Shear strength and failure mechanism of needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner

The internal shear strength of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) within composite liner systems is crucial for the stability of landfills and should be carefully considered in the design. To explore the shear strength and failure mechanism of the extensively used needle-punched GCL, a series of displacement-controlled direct shear tests with five normal stress levels (250–1000 kPa) and eight displacement rates (1–200 mm/min) were conducted. The shear stress to horizontal displacement relationships exhibit well-defined peak shear strengths and significant post-peak strength reductions. The monitoring results of the thickness change indicate that the degree of volumetric contraction is related to the reorientation of fibers and dissipation of pore water pressure. Furthermore, the peak and residual shear strengths both depend on the displacement rate because of the rate-dependent tensile stiffness of needle-punched fibers and shear strength of the soil/geosynthetic interface. Through additional tests and lateral comparison, it was discovered that the shear behavior of sodium bentonite, degree of hydration, and pore water pressures all affect the shear mechanisms of the NP GCL. In particular, the failure mode transfers from fiber pullout to fiber rupture with the increase in water content as the hydrated bentonite particles facilitate the stretching of needle-punched fibers.     

Relation between the critical state friction angle of sands and low vertical stresses in the direct shear test

In this study, the critical state friction angle in a direct shear box was tested at vertical effective stresses between 4?kPa and 150?kPa for seven sands of different origins. The results show a stress dependency on the angle of friction at low vertical stresses, and that the critical state friction angle decreases with increase in the vertical effective stress. The largest drop occurs for vertical effective stresses between 4?kPa and 50?kPa and varies between 4° and 10° depending mostly on the shape of the sand particles and the difference in the extreme void ratios.     

非水反应高聚物与土工材料的界面剪切特性

基于单调直剪试验,研究了竖向应力、剪切速率对非水反应类高聚物-土工布界面及高聚物-砂土界面的剪切应力、剪切位移、抗剪强度和剪切模量等剪切特性的影响.结果表明:在给定竖向应力和剪切速率下,随着剪切位移的增加,高聚物-土工布界面、高聚物-砂土界面均表现出剪切软化的特性;竖向应力对高聚物-土工布界面抗剪强度及剪切模量的影响显...     

粗糙度对接触面处土石混合体剪切特性的影响

对于土与结构接触面相互作用的研究基本上是对于一般粘土或者砂土,而对于土石混合体结构接触面的相互作用研究较少。利用德国研制的ADS-500/HL-200大型直剪试验仪探究接触面粗糙度对土石混合体与结构接触面力学特性的影响以及在特定粗糙度下,通过下移结构面法探究剪切带的特性。试验结果表明:随着接触面粗糙度的增大,接触面的内摩擦角略有增大,粘聚力不断增大;在不同的粗糙度下,法向压力从200 kPa增加到600 kPa,剪切过程中的竖向位移逐渐减小,但当法向压力从600 kPa增大到800 kPa时,土石混合体在剪切过程中的竖向位移增大;在法向压力为200 kPa、400 kPa、600 kPa时,土石混合体的剪切带厚度为L₁cm(6 cm≤L₁≤8 cm),在法向压力为800 kPa下,土石混合体的剪切带厚度为L₂ cm(4 cm≤L₂≤6 cm)。     

主应力轴循环旋转下饱和黏土累积孔压显式模型

交通荷载下饱和黏土累积孔压消散是导致交通荷载下路基沉降的重要因素。在详细介绍黏土空心圆柱试样制作过程的基础上,在各向等压条件下,分别对黏土试件在100,150,200 kPa压力下固结,而后进行主应力轴旋转角连续变化范围分别为[-15°,15°]、[-30°,30°]、[-45°,45°]和[-60°,60°]的不排水循环加载试验,循环次数为10 000次。得到了循环累积孔压的变化受静偏应力、初始固结压力及空心圆柱试样主应力轴连续旋转角影响的规律。运用修正动偏应力水平来考虑初始静偏应力和动偏应力对不排水累积孔压的影响,建立了常剪应力循环主应力轴偏转角循环加载下累积孔压模型。通过非各向等压固结循环扭剪试验累积孔压值对所建立的累积孔压模型的正确性进行验证。     

