基于延期支付的非立即变质物品的库存模型

一类短质期变质产品,如生鲜蔬菜、水果等,增加其库存展示量能为顾客提供更多的拣选机会,从而刺激顾客增加购买量.对此,在供应商给予零售商固定延期支付期限且在综合分析已有变质物品的库存模型的基础上,建立了一个更能准确反映当前存货水平和需求率的库存模型.模型中以零售商的年总费用最小为目标讨论了模型的最优解,通过模型的分析求解,得到零售商的最优订货周期及最优订货量的简单判定方法.通过具体算例,结合灵敏度分析,分别分析了物品的固定保鲜期、物品的变质率及供应商给与零售商的延期支付期限对零售商最优订货策略的影响.     

基于延期支付建筑材料采购决策模型

针对建筑材料供应商为施工承包商提供货款延期支付服务,并对承包商货到付款行为提供现金折扣优惠的实际情形,分析建筑承包商不同支付策略下的建筑材料采购成本构成。通过对现有零售业和制造业有关采购模型的修正,研究了在延期支付下,承包商应该实施何种支付方式使得采购成本最小化,给出了建筑材料在延期支付下采购最优决策模型。通过实例验证了采购决策模型的可行性,为建筑行业有关建筑材料的采购决策提供一定的参考价值。     

延期支付条件下基于EOQ模型的零售商补货策略

以由供应商、零售商和顾客组成的三阶段供应链为研究对象,在供应商给零售商全部延期支付期限,而零售商只给顾客部分延期支付期限的基础上,考虑了变质产品的情形,建立了相应的零售商库存决策模型。通过模型的分析求解,可以得出零售商在上述情况下的最优补货周期的简单判定方法。通过算例说明了模型的有效性。     

基于策略顾客和网络外部性的零售商预售

为了探讨零售商预售折扣和预售量对其收益的影响,构建了基于顾客策略行为和网络外部性的需求函数。通过比较静态分析,得到零售商的最优订货量和进行预售的条件。同时指出最佳的预售量依赖于市场的实际需求。在此基础上,通过数值算例分析了网络外部性对零售商预售折扣、预售条件和预售量的影响,结果表明,当网络外部性高于0.3时,零售商开始实施预售策略,当网络外部性高于0.6时,预售折扣将减小,同时零售商收益将提高。所得结果为零售商的销售策略提供了参考。     

短期折扣及买赠促销下非即时易腐品订货策略

在短期价格折扣的背景下,分析了零售商对非即时易腐品的促销决策。零售商决策促销价格和促销期,根据促销期长度与产品保持不腐败时长的关系,零售商有"价格折扣"和"折扣加买赠"两种促销策略。特别地,第二种策略是指产品发生腐败阶段,零售商在价格折扣的基础上结合买赠的销售方式以减少商品的腐败损失。通过建立该问题的数学模型,以最大化零售商的年利润函数,证明了每个分段内目标函数的性质,并设计求解步骤对该问题进行求解。通过数值算例和灵敏度分析,验证了模型和算法的有效性,并得到不同参数组合对非即时易腐品促销策略选择的影响。     

弹性需求下一类国际供应链的最优价格契约

研究了在最终市场需求具有价格弹性的情况下,由单一制造商、单一零售商组成的国际供应链的最优价格折扣契约。首先建立了零售商和制造商在无折扣、有折扣时的利润模型：然后提出了求解最优价格折扣的算法;最后通过算例仿真,求出了在不同汇率下的最优价格折扣,对问题进行了实证研究。     

延迟支付下易损产品供应链订货与价格决策模型

考虑由单个供应商和多个相互竞争的零售商所形成的供应链系统,运用Stackelberg博弈模型,以具有一定损耗率的产品为研究对象,建立并求解了此种供应链系统在供应商提供延迟支付条件下的Stackelberg博弈均衡模型。考虑在供应商延迟支付期限给定情况下,零售商订货周期和产品售价的优化决策模型,建立零售商的订货周期和产品售价确定情况下的供应商延迟支付期限决策模型,设计上述模型的迭代求解算法,得到供应链系统的最终均衡解。运用具体算例验证模型的有效性,通过对部分参数的灵敏度分析给出了对各种不同情况下零售商和供应商各自的对策和建议。     

延期支付条件下基于EPQ模型的最优补货策略

以由一个生产商和一个零售商所组成的供应链为研究对象,在考虑了产品补货率有限的前提下,根据生产商给予零售商的延期支付期限的不同,从零售商的视角,讨论了零售商的最优补货策略的制定方法,建立了零售商总成本数学模型.通过灵敏度分析的方法,结合具体算例,说明参数的变化对最优补货策略的影响.     

