代表性热带水果及其废弃物提取液的抑菌效果研究

目的研究热带水果(火龙果、杨桃、菠萝、芒果、荔枝、龙眼、绿橙和莲雾)以及水果废弃物(龙眼壳、荔枝壳、龙眼核、香蕉皮、火龙果皮、菠萝蜜芯和菠萝蜜仁)的乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和正己烷溶剂提取液对沙门氏菌、单增李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌O157:H7的抑菌活性。方法采用平板打孔法测量抑菌圈的大小,以表示提取液的抑菌活性。通过测量菌株生长曲线,确定提取液对细菌的生长抑制率。结果乙醇、丙酮提取液的抑菌效果均较好。提取液对单增李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌O157:H7抑菌效果最好。火龙果、芒果和菠萝提取液的抑菌效果最好。菠萝提取液的最小抑菌稀释比例为1/10,其他提取液为1/100。碱性条件下,龙眼壳提取液抑菌活性增强,其他提取液在酸性条件下抑菌活性较强。各类提取液具有较好的耐热性。火龙果、芒果、菠萝的乙醇提取液中金黄色葡萄球菌的生长明显受到抑制,提取液可改变该菌的细胞膜渗透性。结论芒果、菠萝、龙眼壳、火龙果、火龙果皮、莲雾、荔枝壳、龙眼核、菠萝蜜芯和菠萝蜜仁的提取液具有一定抑菌活性。火龙果、芒果、菠萝的乙醇提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌有明显抑制作用并可破坏细胞膜渗透性,为有效防控食源性致病菌提供了基础数据。     

Bioavailability and metabolism of chlorogenic acids (acyl‐quinic acids) in humans

Acyl‐quinic acids (chlorogenic acids) are produced by many plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbal remedies, with coffee and maté particularly rich dietary sources. Epidemiological and intervention studies suggest that they can reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review addresses their metabolic handling after oral consumption to provide a mechanistic basis to explain their possible effects on health. Intact acyl‐quinic acids are absorbed only to a small extent in the small intestine, but the cinnamic acids are efficiently absorbed after hydrolysis by either digestive or microbial enzymes in the colon. Metabolism results in phenolic conjugates in the blood and urine, but varying dependent on the acyl‐quinic acid, and subject to significant interperson variability. The balance between hydrogenation and complete β‐oxidation of the cinnamic acids, both by liver and gut microbiota, determines the profile of metabolites. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that some metabolites are bound to human serum albumin and/or sequestered in tissues, and some exhibit biological activity in vitro, consistent with proposed protective action in vivo. Significant gaps in the literature include lack of plasma and urinary data for free‐living individuals, and pharmacokinetic data for groups who consume coffee or maté at regular short intervals. Data are required for cis isomers. There is a critical need for precise urinary biomarkers of consumption of acyl‐quinic acids, accounting for variability in individual metabolism and in beverage composition, thus facilitating better translation of urinary metabolite measurements into accurate coffee consumption data to improve the outcomes of future epidemiological and intervention studies.     

Determination of caffeic and chlorogenic acids and their derivatives in different sunflower seeds

Five different genotypes (Tesoro, Marko, Clip, Vyp‐70 and Nanta) of sunflower seeds were studied and the phenolic compositions of their kernel and hull were characterised by HPLC and MS techniques. The main phenolic compounds present in both the kernel and hull are chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and two caffeoylquinic derivatives. Both derivatives were characterised by partial alkaline hydrolysis and LC/MS. The four phenolic compounds present in the kernel ranged from 94.6% (genotype Clip) to 99.3% (genotype Marko) of the total phenolic compounds of the whole seed. Therefore the dehulling of the seed scarcely improves its nutritional value. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

杜仲雄花及花茶中绿原酸含量分析

用高效液相色谱法测定杜仲雄花茶加工前后绿原酸的含量变化。色谱条件Kromasil-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5.0μm);流动相乙腈-0.4%磷酸(8∶92);检测波长327nm;流速1.0mL·min-1;柱温25℃。绿原酸对照品在0.05～0.55μg范围内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.95%,RSD为1.61%,提取方法为50%甲醇加热回流30min。该方法准确、简捷,可用于杜仲雄花茶加工过程中绿原酸的含量控制。     

