共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 11 毫秒
1.
The lipid components of four strains ofAgricus bisporus (Lange) Sing., the cultivated mushroom, were analyzed. Both sporophore and mycelial samples were obtained from beds in normal
production. A method for obtaining mycelium free of compost was developed. Neutral lipids were separated from polar lipids
by silicic acid column chromatography. Each fraction was separated by thin layer chromatography. Fatty acid methyl esters
were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sporophore extracts contained free sterol, free fatty acid,
triglycerides, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. High amounts of linoleic acid were found in both neutral
and polar lipid fractions. Mycelial extracts contained free fatty acids, triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl
ethanolamine. No free sterol could be detected. Linoleic acid was also present in large amounts.
Paper 3798 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
2.
The lipid composition of the yellow clam,Mesodesma mactroides, that lives in the northern beaches of the Buenos Aires province of Argentina was studied. The main nonpolar lipids are triglycerides
and alkoxyglycerides. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl serine are the main phospholipids.
The predominant fatty acids are 16∶0, 16∶1ω7, 18∶0, 18∶1ω9, 20∶5ω3, and 22∶6ω3. The are mainly provided by the clam's food
and stored in the hepatopancreas. The content of polyunsaturated acids increases in summer together with an increase in nonpolar
lipids and is correlative with an increase in phytoplankton in the sea water. Sexual maturity modifies the lipid composition
of gametes. 相似文献
3.
The sorption of Pb and Cd from aqueous solutions by spent Agaricus bisporus was investigated. The effects of contact time, pH, ionic medium, initial metal concentration, other metal ions presence and ligands were studied in batch experiments at 25°C. Maximum sorption for both metals was found to occur at an initial pH of around 5.5. The equilibrium process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum sorption capacities of 0.2345 and 0.1273 mmol g?1 for Pb and Cd respectively. Kinetic data followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The presence of NaCl and NaClO4 caused a reduction in Cd sorption, while Pb sorption was not remarkably affected. The presence of other metals did not affect Pb removal, while the Cd removal was much reduced. HCl or EDTA solutions were able to desorb Cd from the spent Agaricus bisporus (SAB) completely, while an approximately 60% and 15% desorption yield was obtained for Pb when HCl 0.01 mol L?1 or EDTA 0.001 mol L?1 were used, respectively. The results of FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis indicated that other mechanisms, such as surface complexation and electrostatic interactions, must be involved in the metal sorption in addition to ion exchange. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering 相似文献
4.
N. Nicolaides 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(8):691-702
The literature is reviewed and new data are presented for the lipid class analysis of samples of lipid from the following
skin tissues and appendages: Total epidermis, stratum corneum, and living epidermis from the human leg, total epidermis (human
sole), total epidermis (rat body), sebaceous glands (human scalp), Meibomian glands (human eyelid), preputial glands (rat),
preen gland (domestic goose), scalp skin surface (human),vernix caseosa (human fetal body), and rat skin surface from the back. Lipid yields are also given for most of these samples.
The results show that the composition of the sebaceous type excretion varies not only from species to species but for different
anatomical sites within a given species. Noteworthy is the striking number of unidentified components. Evidence is presented
for the existence of a wax diester in the sebaceous gland excretion of the rat. 相似文献
5.
Natalia Voskoboynikova Philipp Orekhov Marine Bozdaganyan Felix Kodde Malte Rademacher Maurice Schowe Annette Budke-Gieseking Britta Brickwedde Olympia-Ekaterini Psathaki Armen Y. Mulkidjanian Katia Cosentino Konstantin V. Shaitan Heinz-Jürgen Steinhoff 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(5)
Amphiphilic diisobutylene/maleic acid (DIBMA) copolymers extract lipid-encased membrane proteins from lipid bilayers in a detergent-free manner, yielding nanosized, discoidal DIBMA lipid particles (DIBMALPs). Depending on the DIBMA/lipid ratio, the size of DIBMALPs can be broadly varied which makes them suitable for the incorporation of proteins of different sizes. Here, we examine the influence of the DIBMALP sizes and the presence of protein on the dynamics of encased lipids. As shown by a set of biophysical methods, the stability of DIBMALPs remains unaffected at different DIBMA/lipid ratios. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations confirm the formation of viable DIBMALPs with an overall size of up to 35 nm. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of nitroxides located at the 5th, 12th or 16th carbon atom positions in phosphatidylcholine-based spin labels reveals that the dynamics of enclosed lipids are not altered by the DIBMALP size. The presence of the membrane protein sensory rhodopsin II from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpSRII) results in a slight increase in the lipid dynamics compared to empty DIBMALPs. The light-induced photocycle shows full functionality of DIBMALPs-embedded NpSRII and a significant effect of the protein-to-lipid ratio during preparation on the NpSRII dynamics. This study indicates a possible expansion of the applicability of the DIBMALP technology on studies of membrane protein–protein interaction and oligomerization in a constraining environment. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACT Cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) slices of 2·5 and 5 mm thick were dried with dehumidified air at 20°, 30° and 40°C. Rehydration ability of dried mushrooms was used as criteria for the evaluation and determination of optimum conditions. Drying mechanism of the mushroom slices was expressed by unsteady state diffusion and the results were interpreted by Fickian model. Drying temperatures lower than 40°C promoted the production of light coloured mushrooms with high rehydration ratios. Diffusivity constants were in the range of 2·6?12×l0-11 m2/s and the activation energies varied in the range of 23·5?30·3 kJ/gmol depending on the temperature and sample thickness. 相似文献
7.