3-Dimensional numerical modeling of geosynthetic-encased granular columns

In this paper, series of three-dimensional (3-d) numerical modeling of geosynthetic-encased granular columns were performed both in model and prototype scale using FLAC^3D software to understand the lateral load carrying capacity of ordinary and geosynthetic encased granular columns (OGC and EGC). In the first part of the study, numerical modeling of direct shear tests were carried out. The soil in the direct shear box was reinforced with two different diameters of granular columns (50 mm and 100 mm) and three different patterns of arrangement (single, triangular and square) to study the effect of group confinement. The numerical simulations were carried out at four different confining pressures namely 15, 30, 45 and 75 kPa. From the numerical simulations it was observed that higher shear stresses are mobilized inside the granular column due to geosynthetic encasement and the magnitude of shear stress increases with increase in the normal pressure. It was found that the tensile forces in the geosynthetic encasement were mobilized both in circumferential and vertical directions, which helps in mobilizing additional confinement in the granular column. In the second part, the influence of the geosynthetic encasement of granular column treated soft ground was demonstrated through 3-dimensional slope stability analyses.     

纤维底渣混合土循环剪切性能研究

生活垃圾焚烧底渣作为常见的固体废弃物之一,可与纤维混合提高其强度和稳定性.对生活垃圾焚烧底渣-黏土-聚丙烯纤维按一定比例混合,进行循环前大型直剪、循环剪切和循环后直剪试验,研究不同竖向应力、不同剪切位移幅值、不同压实度对纤维加筋底渣混合黏土循环剪切特性及循环后单调直剪特性.试验结果表明:循环前直剪试验中,剪切位移与剪应...     

大型斜面剪切仪的研制和试验

位于垃圾填埋场斜坡上的衬垫结构在垂直应力作用下沿斜坡滑移的剪切状态与底坡上衬垫结构的不同,为了模拟斜坡上衬垫结构间剪切特性,研制了斜面剪切仪。通过对标准砂和黏土的大型斜面和普通直剪剪切试验,发现两种试验得到的标准砂和黏土剪切应力位移特性基本相同,强度指标也相同。在此基础上,进行了光面HDPE土工膜与黏土复合衬垫界面斜面剪切试验,得到的剪应力与正应力比-位移曲线均有峰值和峰值后的软化现象。斜面剪切试验的特点是能够得到剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力同时增加的变化规律,可以揭示更详细的剪切特征,这有利于分析剪切过程中剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力的特性,如剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力变化规律以及剪切面上法向应力和剪切应力比的变化规律。     

粉土界面恒刚度循环剪切试验研究

竖向循环荷载作用下桩土界面的作用机理是研究桩土摩擦疲劳的关键。针对循环荷载作用下桩-粉土界面的剪切性能,使用改进的剪切试验装置在恒刚度条件下进行循环剪切试验,研究循环次数、累积位移和法向刚度对其摩擦疲劳性能、循环后单调剪切性能的影响。试验结果表明,粉土在循环剪切过程中,法向应力和剪应力在初始10个循环内随循环数增加快速衰减,随着循环进行,逐渐趋于稳定;单次循环内在剪切位移方向变化时,土体呈现表现出剪缩-剪胀-剪缩交替现象,总体变形呈现剪缩的趋势;循环荷载作用下,粉土界面的法向应力和剪应力随法向刚度增大衰减速率增大,达到稳定的累积循环位移越小;粉土循环后的单调剪切、法向应力恢复的单调剪切的剪应力比小于首次单调剪切试验值,且法向应力恢复的循环后剪切试验的剪胀程度较小,表明循环剪切过程中界面处粉土颗粒棱角破碎,颗粒变得光滑。在对试验数据分析的基础上,提出了与累积位移、法向刚度和初始应力相关的无量纲累积位移,建立了法向应力和界面摩擦角随累积位移的衰减方程。     

Dynamic shear behaviors of textured geomembrane/nonwoven geotextile interface under cyclic loading