带有资金约束的零售商的替代性产品双渠道供应链运作策略

在对称信息框架下,基于博弈理论对带有资金约束的零售商的替代性产品双渠道供应链运作决策问题进行了研究。结果表明,双渠道间产品替代性的增加,会加剧渠道间冲突。零售商实体店服务水平提高到一定程度后,其不再有动机进一步提高服务水平。当零售商存在资金约束时,制造商通过提供延期支付合同可以有效协调双渠道供应链,但是,这种协调效应对制造商来说是有代价的,制造商利润会低于零售商资金充足情形下的利润。     

竞争环境下两级供应链提前订购模式研究

针对两个零售商和单一供应商组成的某易逝品供应链,在考虑零售商之间的价格竞争前提下,分析了供应商对零售商实施提前订购折扣销售模式的决策过程.应用报童模型和Stackelberg模型,研究了零售商的最佳订购时期以及供应商的最优折扣因子的制定策略,构建了相应的决策模型,并对模型最优性进行了分析.     

The value of trade credit with rebate contract in a capital-constrained supply chain

We investigate the value of an innovative trade credit with rebate contract (TCRC) model in a stylised supply chain. In this supply chain, the capital-abundant manufacturer offers an integrated contract involving trade credit, minimum ordering and sales rebate contract to a capital-constrained retailer. To highlight the value of the TCRC model, we compare it with a traditional trade credit financing (TTCF) model in a ‘selling to the newsvendor model’. First, we show that equilibrium strategies exist between the manufacturer and the retailer under the TCRC or TTCF model. Second, this study investigates equilibrium selection between the TCRC and TTCF models for the individual and the supply chain. Finally, we show the manufacturer’s pricing policy, wherein the TCRC model outperforms the TTCF model for the players. Furthermore, we conduct a set of numerical experiments to show evidence for theoretical analysis and measure the operation efficiency of the TCRC model for players in the supply chain.     

Optimal process mean and quality improvement in a supply chain model with two-part trade credit based on Taguchi loss function

The two-part trade credit policy is developed to accelerate cash inflow that can avoid bad debt risk in the earlier economic order quantity (EOQ) models allowing only one period of time for delay in payment. Taguchi loss function has proved to be a more realistic function for fitting the actual quality loss cost in economic product quantity (EPQ) model. To minimise quality loss, optimal process mean setting shifts process mean to balance the cost outside the specification limits, quality improvement applies investment to reduce process variation. Supply chain integration has been proved that it can be used to minimise the entire cost more effectively than independent EOQ or EPQ models. This paper improves the earlier studies by incorporating the above research topics that have not been simultaneously discussed before, develops a supply chain model based on the Taguchi loss function, which combines the trade strategy from the retailer’s perspective and the quality adjustments from the supplier’s perspective to maximise total supply chain profit. We find that the trade credit terms definitely affect suppliers and retailers’ optimal decisions, and numerical examples can provide decision references for supply chain managers to set a trade credit policy and control quality.     

Supply chain coordination under trade credit and retailer effort

In this paper, we study the role of trade credit in coordinating a Capital Constrained Supply Chain in the presence of retailer Effort (CCSCE), essentially because of the impact of its related default risks on the relationship between the chain’s members. We consider a CCSCE consisting of a supplier and a retailer where the retailer may exert costly promotional efforts to increase the market demand but has limited capital and no access to bank financing due to low credit rating. Conversely, the supplier has adequate funds to offer trade credit to the retailer without borrowing from external channels. We then examine whether the existing coordination contracts can still coordinate the CCSCE under trade credit. Our result shows that these contracts can achieve coordination of the supply chain when the interest rate of trade credit is competitively priced. Nevertheless, this position cannot always be reached. That’s why we propose a generalised contract based on risk compensation to coordinate the CCSCE. Using our proposed coordinating contract, the supplier perfectly coordinates the retailer’s decisions for the largest joint profit, and arbitrarily allocates the maximised joint profit among supply chain members. Finally, the numerical study allows to verify this finding. From managerial insights, our results provide the supply chain managers with novel insights on how to combine trade credit with the existing coordination contracts in order to improve the profitability of the entire supply chain as well as the individual member.     

