Adhesion to textile fibres and fabrics

The production of textile fibres and the end-uses for textile-based materials continue to expand each year as the globalisation of the textile and clothing industries takes place. There is a wide range of natural and manufactured fibres available, but satisfactory adhesion to fibres, yarns and fabrics depends upon the nature of the fibre surface, the presence of natural or added impurities, and the effects of physical and chemical treatments. For aesthetic reasons, many textile materials are bleached, dyed and/or printed, and chemical finishing treatments are widely used in order to upgrade the fabric performance. Such treatments may modify the fibre surface energy, and the wetting and spreading processes, thereby creating difficulties in obtaining satisfactory adhesion to textile materials that are flexible, and may be moulded, bonded, coated or laminated. This paper will address some of the problem areas in relation to adhesion to fibres and fabrics, with reference also to problems that may be experienced in practice. Satisfactory adhesion to fibres and fabrics may be obtained when the material is dry, but failure of the adhesive joints may occur during aftercare treatments, e.g. washing and dry cleaning treatments.     

The effects of functional polysiloxane resins on the color gamut and color yield of dyed polyester

It is important to evaluate the influence of textile finishing using the polymer resins on the color of dyed fabrics. In this article, three functional polysiloxanes modified with different organic groups were used to treat dyed polyester microfiber fabrics. Effects of the polysiloxanes on the color of the dyed polyester were investigated by color yield (K/S), colorimetric data of CIELAB, and the color differences (ΔE). Chemical structures of three functional polysiloxanes were the polysiloxanes with amino groups (polymer A), with perfluorocarbon groups (polymer B), or with quaternary ammonium salts and perfluorocarbon groups (polymer C). Compared with the dyed fabrics treated with the polysiloxane with amino group, the K/S of dyed fabrics treated with the polysiloxane with perfluorocarbon obviously improved. Effects of the polysiloxanes with perfluorocarbon and cationic groups on the color shade of the dyed polyester were noticeable. The fastness had not significantly changed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012     

Modification of cellulose fiber with silk sericin

Cellulose fiber surface was modified with silk sericin (or simply, sericin). Sericin fixation on cellulose was confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry–attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR). Sericin content in finished samples was estimated by dyeing treated fabrics with an acid dye, Supranol Bordeaux B, and determining K/S and L values of the dyed fabrics. The treated fabrics were tested for free formaldehyde content, crease recovery, tensile strength, electrical resistance, water retention, and biocidal activity. From ESEM and FTIR‐ATR results, it was found that sericin coated onto cotton surfaces as a film. Increasing sericin content in the finishing solution increased the amount of coated sericin, and a greater depth of color in dyed samples and reduced free formaldehyde content in treated samples were observed. The sericin content in samples was found to have a negligible influence on tensile strength and crease recovery angle. With increasing sericin content, electrical resistivity of the samples dramatically decreased and water retention increased, indicating that sericin‐treated fabrics may be comfortable to wear because of its maintenance of moisture balance with respect to human skin. Because cotton textile coated with sericin exhibited low formaldehyde content and no biocidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, the fabric may reduce skin irritation and disturbance of physiological skin flora arising from textile contact. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1421–1428, 2005     

Textile Finishes

The dynamic course of textile technology in the last two decades has brought to the market-place fabrics manufactured from many fibers and combinations of fibers as well as fabrics chemically treated or "finished" to acquire spe-cific functional properties and maintain them through multiple washing-cycles. The most im-portant classes of durable textile finishes are reviewed with reference to the chemical types, to the functions performed by the finish, and to the fabric substrates on which finish is generally used. Some of the problems associated with the wash-ing of chemically treated fabrics are discussed, including impairment of fabric appearance or strength and impairment of performance through gradual removal of the finish. These problems can be minimized by adequate quality-control programs in the textile industry, but truly optimum behavior of fabrics in washing would also require coordinated efforts on the part of those who manufacture consumer products and the cooperation of consumers as well.     