Textured geomembrane (GMB) and nonwoven geotextile (GTX) are usually used together in liner systems of MSW landfills, but the low shear strength of GMB/GTX interface is extremely detrimental to the stability of landfills, especially under earthquake loading. To study the dynamic shear strength of the GMB/GTX interface, a series of displacement-controlled cyclic direct shear tests are conducted with a large-scale direct shear machine. Normal stress levels ranging from 100 to 1000 kPa and displacement amplitudes ranging from 5 to 25 mm are considered. To compare the failure mechanism, GMB and GTX specimens are tested in not only hydrated but also dry conditions. Different waveforms and excitation frequencies are also applied to analyze the effects of test conditions. It can be seen that the shear deformation develops totally along the GMB/GTX interface when specimens are fully hydrated, while the internal failure of GTX is induced in dry condition. Equivalent linear analyses reveal that the shear stiffness depends on normal stress and displacement amplitude, while the damping ratio is only affected by displacement amplitude. Variations of shear strength during the shear process indicate that the softening behavior of the GMB/GTX interface is closely related to cumulative displacement and normal stress level. Furthermore, based on test results, a positive correlation is summarized between the shear strength and displacement rate of the interface.     

考虑超孔隙水压力的桩土界面直剪试验研究

采用大型恒刚度直剪仪,系统研究超孔隙水压力对黏性土中桩土界面剪切性能的影响。根据制定的测试超孔隙水压力方案,对4个粗糙度等级(混凝土表面锯齿状峰谷距为0、2、4、6mm)的不同含水率黏性土中桩土界面在不同剪切速率下进行剪切试验。针对界面粗糙度、黏性土含水率、剪切速率3个变化参数对界面抗剪强度的影响进行分析。结果表明：界面粗糙度越大,界面超孔隙水压力越小,有效法向应力越大,黏性土颗粒与混凝土表面吸附性越大,桩土界面抗剪强度越大;黏性土含水率越大,界面超孔隙水压力越大,有效法向应力越小,黏性土颗粒与混凝土表面吸附性不能完全发挥,桩土界面抗剪强度反而减小;在剪切速率0.4~1.0mm/min范围内,剪切速率越大,界面超孔隙水压力增幅较小,有效法向应力变化不大,桩土界面抗剪强度虽有减小,但不同剪切速率下超孔隙水压力对桩土界面抗剪强度的影响不明显。     

Residual Strength Characteristics of Naturally and Artificially Cemented Clays in Reversal Direct Box Shear Test

The naturally cemented clay preserving chemical bonds that was gradually disintegrated by weathering is a soil exhibiting a progressive failure such as a landslide. The residual strength of soil possessing cementation properties given by diagenesis has not yet been investigated. The objective of this study is to clarify the residual strength characteristics of naturally and artificially cemented clays using an improved reversal direct box shear test apparatus. Based on the test results of reconstituted Kaolin clay, undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted samples of three natural clays, this paper describes the influence of normal stress, shear displacement rate, consolidation and shear histories on the residual strength of cemented clay. Especially, to simulate the same mechanical behavior as the naturally cemented clays, the cementation was artificially reproduced by adding cementing agents to slurry clay. Consequently, 1) the residual strength of cemented clay is independent of consolidation yield stress and initial void ratio. 2) The residual strength of cemented clay as well as non-cemented clay increases with increasing the shear displacement rate. 3) The residual strength of cemented clay as well as non-cemented clay is not affected by any stress history.     

粗粒土与混凝土接触面特性单剪试验研究

采用大型单剪仪进行粗粒土与混凝土接触面在膨润土以及混合土(膨润土中掺入水泥)泥皮条件下的剪切试验。通过对不同水泥浆含量的混合土泥皮接触面进行试验,揭示不同泥皮条件下接触面的力学特性。结果表明,与无泥皮或膨润土泥皮时不同,存在混合土泥皮时,剪应力与剪应变关系曲线存在明显软化段,峰值强度的位置与水泥含量以及法向应力大小有关。水泥含量越大其相应的强度越大,水泥含量由10%提高到40%时,其相应的内摩擦角提高约3.2倍,水泥含量为40%时,其强度达到无泥皮时的84%。剪切破坏时,在同一高度处,法向应力越大,切向位移也越大;同样的法向应力及高度处,切向位移随水泥含量的提高而增大。无泥皮、低法向应力下,试样出现明显的剪胀现象,而泥皮条件下试样均表现为剪缩。试样的有效高度对粗粒料的强度及变形有一定的影响,最大粒径为20mm时,高度分别为100与30mm的试样相比,其内摩擦角及水平位移偏差分别为3%和6%左右。与最大粒径为60mm试样相比,最大粒径20mm试样的内摩擦角要小1.9°,减幅4.8%。     