Dr. Florian C. Schrader Dr. Serghei Glinca Dr. Julia M. Sattler Dr. Hans‐Martin Dahse Gustavo A. Afanador Prof. Dr. Sean T. Prigge Prof. Dr. Michael Lanzer Dr. Ann‐Kristin Mueller Prof. Dr. Gerhard Klebe Prof. Dr. Martin Schlitzer 《ChemMedChem》2013,8(3):442-461
Malaria is a potentially fatal disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and poses a major medical risk in large parts of the world. The development of new, affordable antimalarial drugs is of vital importance as there are increasing reports of resistance to the currently available therapeutics. In addition, most of the current drugs used for chemoprophylaxis merely act on parasites already replicating in the blood. At this point, a patient might already be suffering from the symptoms associated with the disease and could additionally be infectious to an Anopheles mosquito. These insects act as a vector, subsequently spreading the disease to other humans. In order to cure not only malaria but prevent transmission as well, a drug must target both the blood‐ and pre‐erythrocytic liver stages of the parasite. P. falciparum (Pf) enoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (ENR) is a key enzyme of plasmodial type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II). It has been shown to be essential for liver‐stage development of Plasmodium berghei and is therefore qualified as a target for true causal chemoprophylaxis. Using virtual screening based on two crystal structures of PfENR, we identified a structurally novel class of FAS inhibitors. Subsequent chemical optimization yielded two compounds that are effective against multiple stages of the malaria parasite. These two most promising derivatives were found to inhibit blood‐stage parasite growth with IC50 values of 1.7 and 3.0 μM and lead to a more prominent developmental attenuation of liver‐stage parasites than the gold‐standard drug, primaquine. 相似文献
8.
Peritoneal macrophages (MØ) from mice become cytotoxic after incubation in lymphokine (LK)-rich supernatants of antigen-stimulated spleen cell cultures. Tumoricidal activity is evident with MØ treated with LK for 4 hr, becomes maximal after 8–12 hr incubation and decreases to control levels by 24–36 hr. To gain insight into LK-induced functional changes, the lipid composition of MØ cultured with LK for 0–36 hr was analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. LK induced marked changes in MØ lipid composition: cellular content of cholesterol (CHOL) and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased 2- to 3-fold after 8 hr when the cells showed maximal tumoricidal activity. Cellular lipid and fatty acid content returned to control levels by 24 hr when the MØ had lost tumoricidal activity. These changes were not observed with equal numbers of MØ cultured in control supernatants. To analyze further the role of CHOL and unsaturated fatty acids in MØ tumor cytotoxicity, MØ were enriched in CHOL or linolenic acid (18∶3) and tested for their ability to kill 1023 tumor cells. Within 1 hr of culture, MØ showed a 3- to 4-fold increase in CHOL or 18∶3 content. 18∶3-enriched cells were markedly tumoricidal, whereas controls cultured in delipidized medium alone or enriched with saturated fatty acid were not cytotoxic. CHOL-enriched MØ were not tumoricidal; indeed, these cells were inhibited in their killing after treatment with LK compared to MØ cultured in delipidized medium with LK alone. These results suggest that UFA aids, whereas CHOL negates, expression of MØ tumor cytotoxicity. 相似文献
9.
Incubation of [1-14C]linoleic acid with an enzyme preparation obtained from the red algaLithothamnion corallioides
Crouan resulted in the formation of 11-hydroxy-9(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid as well as smaller amounts of 9-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, 13-hydroxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid and 11-keto-9(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid. Steric analysis showed that the 11-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid had the (R) configuration. The 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids were not optically pure, but were due to mixtures of 75% (R) and 25% (S) enantiomers (9-hydroxyoctadecadienoate), and 24% (R) and 76% (S) enantiomers (13-hydroxy-octadecadienoate). 11-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid was unstable at acidic pH. In acidified water,
equal parts of 9(R,S)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoate and 13(R,S)-hydroxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate, plus smaller amounts of the corresponding (E),(E) isomers were produced. In aprotic solvents, acid treatment resulted in dehydration and in the formation of equal amounts
of 8,10,12- and 9,11,13-octadecatrienoates. The enzymatic conversion of linoleic acid into the hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids
and the ketooctadecadienoic acid was oxygen-dependent; however, inhibitor experiments indicated that neither lipoxygenase
nor cytochrome P-450 were involved in the conversion. This conclusion was supported by experiments with18O2 and H2
18O, which demonstrated that the hydroxyl oxygen of the hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids and the keto oxygen of the 11-ketooctadecadienoic
acid were derived from water and not from molecular oxygen.
