一段炉燃油增加添加剂的讨论

一段炉燃油在烧嘴结炭使烧嘴偏烧,导致炉管爆管,而节油降耗也是当务之急.不结炭又节能降耗的方法,就是柴油添加剂.     

基于硫酸钙固体燃料化学链气化过程制备合成气的研究(英文)

Chemical-looping gasification (CLG) is a novel process for syngas generation from solid fuels,sharing the same basic principles as chemical-looping combustion (CLC).It also uses oxygen carriers (mainly metal oxide and calcium sulfate) to transfer heat and oxygen to the fuel.In this paper,the primary investigation into the CLG process with CaSO4 as oxygen carrier was carried out by thermodynamic analysis and experiments in the tube reactor.Sulfur-contained gas emission was mainly H2S rather than SO2 in the CLG process,showing some different features from the CLC.The mass and heat balance of CLG processes were calculated thermodynamically to determinate the auto-thermal operating conditions with different CaSO4/C and steam/C molar ratios.It was found that the CaSO4/C molar ratio should be higher than 0.2 to reach auto-thermal balance.The effect of temperature on the reactions between oxygen carrier and coal was investigated based on Gibbs free energy minimum method and experimental results.It indicated that high temperature favored the CLG process in the fuel reactor and part of syngas was consumed to compensate for auto-thermal system.     

Lubricity-Enhancing Low-Temperature Diesel Fuel Additives

Branched chain alkyl esters have lower crystallization temperatures than those with straight chain headgroups. We investigated the effect of branched chain headgroups on the cold flow properties and lubricity of alkyl esters. Commercial grade canola methyl ester was transformed into branched chain alkyl esters through a two or three-stage base-catalyzed transesterification reaction with 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Conversion rates between 85 and 95% were achieved. The alkyl esters exhibited improved cold flow properties. The pour points were reduced from −12 to −27 °C as a result of incorporating branched headgroups. Addition of 0.1 or 0.2% (v/v) 1-methoxy-2-propyl alkyl ester improved the lubricity of a commercial pre-production ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel, as determined by increased lubricity number and reduced wear scar diameter. The inclusion of methyl-tert butyl ether or ethanolamides additives to ULSD containing alkyl esters had an antagonistic effect on lubricity. The branched-chain alkyl esters have the potential to be used as lubricity-enhancing and low-temperature fuel additives.     

乙醇柴油燃料的研究进展

与传统柴油相比较,乙醇柴油因具有成本低,排放污染少等优点,成为当前柴油替代燃料的研究热点.文章分别论述了我国在乙醇和柴油的互溶性、助溶剂、乳化以及微乳化等方面的研究进展和存在的问题,最后,指出了我国乙醇柴油的主要研究方向.     

乙醇柴油的微乳化研究

乙醇柴油的开发有助于缓和石油系燃料的供需矛盾,同时乙醇柴油的使用可以减轻汽车尾气对大气的污染。为提高乙醇柴油的稳定性,文章采用乳化与互溶法制备在一定温度范围内稳定存在的乙醇柴油微乳液,研究了不同表面活性剂和助溶剂对该体系的乳化和助溶效果,并探讨了温度对该体系的影响。在此基础上,对表面活性剂AEO-3与正庚醇的复配效果进行研究。     

氢氮压缩机改造为二氧化碳压缩机的开发利用

通过气缸和控制仪表等的改造,将合成氨系统闲置的6M25-185/31.4氢氮压缩机改造为6M25-155/220二氧化碳压缩机,改后打气量达到设计值,运行稳定,成为300 kt/a尿素装置的关键设备之一。     

常三线油的综合利用──制备氯化石蜡

介绍了采用常三线油作为原料，制备软蜡生产氯化石蜡的新工艺。着重讨论了反应温度、氯气流量，原料组成及反应时间等因素对过程的影响规律，提出了工业化生产的优化工艺方案。研究结果表明，本工艺简易可行，产品质量稳定可靠。     

柴油机燃油节能助燃添加剂研究进展

在柴油中添加节能助燃剂能提升燃油燃烧效率,降低燃油消耗,减少排放污染。介绍了柴油节能助燃剂的发展、分类及研究现状,对不同类型添加剂的功效和作用机理进行分析,并阐述了其评价方法;同时指出节能助燃剂的今后发展方向,为开展相关研究提出了建议。     

Peroxide Oxidative Desulfurization of a Diesel Fuel

Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering - The catalytic activity of transition metal compounds (Mo, V, and W) in the reaction of oxidative desulfurization of straight-run diesel fuel with...     

Solubility of Natural Gas in Diesel Fuel

The solubility of commercially available natural gas in commercially available diesel fuel at room temperature and defined pressure is investigated experimentally. The gas phase is considered to be pure methane. The use of Henry's law to model the solubility is discussed. Solubility is given in terms of the mole fraction and the volumetric mass concentration of dissolved gas and the corresponding Henry's coefficients. The solubility is compared to that of pure methane in pure hexadecane, which is similar to diesel fuel with respect to the mean carbon number.     