Interfacial properties of geocell-reinforced granular soils

To provide an accurate response of Geocells under pull-out conditions such as what happened in retained backfills, interfacial characteristics of Geocell-backfill are required. A series of direct shear tests was carried out to investigate influence of soil physical properties on interfacial properties of Geocell-reinforced granular soils. Variable parameters encompass poorly graded coarse-grained soils with different medium particles sizes (3, 6 and 12?mm), different normal stresses (100, 200 and 300?kPa) and different relative densities (50 and 70%). To compare the developed strength of the shear plane, in unreinforced and Geocell-reinforced statuses, shear characteristics mobilized at the shear plane including friction angle, dilation angle and apparent cohesion have been evaluated. The results indicated improvement of the interface's shear strength characteristics due to the presence of Geocell. The shear strength in the Geocell-soil interface was increased by increasing the medium grain size and relative density of the soil. From the obtained results, for coarse aggregates (cell aspect ratio-ratio of Geocell's cells diameter (b) to the medium grains size (D₅₀)- smaller than 8.5), Geocell reinforcement was two times, at least, more successful than compaction effort, in improving shear characteristics of the unreinforced medium dense fill materials. It has been recommended using Geocells in environments with low normal stress and coarse aggregates. Furthermore, the results clarify that Geocell with cell aspect ratio equal to 4, has the best performance in improvement of interface's shear strength.     

Geotechnical characterization of a clay–cement mix

Soft clay deposits are highly plastic, normally consolidated fine grained soils characterized by their low inherent shear strength. The mixing of soft clays with cement as a chemical stabilizer has become a well-known stabilization technique. The resulting strength of the clay–cement mix is controlled by different factors, but mainly the water to cement ratio, the cement content, and the curing conditions. It is crucial to develop a clear understanding of the changes in engineering behavior of the clay–cement mix that result from changes in controlling factors. A phase diagram was established to define the initial conditions of the mass–volume relationships of air, cement, clay, and water of a typical clay–cement mix. This phase diagram was then used to determine the total dry density, void ratio, and specific gravity of the clay–cement mix as a function of the cement content and water to cement ratio. The main objective of this work was to develop generalized trends for the geotechnical properties of clay–cement mixes. These trends were evaluated based on unconfined compressive strength as well as consistency tests carried out on soft clay samples before and after mixing with cement and at different curing times. A reduction in the plasticity index (PI) of 16 % and an increase in the unconfined shear strength of more than 200 kPa were obtained from the addition of 15 % cement. The reduction in the PI of the clay–cement mix was found to be an efficient tool to represent the improvement in the strength of the clay after mixing with cement.     

饱和黏土动剪切模量与阻尼比的试验研究

针对饱和黏土,利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,通过不固结不排水条件下的循环扭剪和竖向-扭转耦合试验,着重探讨了大应变情况下分级加载历史和循环应力耦合对动剪切模量与阻尼比等动力特性的影响。对试验结果的分析表明:采用多个试样单级加载与采用一个试样分级加载试验得到的初始骨干曲线、动剪切模量与阻尼比都较为一致,采用分级加载试验测定动剪切模量与阻尼比是可行的;耦合循环应力中的轴向偏差应力对扭转向应力-应变滞回圈的倾斜程度及动剪切模量与阻尼比都有显著影响,尤其当扭转向循环剪应力较小时,可以认为轴向偏差应力的大小控制着动剪切模量的增大量,受扭转向剪应力的影响,轴向应力–应变滞回圈的变化模式较为复杂。     