热带亚热带果蔬渗透脱水研究进展

从渗透脱水的影响因素、渗透脱水对热带亚热带果蔬的影响以及渗透脱水传质动力学三个方面综述了果蔬渗透脱水的研究进展,其中重点介绍了渗透脱水的影响因素,同时对果蔬渗透脱水技术的局限性及其应用前景进行了探讨。     

热带水果混合果酱的研制

利用非洲布隆迪盛产的香蕉,配梧木瓜,芒果等其它热带水果,经科学试验,制定了合理的配方和制作工艺,开发出受欢迎的果酱产品。     

The chlorogenic acids content of coffee substitutes

This paper reports the chlorogenic acids content of unroasted chicory root and eleven coffee substitutes which contain either chicory or dandelion. Unroasted chicory root contained CQA and diCQA but at a much lower level than green coffee beans. In the roasted products only 5-CQA was found consistently and 4-CQA occasionally at levels approximately two orders of magnitude lower than in the corresponding roasted coffee products. The roasted substitutes were characterised chromatographically by very large amounts (some 80 to 95% of total chromatogram area) of rapidly eluting material. The chromatograms of most substitutes were characterised by a peak provisionally identified as 5-hydroxymethyl furfural.     

离子交换色谱法测定10种热带水果中的葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖

建立了高效阴离子交换-脉冲安培检测（High performance anion exchange-pulsed amperometric detection,HPAE-PAD）测定火龙果、莲雾、牛油果等10种热带水果中葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖的检测方法。热带水果中的多糖经超声萃取后,用METROSEP CARB 1（150 mm×4.0 mm）色谱柱进行分离,以30.0 mmol/L Na OH为流动相,等度洗脱,用安培检测器检测,18 min可完成对样品多糖的分离和定量分析。经测定,葡萄糖和蔗糖的检出限分别为0.1209μg/m L和0.2827μg/m L,线性范围为1.0⁷0.0μg/m L;果糖的检出限为0.5501μg/m L,线性范围为5.0⁸0.0μg/m L。样品溶液连续5次进样,3种糖的相对标准偏差为0.67%⁷.04%,平均回收率为78.70%¹17.75%。该方法前处理简单、选择性好、灵敏度高,可用于热带水果中可溶性糖的测定。      

全酶解法提取杜仲叶中绿原酸及其含量测定

采用酸性蛋白酶、果胶酶和纤维素酶分步酶解提取杜仲叶中的绿原酸,并经高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其中的绿原酸含量。杜仲叶经过酸性蛋白酶、果胶酶、纤维素酶的分步连续酶解后,测得杜仲粉样品中的绿原酸总含量可达到61.8 μg/g,其中酸性蛋白酶、果胶酶和纤维素酶提取杜仲粉中绿原酸含量分别为26.4 μg/g、20.5 μg/g、14.9 μg/g,明显高于水提法(12.2 μg/g)。     

多倍体金银花与二倍体金银花不同部位提取物的抑菌作用及绿原酸含量的比较研究

目的:测定多倍体和二倍体金银花、叶和茎中绿原酸的含量,研究其提取物的抑菌作用。方法:高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定法。多倍体金银花、叶、茎中绿原酸含量分别为:7.76%、4.61%、0;二倍体为:5.97%、3.94%、0。多倍体金银花、叶提取物对大肠杆菌、藤黄八叠球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC分别为:250、500、500、500、250、500μg/g,二倍体为:500、1000、500、500、500、1000μg/g。结论:多倍体金银花、叶中绿原酸的含量比二倍体金银花、叶有显著性的提高,多倍体金银花提取物的抑菌作用强于二倍体金银花提取物。多倍体金银花比二倍体金银花具有更高的开发价值。     

Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of selected tropical fruits from Malaysia,extracted with different solvents

The antioxidant capacity and phenol content of three tropical fruits pulps, namely, honey pineapple, banana and Thai seedless guava, were studied. Three solvent systems were used (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three different concentrations (50%, 70% and 90%) and with 100% distilled water. The antioxidant capacity of the fruit extracts was evaluated using a ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay and the free radical-scavenging capacity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging assays. The efficiency of the solvents used to extract phenols from the three fruits varied considerably. The polyphenol content of Thai seedless guava was 123 to 191 gallic acid equivalents/100 g (GAE/100 g), that of pisang mas was 24.4 to 72.2 GAE/100 g, and that of honey pineapple was 34.7 to 54.7 GAE/100 g. High phenol content was significantly correlated with high antioxidant capacity.     

