Changes in chemical composition and nutritional quality of fried sardine (Clupea pilchardus) produced by frozen storage and microwave reheating

Modifications in proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids and –SH groups content, as well as changes in solubility and nutritional quality of protein, were studied in fillets of sardine (Clupea pilchardus) that had been successively pan-fried, frozen stored and reheated by two different means, namely conventional oven and microwave oven. Upon pan-frying in olive oil the sardine absorbed C18: 1(n-9) and C18: 2(n-6) and lost saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); this loss continued upon reheating, and as a consequence the percentage of MUFA increased compared to the just-fried sardine. A loss of water was observed during all processes. Upon frying there was a decrease of cyst(e)ine. Upon reheating by both microwave and conventional oven, methionine decreased; however, cyst(e)ine only decreased with the use of a conventional oven. A loss of –SH groups was recorded during frying and this phenomenon continued upon reheating. Biological value (BV) together with net protein utilisation (NPU) decreased upon both frying and reheating. © 1997 SCI.     

“万宝一号”黑米中铁的相对生物利用率研究

为了评价“万宝一号”黑米中铁的可利用程度，本文采用动物血红蛋白恢复实验法，研究了黑米铁的相对生物利用率。将贫血模型复制成功的大鼠，分为Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ．Ｄ，Ｅ，Ｆ和七组。Ａ组喂低铁基础饲料，作为阴性对照组；Ｂ，Ｃ，Ｄ三组，在低铁基础饲料上，分别加铁６，１２，２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，作为阳性对照组；Ｅ组加黑米；Ｆ组加黑米和熟瘦猪肉；Ｇ组加黑米和维生素Ｃ。结果表明：Ｄ，Ｅ，Ｆ，Ｇ组饲料中铁转换血红蛋白转换效率依次为     

Nutritive Utilisation of Canned Sardine Protein in Olive Oil: The Influence of the Different Elaboration Process Stages and Storage for 6 Months and 5 Years

The true digestibility coefficient (TD), the metabolic utilisation (BV) and the net protein utilisation (NPU) of canned sardines from the same production lot have been studied in the different process stages of conservation and maturing (canned): raw (RS), precooked (PS), just canned (CS) and with 6 months (6MS) and 5 years (5YS) of storage. We find that during the process there are no significant quantitative fish protein losses. Qualitatively, the PS show the lowest digestibility values (TD, 0·90±0·02) and metabolic utility (BV, 0·55±0·08). The highest digestibility is showed for the CS (TD, 0·94±0·01) and the highest BV for the 6MS (0·65±0·07). All these values are high if they are compared with their casein controls (TD, 0·95, BV, 0·71), the 6MS have the highest NPU (0·61) and although this value decreases in the 5 years of storage (NPU, 0·56), the differences are not significant.     

Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation

High dietary Fe can negatively affect absorption of other minerals and cause tissue damage through the production of free radicals. Cattle are often exposed to high dietary Fe, and soil ingestion may represent a major dietary source of Fe. Iron in soil is often found in the ferric form bound in insoluble complexes; however, exposure to an acidic environment similar to that occurring during silage fermentation may cause this Fe to be reduced to the more soluble ferrous form. To test this theory, a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement examining time, level, and type of soil addition to greenchop was used. Factors included 2 times of soil addition (before or after ensiling), 2 levels of soil inclusion (1 and 5% contamination, wet basis) and 3 types of soil (Cecil clay loam, 3.4% Fe; Georgeville silt loam, 4.3% Fe; and Dyke clay loam, 6.9% Fe). In addition, greenchop with no soil added was ensiled to serve as a control. Fresh corn greenchop was mixed with the appropriate type and level of soil and tightly packed in experimental silos. Fermentation was allowed to proceed for 90 d before silos were opened and silage was freeze-dried and ground. To simulate contamination after ensiling, each soil type was added to control silage at the 2 levels of inclusion. Addition of soil to greenchop before ensiling resulted in greater amounts of water soluble Fe compared with soil addition after ensiling, suggesting that Fe-soil binding properties were altered by ensiling. To test the potential bioaccessibility of Fe during ruminant digestion, an enzymatic in vitro system was modified to simulate ruminal, abomasal, and intestinal digestion. The presence of soil, regardless of time of addition, type, or inclusion level, resulted in greater soluble or bioaccessible Fe concentrations after all 3 phases when compared with control silage. Ensiling further increased soluble Fe concentrations after each phase when compared with silage contaminated with soil after ensiling. In addition, dialyzable Fe concentration (15,000 Da molecular weight cut off) following intestinal phase simulation was greater due to ensiling. Iron that becomes soluble during the intestinal phase may be available to the animal for absorption, and ensiling resulted in increased concentrations of potentially bioavailable Fe. These results suggest that soil contamination of harvested feeds before ensiling may represent a major source of bioavailable Fe in the diets of cattle.     