The term “oxylipin” was introduced recently (ref. 1) as an encompassing term for oxygenated compounds which are formed from
fatty acids by reaction(s) involving at least one step of mono- or dixoygenase-catalyzed oxygenation. 相似文献
10.
Ricardo J. Pollero 《Lipids》1983,18(1):12-17
Neutral lipid, phospholipids and fatty acids of the sea anemonePhymactis clematis from the south-west Atlantic were characterized and quantified in spring and autumn. Neutral lipids predominated over phospholipids
in both seasons. Triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol ethers were the major lipids. In spring, an increase of esterified sterols
was noted. The major fatty acids found were 22∶5ω3, 20∶5ω3 and 16∶0. The sea anemones were also incubated in vivo with either
[1-14C]linoleate or [1-14C] α-linolenate for 2 hr. Isotope incorporation into lipids and their transformations into higher fatty acids were examined.
Both precursors were incorporated into the lipids, mainly in triacylglycerols and mono-acylglycerols, while α-linolenate was
also incorporated into phospholipids. The radioactive linoleate was elongated to 20∶2, 22∶2 and 24∶2 fatty acids, but not
desaturated to 18∶3ω6. α-Linolenate was desaturated by Δ6 desaturase to 18∶4ω3. The specificity of Δ6-desaturase is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Dr. Simanga R. Gama Toda Stankovic Kendall Hupp Dr. Ahmed Al Hejami Mimi McClean Alysa Evans Prof. Dr. Diane Beauchemin Prof. Dr. Friedrich Hammerschmidt Dr. Katharina Pallitsch Prof. Dr. David L. Zechel 《Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology》2022,23(2):e202100352
The fungal metabolite Fosfonochlorin features a chloroacetyl moiety that is unusual within known phosphonate natural product biochemistry. Putative biosynthetic genes encoding Fosfonochlorin in Fusarium and Talaromyces spp. were investigated through reactions of encoded enzymes with synthetic substrates and isotope labelling studies. We show that the early biosynthetic steps for Fosfonochlorin involve the reduction of phosphonoacetaldehyde to form 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, followed by oxidative intramolecular cyclization of the resulting alcohol to form (S)-epoxyethylphosphonic acid. The latter reaction is catalyzed by FfnD, a rare example of a non-heme iron/2-(oxo)glutarate dependent oxacyclase. In contrast, FfnD behaves as a more typical oxygenase with ethylphosphonic acid, producing (S)-1-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid. FfnD thus represents a new example of a ferryl generating enzyme that can suppress the typical oxygen rebound reaction that follows abstraction of a substrate hydrogen by a ferryl oxygen, thereby directing the substrate radical towards a fate other than hydroxylation. 相似文献
12.
In the present research, seven well-known mathematical thin-layer drying models were fitted to mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) drying experimental data, implementing nonlinear regression analysis techniques. The experiments were conducted in two laboratory-scale dryers. A range of temperatures 50–65°C and air velocities 1.0–5.0 m/s were tested. The statistical analysis concluded that the best model in terms of fitting performance was the logarithmic model. Correlations expressing this model parameter dependence with the drying air coefficients are also reported. 相似文献
13.
In the present research, seven well-known mathematical thin-layer drying models were fitted to mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) drying experimental data, implementing nonlinear regression analysis techniques. The experiments were conducted in two laboratory-scale dryers. A range of temperatures 50-65°C and air velocities 1.0-5.0 m/s were tested. The statistical analysis concluded that the best model in terms of fitting performance was the logarithmic model. Correlations expressing this model parameter dependence with the drying air coefficients are also reported. 相似文献
14.
T. P. Hensarling L. Y. Yatsu T. J. Jacks 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1970,47(6):224-225
Cottonseed tissue was extracted with chloroform-methanol-water, hexane-acetone-water, cyloroform-methanol, hexane-acetone,
hexane and acetone, and then examine with an electron microscope. In all cases, contents of oil-rich spherosomes were emptied
and cell walls remained intact after lipid extraction. In addition, the two water-containing solvents obtained disruption
of intracellular structures. Severalford greater amounts of water-soluble phophorus compounds were extracted with the water-containing
solvents than with their nonaqueous counterparts.