高效液相色谱法测定马铃薯中绿原酸和原儿茶酸

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定马铃薯块茎中绿原酸和原儿茶酸的含量,并测定了两种马铃薯贮藏期间绿原酸、原儿茶酸含量的变化。方法:采用高效液相色谱法梯度洗脱,使用反相C18色谱柱,以1%甲酸水溶液和100%甲醇为流动相,流速为0.8 m L/min,柱温:40℃,在326、280 nm波长处分别对绿原酸和原儿茶酸进行测定。结果:绿原酸、原儿茶酸分别在50~500、200~1000μg/m L范围内与峰面积线性良好,相关系数分别为0.9999、0.9992;精密度RSD均小于0.35%,稳定性RSD均小于1.68%,绿原酸、原儿茶酸重复性RSD分别为2.07%、3.58%,绿原酸、原儿茶酸平均加样回收率分别为98.29%、97.81%,RSD分别为1.46%、1.31%(n=5)。结论:该方法线性范围宽,分离效果好,快速、准确,可用于马铃薯块茎中绿原酸和原儿茶酸含量的测定。      

Radical scavenging and anti‐proliferative capacity of three freeze‐dried tropical fruits

Tropical fruits are rich in antioxidant and anticancer phytochemicals, but their nutraceutical potential could be enhanced by drying technologies. Mango cv. Ataulfo, papaya cv. Maradol and pineapple cv. Esmeralda ripe pulps were freeze‐dried (?42 °C, 0.12 torr, 48 h) and their physicochemical and phytochemical profile, radical scavenging and antiproliferative capacity evaluated. The content of soluble solids, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid was higher in mango (16.1^oBrix, 9.9 mg GAE per g and 9.6 mg g^?1) than in papaya/pineapple, but the later had more flavonoids (0.45 ± 0.05 mg QE per g). A fruit‐specific phenolic profile was detected by HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS, being shikimic (mango), chlorogenic (papaya), and protocatechuic (pineapple) acids the most abundant. Mango was the strongest radical scavenger and showed antiproliferative capacity (IC₅₀, μg mL^?1) in RAW 264.7 (100.7), HeLa (193.1) and L929 (138.5) cell lines. Papaya and pineapple extracts showed no antiproliferative activity. Freeze‐dried mango is a ready‐to‐eat functional food with better cancer preventing properties than papaya or pineapple.     

金银花饮料中绿原酸HPLC法的测定

目的建立金银花饮料中绿原酸含量的HPLC测定方法。方法采用ODS柱(C18,4.6mm×250,5μm),用乙腈:0.1%磷酸(15∶85)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,紫外检测波长327nm。结果在选定的实验条件下,绿原酸在0.197～1.182μg的范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9998,平均回收率为98.38%,RSD=0.88%(n=6)。结论此法简单、快速、准确,可作为该产品的质量测定方法。     

QuEChERS-HPLC测定柚类果实中柠檬苦素类化合物

建立了柠檬苦素类化合物的QuEChERS-HPLC检测方法,同时测定了不同品种柚类果实中柠檬苦素、诺米林、黄柏酮3种柠檬苦素类化合物含量。样品经乙腈均质超声提取,离心后取上清液,用QuEChERS净化管净化,通过CAPCELL PAK C₁₈ MG色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)梯度洗脱分离,检测波长为210 nm,二极管阵列检测器。结果表明,方法在0.10～200μg/mL线性良好,相关系数大于0.999,平均回收率为99.0%～100.3%,相对标准偏差为1.0%～2.1%。柚类果实不同品种以及不同果实组织部位中3种柠檬苦素类化合物含量差异显著。该研究可为柠檬苦素类化合物在食品和医药等领域的利用研究提供参考。     

