紫外亚硝基胍复合诱变选育高产酸乳酸菌

为获得产酸性能优良的乳酸菌用于发酵乳制品的生产,从实验室保藏菌株中筛选出产酸性能较强的菌株TM111-S作为出发菌株,采用0.3g/L亚硝基胍处理60min和紫外线照射150s复合诱变3轮,最终得到一株产酸能力为83.66°T的菌株,较出发菌株提高了44.19%,连续传代后产酸性能稳定。     

高产酸及耐酸性干酪乳杆菌的诱变筛选

为筛选高产酸及耐酸的干酪乳杆菌菌株,以干酪乳杆菌LC2W为出发菌株,分别对其进行紫外(Ultraviolet,UV)、亚硝基胍(Nitrosoguanidine,NTG)和硫酸二乙酯(Diethyl sulfate,DES)诱变以及人工胃液处理。结果显示,通过0.3 g/L的亚硝基胍处理30 min和紫外线照射30 s后得到的诱变菌株LC2W-NTG-12,LC2W-UV-11表现出高产酸及耐酸性能。相同条件下,出发菌株LC2W和突变菌株LC2W-NTG-12,LC2W-UV-11经24 h发酵后的滴定酸度分别为76.6°T和112.7°T,98.2°T,突变菌株产酸能力分别提高了47.13%、28.20%。当用p H为1.5的酸液处理2 h后,出发菌株和诱变菌株LC2W-NTG-12,LC2W-UV-11的致死率分别为76.44%、52.06%、56.36%,诱变菌株耐酸能力分别提高了24.38%、20.08%。而用0.16%DES处理30 min得到的诱变菌株LC2W-DES-33发酵后的酸度仅比出发菌株提高了14.10%,诱变效果并不明显。说明亚硝基胍诱变可有效提高干酪乳杆菌的产酸及耐酸性能。     

高产乳酸菌株的诱变

通过诱变筛选高产酸力菌株;采用紫外线和亚硝基胍对乳酸菌进行单因素诱变,确定紫外线照射剂量为150s,并得到一株产酸力为57.55OT的菌株,比原菌株产酸力提高了2.95%;NTG的诱变剂量是0.3mg/mL,处理时间为60min,得到产酸力为58.13OT的菌株,较出发菌株提高了6.61%。接着以紫外线和NTG对高产酸菌株进行了2轮复合诱变,最终得到产酸力达83.66°T的诱变株,较出发菌株产酸力提高了30.64%。     

豆豉发酵中的乳酸菌复合诱变及产酸条件优化

采用紫外和亚硝基胍复合诱变对筛选自豆豉的乳杆菌进行诱变处理,以期获得高产酸菌株。以最佳诱变条件筛选得到突变菌株的产酸度较原菌株提高了36.4%,且菌株能够保持较好的遗传稳定性。进一步利用响应面分析法对菌株产酸进行优化,并建立数学模型,得到最佳产酸条件为培养温度41.72℃、接种量3.65%(V/V)、培养时间18.57h。该条件下,产酸率模型的预测值为11.25°T/h,实际得到的产酸率值为11.2°T/h,预测值与实验值拟合良好。     

泡菜乳酸菌株的诱变选育

首先采用紫外线和亚硝基胍对乳酸菌进行单因素诱变。确定紫外线照射剂量为150s,并得到一株产酸力为57．85°T的菌株,比原菌株产酸力提高了3．05％;NTG的诱变剂量是0．3mg／ml,处理时间为60min,得到产酸力为58．02°T的菌株,较出发菌株提高了6．52％。接着以紫外线和NTG对高产酸菌株进行了2轮复合诱变,最终得到产酸力达83．66°T的诱变株,较出发菌株产酸力提高了30．64％。     

柠檬酸发酵生产菌种黑曲霉的选育

对柠檬酸生产菌种黑曲霉进行了85℃高温和亚硝基胍复合诱变研究,确定了黑曲霉单孢子悬液适宜的谤变条件,温度为85℃高温,水浴时间为10min,质量浓度为1mg/mL亚硝基胍溶液的处理时间为4min,通过对复合诱变后的菌株进行平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,获得了一株遗传性能稳定的优良菌株TN-02,平均产酸率为13.61%,与出发菌株相比,产酸增幅达到43.20%.     