考虑零售商延期付款的供应链协调机制研究

在由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的两级供应链中,供应商允许零售商进行延期付款,研究了零售商所采取的单期订购决策及供应链协调问题.研究表明,允许零售商延期付款的斯塔克博格模型存在角点解均衡,供应商会占有所有供应链利润.分析得出了允许零售商延期付款的订购合同优于批发价格合同的条件以及供应链达到整体协调的条件.最后还研究了供应商提供零利率延期付款的合同,得出了供应商提供零利率延期付款的合同所实现的供应链利润优于允许零售商延期付款的斯塔克博格模型合同的条件.研究表明通过延期付款,供应商和零售商可以设计一个线性转移支付实现供应链效率的提升以及供应链协调.     

Supply chain coordination with trade credit under the CVaR criterion

Trade credit is a popular payment method in the supply chain. However, it may transfer the market risk facing by the retailer to the manufacturer in the form of default risk. To reduce the default loss, we set up a modified newsvendor model incorporating random default probability. Under the goal of loss minimisation, the manufacturer’s optimal production quantity is derived with the criterion of conditional value at risk, and compared with the retailer’s optimal order quantity. It is found that, compared with traditional newsvendor setting, the setting of default possibility in trade credit can increase the order quantity but decrease the production quantity. If the risk aversion level and gross profit of product are low, the manufacturer may deliver below the quantity ordered. Although the default loss can be reduced by cutting order, the profits of both agents decrease, thereby leading to a deviation from the supply chain coordination. Trade credit coordinating the supply chain requires an extremely long credit period, which is not feasible. Moreover, quantity discount contract is able to improve the retailer’s order quantity, but insufficient to achieve coordination, which also depends on the manufacturer’s risk aversion level.     

Return policy and supply chain coordination with network-externality effect

The benefits of a consumer return policy have been extensively studied in extent literature. This paper explores the potentially damaging impact of a return policy on the retailer. We develop an analytical framework and examine the economic impact of consumer return among consumers, retailer and supply chain. We distinguish three network-externality (NE) cases: no network externality, fixed network-externality and variable network-externality contingent on return amount to discuss the retailer’s selling price, refund and inventory policies. Our analysis derives the optimal policies and shows that they take the form of contingence model in which the policies depend on consumer initial return and NE return. We also examine the influence of the consumer return NE effect on buy-back contracts of the supply chain and show that while the traditional buy-back contract fails to coordinate the supply chain, the NE effect does not render the differentiated buy-back contract less effective. Finally, we extend our study to a heterogeneous consumer case.     

Multi-item inventory model with variable backorder and price discount under trade credit policy in stochastic demand

In this paper, a two echelon supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer is developed for multi products. The retailer faced with the uncertain demand for all products which follows a normal distribution. The production process is assumed to be imperfect, and the defectiveness is assumed to follow a beta distribution. The manufacturer produces and delivers the products in a number of equal-sized batches to the manufacturer's warehouse, and thereby it is delivers in a number of equal batches to the retailer's warehouse. Shortages are allowed to occur, at the retailer side, and it is backordered partially. The retailer offers a price discount for backordered items to his customers. Both the lead time crashing cost and the partial backorder ratio are considered as the inverse function of lead time. Under these assumptions, there are three inventory models proposed in this paper, one with non-integrated approach, the other with an integrated approach without trade credit and finally an integrated approach with trade credit. A new iterative algorithmic procedure has been developed to minimise the total cost. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the models and the sensitivity analysis is conducted over various model parameters.     

不同供应链合同的最优订货策略及适用性比较

针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的单一易逝品供应链,在随机库存问题报童模型基础上,推导了回购、收入分享和数量折扣合同下,零售商的最优订货策略、零售商和制造商的期望利润,给出了不同供应链合同的适用条件。通过一个皮衣生产、销售供应链的案例,对不同供应链合同下的最优订货策略、合同适用性及原因进行了分析、比较。为理解不同供应链合同的适用性提供了数理依据和案例解释。     

考虑资金约束零售商公平关切的融资模式研究

以资金充足供应商和资金约束零售商组成的二级供应链为背景,考虑零售商公平关切心理,基于Nash讨价还价公平关切框架,分析了银行融资和交易信用融资2种方式,进而分析公平关切对供应链融资及运营决策的影响。研究表明：当批发价达到某个阈值时,零售商拒绝融资及交易,当批发价低于这个阈值时,零售商在一定条件下会选择交易信用融资,否则会选择银行融资。还比较了零售商公平中性与公平关切的选择行为：给定批发价,受公平关切影响,零售商决策趋于保守,2种融资方式下订货量都会减小。因此,供应商在2种融资模式下均会降低最优批发价以激励零售商增加订货量。可见零售商公平关切会影响供应链融资及运营决策,促使供应链利润分配更加公平。