分解得到的甲醛,与衍生试剂2,4-二硝基苯肼发生反应,经优化试验确定衍生时间为20min衍生效果最好,正己烷提取衍生产物,利用高效液相色谱测定,试验条件确定为乙腈 ∶水(60:40),流速为0.8mL/min,分离效果最好,利用标准甲醛衍生物保留时间对照定性,标准曲线定量测定次硫酸氢钠甲醛含量.该方法检出限为0.1μg/g,回收率在88.2%96.1%.本文通过100份米粉样品的检测表明该法分析米粉中的次硫酸氢钠甲醛准确度和精密度均能满足检测工作要求,适合于大批量米粉中的次硫酸氢钠甲醛的测定.