Cell-Free Culture Broth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa—An Alternative Source of Biodispersant to Synthetic Surfactants for Dyeing the Polyester Fabric

Conventional synthetic dispersants have extensively been used in various textile processes due to their easy availability and cost effectiveness. Nonetheless, due to environmental concerns, researchers are trying to explore ecofriendly dispersants such as biosurfactants as substituents to synthetic surfactants. Currently, biosurfactants are not economical due to the cost of their downstream processing and laborious purification steps. Herein, we employed as-collected cell-free culture broth (CFCB) of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain being an indigenous source of rhamnolipid surfactants (as biodispersant) for disperse-dyeing of polyester fabric in comparison with some commercially available synthetic surfactants (such as Triton X-100, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide “CTAB” and sodium dodecyl sulfate ‘SDS’). The efficiency of biosurfactant-enriched culture broth was compared with that of synthetic surfactants for the said purpose. In addition to conventional testing, dyed fabrics were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction, and surface resistivity analyses. It was observed that the fabric specimen dyed at 1.5% dye concentration on the weight of the fabric (o.w.f.) in the presence of CFCB (containing biosurfactant above-CMC) resulted in excellent tensile and colorfastness properties. The SEM analysis indicated that the dyeing done in the presence of biosurfactant was safer as it did not damage the fabric surface as observed in synthetic dispersants; moreover, the mechanical and color characteristics of dyed fabric were also in the acceptable range.     

Cationic organofluorosilicone as deepening agent in the application of dyed polyester fabric

Polyester fabrics are usually difficult in dyeing deeply due to their dense structure and high surface refractive index, and deepening finishing is an effective method to obtain dark polyester fabrics. In this article, octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (D₄), 1,3,5-tris(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-methylcyclotrisiloxane (D₃F), and silane coupling agent KH-902 were used as main monomers to synthesize organic fluorosilicone, and further to prepare cationic organofluorosilicone (COFS) and COFS darkening agent. FTIR and ¹H-NMR were used to characterize the structure of synthetic products. The finishing experiments confirmed that COFS darkening agent had good shade darkening on dyed polyester fabrics with small color change. The optimum conditions of deepening finishing were COFS darkening agent concentration of 20%, the pick-up of 85%, and the curing temperature of 180 °C. After finishing, the dyed fabric had no lowering effect on color fastness, all at grade 4 or above. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 48208.     

Investigation into the sequential application of cationic/anionic fixing agents to improve the oxidative washing resistance of CI Leuco Sulphur Black 1‐dyed cotton fabric

Sulphur‐dyed cellulosic textiles are susceptible to washing powders containing activated peracid formulations resulting in obvious fading during repeated laundering. This study presents a novel one‐bath/two‐stage exhaust finishing process to improve the oxidative wash fastness of CI Leuco Sulphur Black 1‐dyed cotton fabric. The effect of the combined Tinofix ECO and Bayprotect Cl after‐treatment was to impart better colour fastness to oxidative International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 105 CO9 washing of the dyed cotton compared with those dyed fabrics after‐treated with Tinofix ECO alone. In addition, while the dyed fabrics rub and light fastness performances were unchanged by the after‐treatments, some improvement in the tensile strength of the combined Tinofix ECO and Bayprotect Cl after‐treated fabrics was observed.     

Effect of enzyme treatment and dyeing on the mechanical properties of linen

In this paper, different concentrations of cellulase enzyme were used for treating linen fabrics. The pretreated linen fabrics were dyed using a bifunctional reactive dye at various concentrations. The effect of enzyme treatment, together with the dyeing process on the low‐stress mechanical properties of the linen fabric, was then investigated. The low‐stress mechanical properties were assessed quantitatively, including the tensile, shearing, bending, compression and surface properties of the enzyme‐treated and dyed linen fabrics. The results revealed that the enzyme treatment with subsequent dyeing could alter these properties to a greater extent, depending predominantly on the concentration of enzyme used.     

A novel durable hydrophobic surface coating of poly(lactic acid) fabric by pulsed plasma polymerization

Effective finishing on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibres could be difficult due to its low melting point. Traditional fluorocarbon application technology (pad, dry, and cure at high temperature) on poly(ethylene terephthalate) and PLA fibres fabrics was compared with a novel plasma polymerization technique which was performed on both fabrics. Liquid repellency properties of both mentioned fabrics, before and after washing were evaluated. Fabric mechanical properties were compared by measuring bursting strength and fabric hand. The results indicate that, in general, the plasma process imparted better fabric handle and overall repellency, particularly with regard to low temperature re-orientation. Furthermore, by adding a proper softener, the inter-fibre friction was reduced and better elastic recovery was achieved.     

