Means of improving the economy of water-preparation units at TPP

Developments directed toward refinement of heating systems and thermal deaeration of feed and make-up water using regenerative taps of extraction turbines are presented. The Ul’yanovsk No. 1 TPP is used as an example to demonstrate the feasibility of one of the proposed solutions at a specific thermoelectric power plant. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, July, 2007, pp. 32–36.     

Internal-corrosion inhibitors for pipelines carrying deaerated heating water

The effect of internal-corrosion inhibitors on heating-system pipelines is investigated. Tests were conducted on a testing device for polarization measurements under conditions corresponding to the Rostov Heat-Supply System. The concentration of OEDP-zinc, which provides a high degree of protection from general corrosion, is determined. The reagent has been successfully incorporated into the Rostov No. 2 TPP. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 7, July 2007, pp. 37–43.     

Use of various methods for suppressing internal corrosion of the thermal network at the Novomoskovsk state regional electric power plant

The results of using several water-chemical regimes for the thermal network (pH = 8.3–9.0; pH greater than 10; pH = 8.6–8.9 in the presence of a corrosion inhibitor) are reported. The rates of internal corrosion under these regimes are estimated. The regime with pH = 8.6–8.9 and a corrosion inhibitor and the regime with pH greater than 10 are found to produce the same effect. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 10, October 2008, pp. 36–38.     

水灰比对水工混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响

通过电化学试验方法,探讨了非开裂状态下混凝土水灰比对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响规律,以研究钢筋锈蚀破坏引起的水工混凝土结构失稳破坏.研究表明,降低水灰比,可以延长钢筋开始锈蚀的时间;进入稳定锈蚀阶段后,水灰比越小,稳定腐蚀电流密度就越小,水灰比与稳定腐蚀电流密度存在一定的函数关系,且数据相关性良好;降低水灰比能有效改善混凝土.钢筋界面区的微观结构,降低了界面区的氧气含量,同时也减少了界面区的毛细孔水及层间水含量,氧气和水含量的减少降低了钢筋锈蚀速率.     

Using an oxygen content indicator in a coal-dust boiler fuel controller

The results of installing a circuit for regulating the fuel input to the 300 MW coal-dust power plant at the Novocherkassk State Regional Electric Power Plant (Novocherkasskaya GRéS) based on an indicator of the oxygen content in the flue gases are described. The goal is to improve the quality of the controller response to perturbations in the fuel channel. The system and its structure are described, as well as transient control processes in the original and new systems in response to standard perturbations. The regulation quality is at least twice as good in the new scheme. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 38–40 (2008).     

盐池灌区环境水和岩土浸出液对泵站及渠道混凝土腐蚀破坏原因分析

盐池灌区的三道井泵站和干渠混凝土出现裂缝、酥松、隆起、滑塌、钢筋腐蚀,造成防渗功能丧失,输水能力降低.对泵站和渠道沿线环境水水质、岩土浸出液、土壤土质取样化验表明,环境水中的Cl-、SO42-含量超标,与混凝土内部的Ca(OH)2、3CaO3·SiO2·3H2O等不稳定物质产生化学反应,混凝土体积膨胀导致结构破坏.土壤...     

水灰比对水工混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响

本文通过电化学试验方法，探讨了非开裂状态下混凝土的水灰比对混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响规律，以研究钢筋锈蚀破坏引起的水工混凝土结构失稳破坏。研究表明，降低水灰比，可以延长钢筋开始锈蚀的时间；进入稳定锈蚀阶段后，水灰比越小，稳定腐蚀电流密度就越小，水灰比与稳定腐蚀电流密度存在一定的函数关系，且数据相关性良好。进一步研究表明，降低水灰比能有效改善混凝土-钢筋界面区的微观结构，降低了界面区的氧气含量，同时也减少了界面区的毛细孔水及层间水含量，氧气和水含量的减少降低了钢筋锈蚀速率。因此，非开裂状态下的混凝土，降低其水灰比能有效延缓混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀。     