A preliminary report was presented at the Seventh Annual Symposium of the Louisiana Society for Electron Microscopy. 相似文献
15.
The fate of labeled linoleic, α-linolenic, and higher homologs of α-linolenic acid administered to the yellow clam,Mesodesma mactroides, was investigated. It was found that the clam incorporated the acids dissolved in sea water and converted 18∶2 (n−6) into
20∶2 (n−6) and 18∶3 (n−3) into 18∶4 (n−3) and 20∶3 (n−3). The addition of casein hydrolysate to the sea water increased the
desaturation capacity of the clam and allowed the conversion of 18∶2 (n−6) into 18∶3 (n−6) to be demonstrated. An enhanced
desaturation of 18∶3 (n−3) into 18∶4 (n−3) was also demonstrated. After 12 hr administration of the acid, no radioactivity
was found in arachidonic, 20∶5 (n−3), or 22∶6 (n−3). Feeding the clams a culture ofPhaeodactylum tricornutum previously incubated with 1-14C-α-linolenic acid demonstrated that all the homologs of the α-linolenic series were found in the clam without any important
changes. Six hour administration of labeled linolenic acid resulted in the incorporation of the acid into diglycerides and
phospholipids.
Member of the carrera del Investigador Cientifico of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas 相似文献
16.
The lipids of thermophilic fungi: Lipid composition comparisons between thermophilic and mesophilic fungi 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The lipid composition of nine thermophilic and nine mesophilic species of seven genera of fungi were compared. The total lipids
varied between 8.0% and 54.1% with most fungi possessing between 8.0% and 18.3% lipids. The predominant fatty acids were found
to be palmitic, oleic and linolenic. Lesser amounts of arachidic, linolenic, palmitoleic, pentadecanoic, myristic and lauric
acids were found. The mesophiles varied between 0% and 18.5% linolenic acid, while the thermophiles did not contain any appreciable
linolenic acid (<0.5%). The mesophile,Mucor globosus, and the thermophile,Mucor pusillus, contain γ linolenic acid. The fatty acids of the thermophilic fungi were more saturated than the corresponding mesophilic
species. 相似文献
17.
The in vivo incorporation of 1-14C-palmitic acid and 1-0-[8,9-3H] hexadecyl glycerol (chimyl alcohol) by plasmodia of the slime mold,Physarum polycephalum has been studied.14C-palmitate rapidly enters ester and alkyl ether side chains of phospholipids, but alk-1-enyl side chains are labeled more
slowly.3H-chimyl alcohol is incorporated into the alkyl ether phospholipids, which appear to undergo enzymatic desaturation, producing
plasmalogens. The feasibility ofPhysarum as the source of a cell-free enzyme system for plasmalogen synthesis is discussed. 相似文献
18.
Minimal deviation hepatoma cells were cultured in a modified Swim's 77 medium supplemented with decreasing amounts of serum,
lipid-free serum, and lipid-free serum containing added palmitic or linoleic acids. Cellular phospholipids were extracted
and the class distribution determined quantitatively. The fatty acid composition of each phospholipid class was determined,
and the percentages from cells grown on each of the various media were compared. Cellular phospholipid class and fatty acid
compositions differed from media compositions, indicating that intact serum phospholipids are not incorporated into cellular
structures. Phosphatidylcholine percentages decreased as the media serum and lipid levels decreased, while phosphatidylinositol
and phosphatidylethanolamine percentages increased. Sphingomyelin of cells grown in medium containing added linoleic acids
contained a high level of a 24∶2 acid. All classes, except sphingomyelin, contained elevated levels of 18∶1 acid and decreased
levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, relative to normal rat liver. Cells cultured on lipid-free medium did not contain increased
concentrations of 20∶3 acid, suggesting that this hepatoma cell cannot desaturate monoenoic acids. Phosphoglycerides of cells,
grown on lipid-free medium, had the highest monoene fatty acid concentration, whereas those cells grown on media containing
added linoleic acid had the lowest concentrations, suggesting that linoleate may inhibit or regulate monoenoic acid biosynthesis
in this cell. These mass data also demonstrate that monoenoic fatty acid biosynthesis in this cultured hepatoma cell responds
to dietary changes. 相似文献
19.
20.
Evidence is presented thatDrosophila larvae produce monounsaturated fatty acids by two independent pathways. One of these pathways, involving the direct desaturation
of long chain precursors, is sensitive to inhibition by linoleate. The other pathway is resistant to linoleate inhibition
and probably has tetradecnoate-Δ5
cis and tetradecnoate-Δ7
cis as intermediates in the synthesis of palmitoleate and oleate, respectively. The use of radioactive precursors of varying
chain length and labeled at different positions in the carbon chains provided evidence for the isolation and structure of
intermediates involved in the linoleate resistant pathway. 相似文献