软土动剪切模量与微观孔隙结构试验研究

 为了从土体微观结构的角度定量地研究动剪切模量的性质和变化,利用共振柱试验,并借助电子显微镜及微观孔隙结构分析手段,对粤东重塑软黏土动剪切模量随动剪应变衰减规律与宏微观条件下土颗粒孔隙特性的关系进行分析。根据基于Davidenkov三参数模型的非线性回归分析和微观孔隙结构的参数计算分析,得到随固结应力增加,最大动剪切模量增大,连续介质中机械波波速增强;土体的宏观孔隙比降低;孔隙的层次增加,孔隙周长–面积分形维度值增加;孔隙的均一化程度增加,孔隙分形维度值减小。研究表明,Davidenkov模型中的初始参数、范围参数及速率参数与微观孔隙结构参数存在对应关系,为软黏土动力特性与微观结构关系的理论研究提供依据。     

饱和软黏土固结过程中的不排水抗剪强度特性

集成大直径固结仪和微型十字板剪切仪的功能,开发和研制了饱和软黏土固结过程中可以随时开展剪切试验的系统装置,考虑超孔压随时间和空间变化的不均匀性,在微型十字板剪切仪板头处的空心轴杆底端配置微型孔压计,并在大直径固结仪中配置微型土压力计,使其具备自动实时监测在十字板剪切试验测点处有效应力变化的功能。利用该系统装置,开展了饱和软黏土在不同固结压力作用下,固结过程中不同时点的十字板剪切试验,实时监测了固结过程中的变形和孔压变化过程,得到了十字板剪切试验测点处的有效应力和不排水抗剪强度,分析了固结过程中不排水抗剪强度和有效应力之间的相关关系。结果表明,在不同固结压力作用下,固结完成后的不排水抗剪强度与有效应力呈现出传统的线性关系,但是,在某一固结压力作用下,固结过程中的不排水抗剪强度却随有效应力的增长呈非线性增长,而且,在不同固结压力作用下,固结压力越大,固结过程中达到相同的有效应力时所对应的不排水抗剪强度越大。固结过程中的不排水抗剪强度并不仅仅取决于剪前固结有效应力,还与剪前孔隙比相关,孔压消散速率小于变形速率是导致固结初期、剪前固结有效应力较小时,不排水抗剪强度较快增长的主要原因。     

Dynamic shear behavior of GMB/CCL interface under cyclic loading

The dynamic shear behavior of composite liner interface is of great importance for landfill seismic analysis. In this study, an experimental investigation of the shear behavior of the interface between smooth high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) and compacted clay liner (CCL) is presented. A series of displacement-controlled cyclic shear tests were conducted to investigate the effects of displacement amplitudes, normal stress levels and number of cycles on the GMB/CCL interface shear behavior. Cyclic loading with higher displacement amplitude will produce greater vertical contraction and lower interface initial shear stiffness. Also, significant shear strength degradation was observed within the first 5 shearing cycles, then followed by slight interface reinforcement in subsequent cycles. The dynamic shear modulus of GMB/CCL interface is dependent on both normal stress levels and displacement amplitudes, while the damping ratio is only affected by displacement amplitudes. Finally, a method considering the GMB/CCL composite liner as an equivalent soil layer was proposed, which is useful for landfill seismic analysis.     

重塑粉质黏土的剪切蠕变特性及本构模型研究

通过室内三轴试验,对重塑粉质黏土的剪切蠕变特性进行研究,分析了粉质黏土在不同偏应力水平下和不同偏应力分级方式下的蠕变变形特性。试验表明,粉质黏土的偏应变蠕变变形与对数时间关系具有明显的非线性;在同样的剪切应力水平下,不同的加载分级方式对试样的最终偏应变量有明显的影响,加载分级越多,最终的偏应变量越小。基于试验数据,建立了适合描述重塑粉质黏土蠕变特性的双曲线模型,并对模型参数的物理意义和取值方法进行了讨论。分析表明,模型参数的取值与应力水平及试样的初始孔隙比有关;结合试验结果,给出了粉质黏土剪切蠕变双曲线模型参数取值建议。