油炸温度和时间对小酥肉品质的影响

本文研究了不同的油炸时间和温度对小酥肉品质的影响。分析了150、160、170、180、190 ℃条件下油炸150、170、190、210 s后小酥肉的含水率、含油率、质构、色泽、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARs值）,胃蛋白酶消化率的变化情况。结果表明,随着油炸温度的升高和油炸时间的延长,小酥肉整体水分含量显著降低（P<0.05）,而油脂含量显著升高（P<0.05）,硬度、咀嚼性、胶粘性、弹性均显著增加（P<0.05）,TBARs值呈现逐渐增加的趋势,胃蛋白酶消化率随着油炸时间的延长呈现逐渐升高的趋势,随着油炸温度的升高呈逐渐降低的趋势。170 ℃条件下油炸170 s的小酥肉整体的含水率为44.15%,肉芯的含水率为64.19%,整体的含油率为50.77%,肉芯的含油率为28.97%,硬度适中,色泽金黄,外酥里嫩,口感最佳。     

Calcium, zinc, and iron bioavailabilities from a commercial human milk fortifier: a comparison study

Adding human milk fortifiers (HMF) to human milk (HM) is one way of overcoming the nutrient deficits found in the latter. In this study, the bioavailabilities of calcium, zinc, and iron in S-26/SMA HMF added to HM were compared with those in HM fortified with various bovine milk proteins: alpha-lactalbumin, colostrum, caseinate, casein phosphopeptides, and whey protein concentrate. The bioavailability of each mineral was assessed using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Calcium and zinc uptake by the cells was traced with radioisotopes; iron uptake was assessed via cell ferritin levels. Samples were prepared on an equal protein content basis and with added calcium, but no zinc or iron was added. Results revealed that calcium uptake from HM + S-26/SMA was not different from any of the HM fortified with the bovine milk proteins, except for unfortified HM and HM + colostrum in which calcium uptake was significantly lower (-89 and -38%, respectively). Uptake of zinc and iron were significantly higher for HM + S-26/SMA than for the other HM + fortifiers.     

利用植物基因工程改良铁营养成分的研究进展

铁是人体必需的微量营养元素。然而机体缺铁是全世界,特别是发展中国家最主要的营养问题之一。本文综述了利用基因工程提高植物铁含量和增加铁的生物有效度的方法。这些方法主要包括导入乳铁蛋白、铁蛋白和豆血红蛋白等金属结合蛋白基因以及植物吸收、转运铁元素的基因例如铁还原酶基因以提高植物的铁含量：通过降低植酸等铁吸收抑制因子以及增加氨基酸和维生素等铁吸收促进因子以提高铁的生物有效度。     

Effects of polymerization of casein and sources of lysine on amino acid bioavailability among calves fed liquid-based diets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of AA between polymerized and less polymerized or unpolymerized sources of AA. In the first experiment, 6 bull calves (53.8 ± 0.6 kg of body weight) were bottle-fed milk replacer that contained 0, 60, or 120 additional grams of AA from casein or acid hydrolyzed casein every 12 h. Plasma essential AA increased linearly with increasing intake of casein from either source. Branched-chain amino acids accounted for 74% of increases in essential AA, regardless of source of AA. Concentrations of nonessential AA increased linearly with increased intake of AA from acid hydrolyzed casein but only tended to increase in response to casein. Also, the rate of increase in total plasma AA concentration in response to acid hydrolyzed casein (4.3 µM increase per g of supplemental AA) tended to be 145% greater than casein (3.0 µM per g of supplemental AA). In a separate experiment, 6 additional bull calves (52.1 ± 0.9 kg of body weight) were bottle-fed milk replacer that contained 0, 4.8, or 9.6 additional grams of Lys from ε-polylysine or Lys-HCl each 12 h to measure Lys bioavailability between a polymerized and unpolymerized source of Lys. Plasma Lys concentrations increased linearly in response to greater Lys intake from Lys-HCl (slope = 13.51 µM/g Lys,), but plasma Lys concentrations did not change in response to increased intake of Lys from ε-polylysine. Plasma concentrations of Thr, Met, Glu, and Gln decreased linearly with increasing ε-polylysine intake, whereas concentrations of His, Val, Leu, and Ile increased linearly with increasing ε-polylysine intake. Data from these experiments suggest that the form of AA provided to calves should be considered when formulating diets to meet AA requirements.     

Development of Healthy Low-Fat Snacks: Understanding the Mechanisms of Quality Changes During Atmospheric and Vacuum Frying

Excess consumption of fat, a main component in fried food, is a key dietary contributor to coronary heart disease and perhaps some types of cancer. Although consumers are interested in healthier snacks, they are not willing to sacrifice organoleptic properties. Vacuum frying might be an alternative for the production of nutritious, healthy, palatable, and novel snacks. The objective of this review is to discuss the effect of atmospheric deep-fat frying on the main microstructural components and quality parameters of fried food, to understand how quality can be improved by lowering the operating pressure and, therefore, the processing temperature.     

荤素分类煎炸对油脂品质的影响

为了延长煎炸油的使用寿命,有效降低成本,研究了荤素分类煎炸对油脂品质的影响。采用食材荤素分类及不分类煎炸并循环使用煎炸油,分析了两种煎炸方式下煎炸油的色泽、酸值、过氧化值、p-茴香胺值、极性组分含量的变化情况,并对比分析两种煎炸方式用油量。结果表明：采用荤素分类煎炸可以更好地抑制油脂色泽、酸值、p-茴香胺值及极性组分含量的增长速度;不分类煎炸油脂的色泽在煎炸2 d后无法用比色仪检测,分类煎炸7 d后油脂的色泽才接近不分类煎炸2 d的色泽;不分类煎炸的油脂酸值(KOH)在煎炸前3 d内急剧上升,由初始的0.09 mg/g增至1.30 mg/g,分类煎炸的油脂酸值(KOH)浮动较小,由初始的0.09 mg/g最高增加至0.62 mg/g;在煎炸7 d时,不分类煎炸的油脂p-茴香胺值由初始的4.0增加到38.0,分类煎炸的油脂p-茴香胺值由初始的4.0增加到15.0,不分类煎炸油脂的p-茴香胺值的增长速度是分类煎炸的近3倍;不分类煎炸,油脂极性组分含量在第1天内急剧上升,在第4天达到最高,为12.5%,后逐渐趋于平稳,分类煎炸,油脂极性组分含量在前3 d内均保持在8%左右,之后才有上升的趋势...