紫外线与亚硝基胍复合诱变选育高效降解亚硝酸盐乳酸菌

目的 通过诱变方法获得高效降解亚硝酸盐的优良乳酸菌应用于降低腌制品中的亚硝酸盐。方法 以前期实验筛选获得的降解亚硝酸盐性能较强乳酸菌D2作为初始诱变菌株, 采用紫外线和亚硝基胍复合诱变, 选育高效降解亚硝酸盐的乳酸菌。结果 经15 W紫外线和0.5 mg/mL亚硝基胍三轮复合诱变得到一株优良乳酸菌, 该菌株24 h降解亚硝酸盐(200 mg/L)降解率为91.4%, 较初始菌株提高了12.7%; 以亚硝酸钠为底物, 其产亚硝酸盐还原酶的比活力为7.7 mmol/L, 较诱变前提高42.9%; 连续传代培养后降解亚硝酸盐能力和产亚硝酸盐还原酶活力性能稳定。结论 通过紫外线和亚硝基胍复合诱变, 获得一株遗传稳定性良好的高效降解亚硝酸盐的菌株。     

复合诱变筛选高产柠檬酸黑曲霉及其发酵研究

采用γ射线(Co60)及亚硝基胍复合诱变的方法对产柠檬酸黑曲霉菌株进行诱变。γ射线(Co60)诱变剂量为1400Gy,亚硝基胍的浓度为1mg/mL,作用时间为4min,在此条件进行复合诱变。经多轮筛选最终获得到一株产酸为15.5g/dL且遗传稳定性高的菌株。并对黑曲霉发酵产柠檬酸的工艺进行优化。确定种子液的最适条件:氮源选取豆饼粉,糖浓度为10%;最适发酵条件:培养温度为35℃,初始pH值5~6,氮源选取豆饼粉且氮源用量为0.8%,在50L发酵罐中进行中试试验,试验结果为周期63h,产酸17.94g/100mL,转化率为99.7%,比出发菌株发酵周期缩短3h,产酸提高10%,转化率提高5%。     

苹果酸乳酸转化高活力菌株的选育

选育苹果酸乳酸转化活力高的乳酸菌,为果酒的苹果酸乳酸发酵生物降酸提供新菌源。采用适宜的紫外亚硝基胍复合诱变条件处理植物乳杆菌R23,以降酸量及苹果酸乳酸转化活力为指标,对诱变获得的菌株进行筛选。紫外亚硝基胍复合诱变的适宜条件是:菌液浓度107cfu/mL,亚硝基胍质量浓度1.8 mg/mL,诱变时间60min。紫外线照射用功率15 W的紫外灯,距离20 cm,照射时间20 s。最终选育出1株降酸能力和苹果酸乳酸转化活力分别比出发菌提高77.5%与15.4%,遗传性能稳定的优良菌株RF17。     

产酸性蛋白酶菌株的诱变育种研究

从玉米浸泡液中筛选产酸性蛋白酶的菌株,命名Y-5.0,通过对选育获得的Y-5.0进行紫外-亚硝基胍交替诱变研究发现:紫外诱变最佳菌体稀释度为10-5、最佳照射时间为20 s;NTG诱变最佳浓度为500μg/m L、最佳诱变稀释度为10-4、最佳诱变作用时间为50 min。通过三轮紫外和亚硝基胍(NTG)交替诱变筛选获得高产蛋白酶的菌株N3-15,其产蛋白酶的活力最高为12 152 n Kat/m L,其大大高于原始菌株Y-5.0的酶活,而且该菌株N3-15传代5次产量稳定。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.