The effect of a novel booster (bisulfate adduct of polyisocyanate) on fluorocarbon chain re-orientation and substrate properties: Synthesis and finishing

This paper describes the fluorocarbon treatment of cotton fabric as a cellulosic substrate co-applied by a novel booster (bisulfate adduct of polyisocyanate) to improve its performance and repellent properties on the fabrics. The booster was synthesized from isocyanate groups blocked with sodium bisulfite and characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared analysis (FT-IR). The repellent properties of the cotton fabrics treated with fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon-booster were compared by FT-IR spectroscopy, water contact angle and 3M water repellency test before and after washing. The results indicated that bisulfate adduct of diisocyanate could be considered as a novel booster to create correct surface interface to maintain fluorocarbon performance without heat treatment and change the fabric properties from water repellency to water and oil repellency due to the decrease of the surface tension from 33 to 28.7 mN/m.     

Effect of Silicone Nano,Nano/Micro and Nano/Macro‐Emulsion Softeners on Color Yield and Physical Characteristics of Dyed Cotton Fabric

The study of silicone nano‐emulsions and softeners to alter physical properties of undyed cotton fabric has recently gained a substantial interest. However, systematic investigation of silicon nano‐emulsion softeners on dyed cotton fabric has not so far been conducted. This paper deals with the application of silicone nano‐, micro‐, and macro‐emulsion softeners, and combinations of nano/micro and nano/macro, on dyed cotton fabric. We report the effect of silicon nano/micro‐ and nano/macro‐emulsion softeners on color yield and physical characteristics of dyed cotton fabric. All bleached fabrics were dyed with CI Reactive Black 5 and then treated with known concentrations of silicone softeners by the pad‐dry method. The silicone nano‐emulsion was combined with micro‐ and macro‐emulsion softeners using blending ratios of nano/micro (1:1) and nano/macro (1:1). Treated fabrics were compared in terms of physical properties such as fabric handling, wrinkle recovery angle, bending length, abrasion resistance and tensile strength. The color changes were evaluated by color yield (K/S) values and total color difference (ΔE_cmc). The results revealed that the silicon nano‐emulsion had better physical properties than micro‐, macro‐ and combination nano/micro‐ and nano/macro‐emulsion softeners. Among all treated samples, nano‐emulsion softeners showed better ΔE_cmc values. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggests that the fiber morphology of treated fabrics was very smooth and uniform.     

Fastness and dyeability improvement of wool fabric pretreated with oxalate derivatives

Wool fabrics were pretreated with calcium and sodium oxalate in acidic and alkaline pH media. The pretreated and untreated fabric samples were then dyed in the same bath with acid dyes by the exhaustion technique. The pretreated fiber sample surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The color strength and fastness properties of the fabrics were investigated. The results of the study showed that pretreatment with oxalate derivatives can be used as a means of improving the dyeability of wool fibers. As the dyed, pretreated wool fabrics had higher color strength and fastness results than the untreated wool fabrics, the mechanical properties were affected negatively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effect of electron radiation on dyed PET and PA 66 substrates

PET and PA 66 fabrics were dyed with different disperse dyes under regular conditions. The dyed fabrics were irradiated with 180 kV electron radiation. It was observed that increasing radiation doses led to increasing total color differences dE if compared to the unirradiated materials. These color differences are mainly caused by two types of reactions. First by the reversible formation of dye radicals, which can be reoxidized (in air) to the original dye molecules, and second by the irreversible reaction of dye molecules with the fiber polymer. The latter reaction causes a permanent change of the color of the fabric, which can be kept low with the proper irradiation conditions. The decision whether or not this change can be tolerated depends on the further use of the textile.     

Flame-retardant Finishing of Textiles

The need for flame-retardant finishing of textiles is examined in the context of the hazards of textile flammability, associated legislation and procedures for assessing textile burning behaviour. The functions of flame-retardant finishes and durable finishes developed specifically for cellulose, wool and man-made fibres are described in depth. Multipurpose finishes for both cellulose and wool textiles in which flame retardancy is only one property conferred on the textile are examined. Fibre blends present a particular problem and special attention is paid to discussing those finishes applied to polyester/cotton blended fabrics. The laundering behaviour and consequent finish durability are reviewed. In addition, the effects that applying flame-retardant finishes have on textile properties and performance are considered. Recent developments in methods used to apply flame-retardant finishes are outlined.     