Mannich碱柴油清净剂的研究进展

介绍了Mannich碱柴油清净剂的合成条件、清净性能及在其它方面的应用,报道了Mannich碱清净剂的研究进展,评述了一些以Mannich碱为主剂的柴油清净剂的清净功效,并展望其应用前景。     

Optimised Mixture Formation for Diesel Fuel Processing

Mixture formation plays an important role in the diesel reforming process. It is important to maintain proper O₂/C and H₂O/C ratios to avoid hot spots and coking. Fuel must be completely evaporated before entering the reaction zone in order to prevent catalyst damage by coking. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to optimise the mixing process. Turbulent mixing, diesel spray injections and evaporation and simplified chemical reactions have been calculated. This revealed critical parts of the existing construction. However, experimental verification is necessary. To identify thermodynamic conditions for a possible carbon formation process, experiments with idealised model fuels as well as with real diesel fuel were carried out. Flow visualisation experiments serve for the verification of the CFD simulations. Quartz glass reactors as models of the reformers were operated under real mixing temperatures (400 °C) to observe the effect of the flow profile on fuel sprays. Experiments with coloured fuels were used to visualise the flow and concentration profiles in the mixing chamber. Results were compared with CFD models. Two patented reformers were designed as a result of the CFD optimisation. These were operated for 500 h and 1,000 h respectively with a commercially available diesel, showing very promising results.     

柴油氧化脱硫技术研究进展

介绍了近年来柴油脱硫技术研究的进展情况,主委包括过氧化氢氧化脱硫、氧气催化氧化脱硫、超声波氧化脱硫和光化学氧化脱硫。分析了不河方法的优势及应用现状,与加氢脱硫技术相比,氧化脱硫将成为今后生产超低硫柴油的主要工艺之一。     

MAV型柴油降凝剂的合成及效果的考察

以十六醇和丙烯酸为原料,n(十六醇):n(丙烯酸)=1.0:1.6,阻聚剂对苯二酚为0.6%(质量分数,下同),催化剂对甲苯磺酸为1.5%,合成丙烯酸酯;再用此丙烯酸酯与马来酸酐、醋酸乙烯酯进行共聚,n(马来酸酐):n(醋酸乙烯酯):n(丙烯酸酯)=1:4:4,过氧化苯甲酰为1.2%,恒温85℃,聚合7 h.即得MAV型柴油降凝剂.以不同的添加量,分别加入到抚顺石油一厂0#、二厂0#、三厂0#、一厂-10#和三厂-10#柴油中,考察其降凝助滤效果.结果表明:最佳添加量为0.6%,此时可使上述柴油的凝点分别降低12、12、13、15和16℃,冷滤点分别降低6、6、8、8和9℃.可见其降凝助滤效果是非常显著的.     

柴油深度加氢脱硫技术进展

随着世界各国对环保法规的日益关注,运输燃料深度脱硫技术在世界范围内受到广泛的研究。近年来,柴油深度脱硫化技术已受到西方国家的普遍重视。在工业上,加氢工艺是应对产品低硫化最有效的途径。柴油深度脱硫的关键是对反应活性最低的4,6-二甲基苯并噻吩类化合物中硫原子的脱除。本文综述了近年来柴油深度加氢脱硫技术的基本原理、超低硫柴油的催化及工艺的研究进展。     

改善催化裂化柴油安定性的研究进展

分析了影响催化裂化柴油安定性的因素,对改善催化裂化柴油安定性研究进展进行了综述,主要集中在酸碱精制、溶剂精制、吸附精制、加速老化法精制和添加稳定剂等非加氢精制方法的原理及进展方面,对各种精制方法进行了比较.     

柴油稳定剂的现状与开发动向

在柴油中加入稳定剂，以抑制其变质，改善其贮存安定性。仅这样一种方法，目前国外发明的专利较多，其中尤以美国ETHYL、DUPONT及EXXON公司为代表，到20世纪80年代末，有十几种此类添加剂产品问世，这些稳定剂一般都是由抗氧剂、分散剂、金属钝化剂3种组分复合而成。如MPA—D、EDA—2、FOA—11、14、15、4235、4301等，这些稳定剂的一个共同特点是用来改善柴油的贮存安定性，并能提高其使用性能。使用稳定剂提高柴油安定性，既经济又无污染，是理想的方法。本文概述了柴油稳定剂的类型和国内外概况。     

柴油十六烷值改进剂的研究及应用进展

本文主要介绍了研制柴油十六烷值改进剂的重要意义、种类和作用机理,并介绍了典型十六烷值改进剂的特点.十六烷值改进剂受热容易分解产生活性自由基、降低了柴油的自燃点,从而缩短了滞燃期,改善了发动机的燃烧性能.另外,指出了十六烷值改进剂应具备的物理化学性质和发展方向,并提出了发展建议.     

AMSV-a柴油低温流动改进剂的研制

介绍了柴油低温流动改进剂AMSV-a的合成和降凝助滤性能。该剂是以丙烯酸酯、马来酸酐、苯乙烯、醋酸乙烯酯(量比为4∶1∶0 5∶1)为原料,以甲苯为溶剂,以过氧化苯甲酰(用量5 0g/mol共聚单体)为引发剂,恒温80℃聚合6h,得四元共聚物(AMSV),再以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂(用量20g/mol共聚单体),用高碳胺〔n(酐)∶n(胺)=1∶1 5〕进行胺解制得。该剂对大庆-10#柴油的纯降凝度可达25℃,冷滤点降低可达16℃;对胜利0#柴油的纯降凝度可达23℃,冷滤点降低可达14℃;对东明5#柴油的纯降凝度可达20℃,冷滤点降低可达11℃;对濮阳10#柴油的纯降凝度可达17℃,冷滤点降低可达9℃。     

乳化柴油破乳试验研究

对乳化柴油进行破乳试验,考察了各种影响因素,确定了最佳的工艺条件。