绿原酸影响氨基酸消减丙烯酰胺的研究

绿原酸是马铃薯中的主要酚酸。试验将丙烯酰胺分别与7种氨基酸进行高温加工处理,研究添加绿原酸对体系中丙烯酰胺消减的影响。结果表明,绿原酸促进丙烯酰胺的消减。加入绿原酸在160℃反应30 min后,丙烯酰胺消减率显著提高,为9.58%(天冬酰胺)～33.46%(半胱氨酸)。采用甘氨酸/丙烯酰胺体系,进一步研究绿原酸添加量、加热温度和时间对丙烯酰胺消减的影响,发现丙烯酰胺消减率随绿原酸添加量、加热温度的增加和时间的延长而提高。绿原酸与丙烯酰胺物质的量比25∶1,180℃反应60 min后,丙烯酰胺消减率达到66.9%。     

Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: A review,Part 2: Applications,economic, and environmental aspects of biorefinery via supercritical fluid extraction

The global trade of tropical fruits is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. In 2018, the production was approximately 100 million tones, an increase of 3.3% compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization, every year one-third of the food produced in the world for human consumption is lost or wasted. More specifically, around 45% of the fruits, constituted mainly by peels, seeds, and pulps after juice extraction, are discarded mainly in the agricultural and processing steps. Therefore, decreasing and/or using these byproducts, which are often rich in bioactive components, have become an important focus for both the scientific community and the fruit processing industry. In this line, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology is expected to play a significant role in the valorization of these byproducts. This review presents the concepts of a tropical fruit biorefinery using supercritical CO₂ extraction and the potential applications of the isolated fractions. There is a specific focus on the extraction of bioactive compounds, that is, carotenoids and phenolics, but also oils and other valuable molecules. Moreover, the techno-economic and environmental performance is assessed. Overall, the biorefinery of tropical fruits via SFE provides new opportunities for development of food and pharmaceutical products with improved economic and environmental performance.     

Ascorbic acid content in exotic fruits: A contribution to produce quality data for food composition databases

Ascorbic acid (AA) is a water-soluble vitamin mainly present in fruits and vegetables. Food Composition Databases (FCDB) provide detailed information on nutritionally important components in foods. However, in some FCDB there is a significant lack of information on vitamin C content. The aim of this study is to produce new data for FCDB by measuring the AA content in 26 types of exotic fruits and to evaluate the nutritional value of these fruits as a source of vitamin C. In this study, the analytical method used to measure ascorbic acid content is an economic, rapid and previously validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Ascorbic acid content per 100 g of edible portion ranged between 0.925 ± 0.018 mg for kiwano and 117 ± 1.64 mg for arbutus. For all the analyzed exotic fruits and considering a mean daily consumption of 100 g/day, twelve of them provide more than 30% of the Dietary Reference Intake. About a quarter of the analyzed exotic fruits are not found in any of the five FCDB considered in this study. The worldwide global market is expanding the production and consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, mostly exotic, increasing the need of updating the food composition databases with high quality data. The analytical results obtained in this study are an important source of reliable data to be included in the Portuguese food composition database.     

Seasonal variations in the chlorogenic acids content of tea

Quantitative estimation of chlorogenic acids in tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) at different stages of its development and during the harvesting season by application of thin layer chromatography has revealed that the stem contains the highest concentration of the acids. The concentration of the acids in plucking shoots, which comprise the terminal two leaves and the growing bud, varies during the harvesting season and is maximum in the monsoon season.     

超声浸提-高效液相色谱法测定刺三加叶中绿原酸

建立超声浸提-高效液相色谱法快速测定刺三加叶中绿原酸含量的方法。选择ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液（15∶85,V/V）为流动相,检测波长为327 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30 ℃。结果表明,绿原酸在0.08～4.16 μg/mL质量浓度范围内与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系（相关系数R2＝0.999 6）,检测限为0.007 μg/mL,平均加样回收率为99.84%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.53%。该方法操作简便快捷、灵敏,结果准确,且具有良好的稳定性、重复性和准确性,可用于刺三加叶中绿原酸的含量测定。