Atomic layer deposition TiO2/Al2O3 nanolayer of dyed polyamide/aramid blend fabric for high intensity UV light protection

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can cause a severe damage to textiles, such as color fading, polymer degradation, and mechanical strength decrease. The aim of this study was to deposit inorganic UV blocking agents onto polyamide/aramid dyed fabric using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to produce functional fabrics that are resistant to high intensity UV light. Scanning electron microscopy (coupled to energy‐dispersive spectroscopy), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry studies demonstrated that TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂/Al₂O₃ nanolayer could be successfully deposited onto the fiber surface. The dyed fabrics with different ALD coatings showed excellent high intensity UV resistance and were also more resistant to high intensity UV‐induced mechanical strength damage. These results suggested that the ALD technology could be effective technique to improve the properties of dyed fabrics. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1296–1302, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

The Impact of In‐situ Fabric Surface Energy on Dehydration of Fabrics

Reducing liquid surface tension is widely used to increase the efficiency of the centrifugal dehydration in textile wet processing. However, increasing the dehydration efficiency by decreasing fabric surface energy is seldom studied. In this work, the impact of in situ fabric surface energy on residual moisture content (RMC) of fabrics in the dehydration processes was investigated. Different types of fluorocarbon surfactants including cationic, anionic, nonionic and amphoteric were adopted as additives in this study. The liquid surface tension and RMC were efficiently decreased when fluorocarbon surfactants were used. Notably, a cationic fluorocarbon surfactant displays similar surface tension but distinct dehydration efficiency. The in situ fabric surface energy was evaluated by measuring the n‐octane contact angle on the cotton fabric surface under the surfactant solution using the captive bubble method. It was found that the cationic fluorocarbon surfactant system gave the lowest fabric surface energy, which was probably because cationic fluorocarbon surfactants are easier to adsorb onto the surface of cotton fabric to form a fluorocarbon layer. The chemical composition (¹⁹F, ¹²C and ¹⁶O) analysis of the cotton fabric surface by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the hypothesis.     

Application of a biopolymer chitosan-poly(propylene)imine dendrimer hybrid as an antimicrobial agent on the wool fabrics

In this research, chitosan-poly(propylene)imine dendrimer hybrid (CS-PPI) was applied to wool fabrics; and weight gain and antibacterial properties of the grafted wool fabric by CS-PPI were investigated. A response surface methodology employed for optimization of the important factors such as pH, processing time, and CS-PPI and cross-linking agent (CA) concentrations. The physical properties showed sensible changes regardless of weight gain. The maximum weight gain was obtained when the wool fabrics were treated with pH 5, processing time 24 h, CS-PPI 20 %(owf) and CA 5 % over weight of fiber (owf). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of foreign particles determinedly fixed to the surface of the wool fabric. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning colorimetry revealed the grafting of CS-PPI onto wool fabric by forming novel chemical bonds between the wool and CS-PPI molecules. The treated wool fabrics showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial activities of the treated wool by CS-PPI at a concentration of 20 % over weight of fiber (owf) demonstrated 100 % bacterial growth inhibition, which was preserved more than 84 % even after being washed in 12 various conditions repeatedly. The grafted wool fabrics have antibacterial potential due to the antibacterial property of CS-PPI molecules. The mechanism of CS-PPI grafting onto wool fabric using CA was proposed. The findings of this study support the potential production of the new environmentally friendly textile fibers.     

天然抗菌植物靛蓝在牛仔纱线染色中的应用

对植物靛蓝连续染色牛仔纱线进行了实验研究.染色纱线织成的面料耐水洗色牢度、耐汗渍色牢度、耐干摩擦色牢度及耐唾液色牢度都在4级及以上,该面料及其经多种洗水风格处理后的服装对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率在80％以上,对大肠杆菌的抑菌率在78％以上,具有很好的抗菌性能.     

Shade darkening effect of polyorganosiloxane modified with amino and hydroxy groups on dyed polyester microfiber fabric

The novel polyorganosiloxane material S‐101 modified with amino and hydroxy groups is synthesized. Shade darkening effect of modified polyorganosiloxane on dyed polyester microfiber fabric is investigated by reflectance spectrum, color yield (K/S), and the color differences (ΔE). The colorimetric data of CIELAB is discussed. The results show that the novel material of silicone polymer modified with amino and hydroxy groups has excellent shade darkening effect on dyed polyester microfiber fabric. The rates of the color yield increase (I%) of all dyed fabric with four dyes (Disperse Yellow S‐4RL, Red GS, Blue 2BLN, and Black SF‐R) exceed 10%. The shapes of the reflectance spectra curves of the dyed fabrics before and after treated with S‐101 are not noticeable change. The dyed fabrics with the polymer have not significant effect on the wash fastness and wet rubbing fastness. The low reflectance thin film on dyed fabrics is formed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007