有压输水管道的排(进)气问题研究

在输配水管网中，因排气不畅引发气爆型水锤而导致爆管的事故时有发生，因而研究有压输水管道的排(进)气问题对输水管道的安全运行有重要意义。有压输水管道排(进)气阀设置应注意的问题是：①不能只按管道直径比例选取；②不能只在隆起点设置；③不能不加区别地选用同一类型、同一口径的阀。长距离有压输水管道排(进)气阀的设置要点为：科学定量、区别造型、三点三线、控制流量。     

定边二号隧洞混凝土腐蚀原因的初探

通过现场探查和室内试验 ,对定边供水工程二号隧洞衬砌混凝土腐蚀的原因进行了初步的试验研究 ,认为由于环境水中含有大量的硫酸根离子和镁离子 ,使得混凝土受到硫酸盐和镁盐的双重腐蚀而遭到破坏     

Formation of mineral deposits in hydraulic ash removal systems

Selection of design schemes for the water supply (straight through, or circulating) of hydraulic ash-removal (HAR) systems for thermal electric power plants (TPP) is examined as a function of the character of mineralization of the water in a specific system. Causes are outlined for the formation of mineral deposits on equipment of the HAR system, which transports ash slurries of different types of solid fuels. The cause of the high rate of seasonal growth formation in the circulating HAR systems of TPP burning fuel with highly alkaline ash slurries is established experimentally in an example of a shale electric power plant. Measures are developed for rapid slow-down of the rate of growth formation in these systems. Measures are proposed for prevention of growth formation for other types of ash slurries. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 5, pp. 41–47, May, 2006.     

不同矿渣掺量水泥基材料表面接触性溶蚀试验

水泥基材料中的可溶性组分可在去离子水的作用下发生溶解,使得材料细观结构等发生改变,进而影响其耐久性。通过室内试验,研究不同矿渣掺量的水泥基材料在去离子水作用下接触性溶蚀特征。通过拟合,得出各周期内电导率值及最大值,并预测不同时刻各类试件侵蚀溶液的矿化度;再通过建立电导率和Ca~(2+)浓度关系,预测未来周期内Ca~(2+)浓度溶出量。结合电导率、侵蚀液的矿化度及Ca~(2+)浓度变化的数学方程,揭示了在水固比较低条件下,矿渣含量越高的水泥基试件,其抗表面接触性溶蚀越强的规律。     

Characterization of water quality in a small hydropower plant reservoir in southern Brazil

The construction of large reservoirs can cause profound environmental changes. Reduced water flow, increased water residence time, thermal stratification, increased sedimentation rates and decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations are examples of such changes. These changes can affect water quality and the biota in the environments adapted to the natural conditions of a river. Small reservoirs developed in conjunction with hydropower plants, however, could reduce the degraded water quality. This study focuses on characterizing water quality in a small hydroelectric reservoir. The study reservoir has an area of 1.4 km² and a short water retention time. The Monte Claro Hydroelectric Power Plant is part of a complex consisting of three plants on the Antas River in the north‐west of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The reservoirs associated with these plants are operated as run‐of‐the‐river facilities. Monitoring results obtained by CERAN, the Energetic Company of Antas River (Companhia Energética Rio das Antas), were used to evaluate the reservoir water quality. Three samples were collected seasonally (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in the area of influence of this plant following the filling of the reservoir (2005–2008). The examined water quality parameters were electrical conductivity, colour, turbidity, alkalinity, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, suspended and dissolved solids, chlorophyll‐a, total and faecal coliforms, water temperature and Secchi depth transparency. The results were interpreted using an index of water quality, Trophic State Index, reservoir water quality and CONAMA Regulation 357/05 (Brazilian legislation). Based on these analyses, no significant changes were exhibited in the water quality of the reservoir from the hydroelectric plant operation.     

Forms for representation of thermal responses of evaporative cooling towers

Various forms of standard temperature nomograms for cooled water are analyzed. It is recommended to use a single standard form of computed nomograms for chimney, mechanical-draft, and ejection cooling towers. The nomogram makes it possible to determine the temperature of cooled water during operation of a cooling tower in both closed and open cycles. The working nomogram is readily corrected by data derived from full-scale tests. For mechanical-draft and ejection cooling towers, the nomogram makes it possible to construct an operational nomogram, which determines the temperature of the cooled water as a function of the temperature as read from a wet-bulb thermometer. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 10, October 2007, pp. 7–14.     

Introduction of centrifugal-jet sprayers in the deaeration systems of the PGU-39 steam-gas units at the Sochi thermal power plant

The operation of various types of deaeration systems is analyzed and experience with introducing centrifugal-jet sprayers in the condenser and deaeration towers of boiler drums is described.     

Softening of thermal shock during start-up of emergency cooling systems for the core of VVÉR-1000 reactors

The requirement that the temperature of the boron solution in water containers of the emergency core-cooling system (ECCS) and in reserve tanks holding the boron solution be maintained at no less than 55°C to provide brittle strength to the housing of the VVéR-1000 reactor in an emergency where heat-transfer medium is lost and water is subsequently delivered from the ECCS is discussed. The ineffectiveness of the existing design for heating of the water containers in the ECCS is demonstrated experimentally. Deficiencies in the heating systems for the reserve tanks of boron solution, which are employed in the design of the V-428 reactor plant, are indicated. Methods are proposed for heating of the water containers and tanks with the organization of natural circulation in the containers (tanks). __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 8, pp. 21–23, August, 2006.     

硫化氢对水泥混凝土侵蚀的试验研究

通过不同浓度硫化氢（Ｈ２Ｓ）水溶液对不同品种水泥侵蚀的几各方法试验研究，得出Ｈ２Ｓ地下水对水泥灌浆的危害和可用于浆及混凝土几种不泥以及混凝土掺粉煤灰的可行性。     

Deoxygenation of chemically purified water at thermal power plants

Results are reported from experimental studies of the removal of dissolved oxygen from chemically purified water by catalytic hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst. Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, December 2008, No. 12, pp. 42–45.     

滨海地区高压线路桩基础的腐蚀机理和防治措施探讨

通过对混凝土结构受海水腐蚀机理的分析,结合滨海地区高压线路铁塔桩基础的特点,综合对比了目前采用的多种混凝土与钢筋防海水腐蚀措施,提出了采用钢套筒作为桩基础防海水腐蚀的措施,采用钢套筒护壁能够有效地保证混凝土保护层厚度并减少混凝土裂隙,从而达到预防海水腐蚀破坏的目的.     

云南高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核要求探讨

溶解氧是表征地表水环境质量的重要指标之一。以云南省泸沽湖、抚仙湖、洱海及程海为例,通过资料收集与数据统计,分析高原湖泊表层溶解氧浓度及氧饱和率特征,提出高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核要求建议。结果表明:云南高原湖泊溶解氧达标考核过程中,根据水功能区划要求对氧浓度进行考核,若氧浓度未达到标准,则根据温度和海拔计算氧饱和率并进行考核,满足标准即可判定为溶解氧达标;达标考核中,Ⅰ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥7.5 mg/L或氧饱和率≥80%;Ⅱ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥6 mg/L或氧饱和率≥70%;Ⅲ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥5 mg/L或氧饱和率≥60%;Ⅳ类标准限值可取氧浓度≥3 mg/L或氧饱和率≥50%。结果可为高原湖泊水环境管理提供参考。     

水闸锈蚀现状和修复技术探讨

以湖南湘潭地区向东渠水闸为例,对中南地区一批水利工程现状进行分析和探究,结合中南地区河水水质及钢筋混凝土结构,分析锈蚀原因,并结合目前该地区泄洪闸锈蚀现状和各方面因素,对比不同混凝土钢筋锈蚀防护和修复技术提出了修复方案。